“赤霞珠”葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的变化

研究酿酒葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的动态变化规律。以"赤霞珠"葡萄为试材,分别测定了技术成熟度和总酚成熟度指标,并进行了浆果感官评价。结果表明:转色后果实物理性状参数和糖含量迅速增加,转色后第4周达到最大值,成熟后期略有下降。果实中总花色苷含量逐渐增加,在转色后第6周达到最高,随后有所降低。浆果中可提取花色苷含量持续增加。细胞成熟指数、种子成熟指数和总酚指数总体上逐渐降低。果皮单宁含量变化较小,种子单宁含量在成熟前期显著降低(P0.05),后期变化较小。不同分子大小聚合色素的含量逐渐增加,转色后第6周时达到最大值。浆果感官评价中各种成熟度的得分逐渐增加,果肉香气成熟度和果皮成熟度得分均在转色后第7周时最高,成熟后期变化较小。     

赤霞珠葡萄β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与成熟指标间的关联分析

研究红色酿酒葡萄浆果在成熟期β-葡萄糖苷酶与香气糖苷、成熟指标之间的数学关联,为合理确定采收期提供理论和技术支持。以宁夏青铜峡地区赤霞珠葡萄为研究对象,采集转色期后不同成熟度的葡萄浆果,以对硝基苯酚比色法测定果实中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,用糖基葡萄糖量化果实中香气糖苷总量,果实糖、酸含量采用滴定法检测,多酚、单宁和花色苷含量采用光谱法分析。结果表明,赤霞珠果实中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性随成熟度的增加而增加,香气糖苷总量随成熟度先增加后降低,与酚成熟指标具有相同的变化趋势;β-葡萄糖苷酶活与香气糖苷总量、糖酸成熟指标和酚成熟指标有很好的数学相关性,线性回归拟合方程为:Y(β-葡萄糖苷酶活)=0.283X1(香气糖苷总量)+0.355X2(总酚)+0.443X3(单体花色苷)+0.161X4(总花色苷)-0.123X5(总单宁)+0.038X6(还原糖)+0.139X7(总酸)-0.033X8(糖酸比)-9.398。     

酿酒葡萄成熟期间果实质地特性和花色苷含量变化

研究酿酒葡萄果实成熟期间质地特性和花色苷含量的变化规律,以酿酒葡萄赤霞珠（Vitis vinifera L.）为研究对象,采用物性分析仪对其果皮机械特性和果实质构多面特性进行分析,并测定了果皮中总花色苷和9 种花色苷组分的含量,以及花色苷可提取率。研究表明：赤霞珠葡萄果实成熟期间果皮中总花色苷和可提取花色苷含量逐渐增加,至转色后第6周达到最高,分别为880.29 mg/kg和841.38 mg/kg。果实成熟期间果皮厚度逐渐增加,并与花色苷含量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.568）,与花色苷可提取率呈极显著负相关（R2=－0.475）。表征果皮硬度的参数杨氏模量（Esk）与花色苷含量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.581）,与花色苷可提取率呈显著负相关（R2=－0.609）。果实质构多面分析各参数与果皮花色苷含量和可提取率之间均无相关性。     

摘叶处理对酿酒葡萄果实酚类物质的影响

以赤霞珠和品丽珠为试材,研究摘叶处理对赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄果实酚类物质（总花色苷、总酚、单宁及非花色苷单体酚类物质）含量的影响,为晋中南地区酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒的生产提供理论依据。结果表明,摘叶能促进葡萄果实酚类物质的积累,其中赤霞珠在转色初期摘除4片叶效果最好,能显著提高采收期成熟度、总花色苷（增加了23.92%）、总酚（增加了22.00%）及非花色苷单体酚类物质含量（增加了83.02%）（P＜0.05）;而品丽珠在转色末期摘除6片叶效果最佳,能显著提升采收期成熟度、总花色苷（增加了12.79%）、总酚（增加了26.17%）、单宁（增加了128.80%）及非花色苷单体酚类物质含量（增加了140.82%）（P＜0.05）。     

西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术研究西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化.结果表明:在葡萄成熟过程中共检测到27种非花色苷酚类物质,其中黄酮醇类物质舍量最高,黄烷-3-醇类次之.各类非花色苷酚类的含量在转色开始逐渐上升,到转色后1～2周达到最大值,随后缓慢下降;采摘前2周,除了酚酸类物质含量趋于稳定、白藜芦醇含量下降之外,其它非花色苷酚类物质含量再次升高.     

叶面喷施酵母多糖对美乐葡萄果实品质的影响

为探究不同浓度酵母多糖对美乐葡萄果实品质的影响,以6年生美乐为试材,于花后53 d和64 d在叶面喷布200倍、300倍、400倍、500倍、600倍酵母多糖稀释溶液,蒸馏水为对照,测定不同处理条件下葡萄浆果中总糖、有机酸、果皮花色苷、单宁、总酚、类黄酮等含量。结果表明:叶面喷施酵母多糖对美乐葡萄品质具有明显促进作用。与对照相比,400倍酵母多糖稀释液可明显提高葡萄果实品质,总糖提高5.98%,有机酸降低35.50%,果皮花色苷含量增加5.69%,类黄酮含量增加6.25%,单宁含量增加22.44%,总酚含量增加31.13%。因此,400倍酵母多糖处理可提高美乐葡萄的果实品质。     

甘肃武威地区不同成熟期‘黑比诺’葡萄中的多酚测定

该研究利用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化串联三重四级杆质谱(UPLC-ESI-QQQ-MS)和超高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化串联质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)技术分别对甘肃武威地区2个代表性酿酒葡萄种植基地(38°、莫高)黑比诺葡萄在不同成熟阶段内果皮中花色苷和非花色苷酚进行测定。结果表明,从完全转色开始到采收结束,果皮中总花色苷酚含量呈现先减小后增大再减小的波动变化趋势,并且在转色后4周时含量相对较高;总非花色苷酚含量与总花色苷酚含量的变化规律相反,且在转色后2周时含量达到最大。相关性分析结果显示,在葡萄成熟过程中,糖酸比与酚类物质具有较高的相关性,总花色苷酚与总非花色苷酚之间呈高度负相关,而酚酸的变化对果实中黄烷醇和黄酮醇的积累也有影响。该试验结果可为当地精确判断采收时间、分类指导种植调控提供数据支持,也可为酿酒葡萄花色苷与非花色苷物质含量的分布,代谢合成规律以及不同类型酚类化合物间的相互影响机制奠定研究基础。     

遮光处理对赤霞珠非花色苷酚组分及含量的影响

选取昌吉遗韵酒庄酿酒葡萄赤霞珠为实验材料,分别在果实5%转色至成熟及果实100%转色至成熟两个生长期采用遮光率为50%（网1）、20%（网2）的遮阳网在不同时期对果树树体顶端进行遮光处理,利用高效液相色谱-质谱（HPLC-MS）法检测葡萄果实果皮中非花色苷酚的含量,并对非花色苷酚组分构成进行偏最小二乘法（PLS-DA）分析,探究葡萄果实不同生长发育阶段搭建遮阳网对葡萄果实非花色苷酚结构组分及含量的影响。结果显示在果实5%转色至完全成熟搭建遮光率50%、20%遮阳网处理（Q1、Q2）及果实100%转色至完全成熟期间搭建遮光率20%遮阳网处理（H2）非花色苷酚总量均显著高于对照组,运用PLS-DA分析可得到,遮光处理会影响葡萄果实中黄烷-3-醇、槲皮素类物质、杨梅酮类物质的积累。     

树体遮光对采收期‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实花色苷类物质积累的影响

以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为试材,在开始转色-完全成熟及100%转色-完全成熟2个生长期分别采用50%、20%遮光的遮阳网对果树树体顶端进行遮光处理,以正常生长果实为空白对照。利用高效液相色谱-质谱法检测达到成熟时葡萄果皮花色苷含量,分析不同生长时期、不同遮光程度的遮阳网遮光处理后浆果到达成熟时花色苷组分及含量的差异。实验结果表明:开始转色-完全成熟采用20%遮光的遮阳网处理的样品中检测到15种花色苷,而其余4种处理检测到14种花色苷,未检测到3’-甲基花青素香豆酰化葡萄糖苷(顺式+反式)。不同遮光处理后其花色苷总量均高于对照,而甲基化花色苷仍为主要花色苷,其中100%转色-完全成熟期间采用50%遮光的遮阳网处理,显著提高了样品中甲基化花色苷含量。经过不同遮光处理后花色苷组分构成均有改变:在开始转色-完全成熟期间采用20%遮光的遮阳网进行遮光,明显提高了香豆酰化修饰花色苷及乙酰化修饰花色苷含量;100%转色-完全成熟期间的遮光显著提高了乙酰化修饰花色苷含量。4种遮光处理均使花翠素香豆酰化葡萄糖苷(顺式+反式)含量显著降低。开始转色-完全成熟期间主要增加了3’-甲基花青素乙酰化葡萄糖苷所占总花色苷的比例,100%转色-完全成熟期间花青素葡萄糖苷、3’-甲基花青素葡萄糖苷所占总花色苷的比例显著低于对照组。     

烟台产区‘赤霞珠’转色后指标的变化研究

研究2016年和2017年不同成熟度下‘赤霞珠’葡萄皮和葡萄籽中的总酚、黄烷醇和花色苷含量的差异,并分析不同成熟度葡 萄指标之间的相关性。通过主成分分析（PCA）,对不同成熟度葡萄品质进行研究,确定烟台产区‘赤霞珠’葡萄的最佳采收期。 结果表 明,随着采收时间的推移,‘赤霞珠’葡萄的还原糖含量、可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比呈不断上升趋势,总酸含量不断下降;葡萄果皮中 的总酚和黄烷醇含量呈先上升后下降趋势且呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,花色苷呈不断上升的趋势;葡萄果籽中的总酚、黄烷醇含量均 呈先下降后上升趋势且呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。 烟台产区‘赤霞珠’葡萄的最佳采收时间在转色后5周左右。     

Spatio‐temporal dynamics of grape anthocyanin accumulation in a Tempranillo vineyard monitored by proximal sensing

Background and Aims: The spatio‐temporal variability of phenol grape composition in a vineyard can be characterised by using precision viticulture tools. Characterising anthocyanin variation in grapes requires a large number of observations, which can be done by using proximal sensors in the field. This study characterises the dynamics of spatial‐temporal variability in fruit anthocyanin content at different stages from veraison to harvest using a newly available non‐destructive fluorescence method. Methods and Results: The study was conducted in a Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard (Navarra, Spain) during the 2010 season. A handheld, non‐destructive fluorescence‐based proximal sensor was used to monitor the anthocyanins of the berries at six different times between veraison and harvest. The fluorescence‐based anthocyanin indices were significantly correlated with the anthocyanin contents in berries (R² ranged from 0.74 to 0.78). The variability of the anthocyanin content decreased during the ripening period, reaching a minimum at harvest. Although the mean anthocyanin content of fruit increased from veraison until mid‐September, when a fairly stable value was reached that remained constant until harvest, spatial patterns within the vineyard changed over the whole ripening period. The spatial correlations between the anthocyanin content at each monitoring date and harvest time revealed that larger similarities in the spatial distribution of anthocyanins occurred at veraison and 10 days before harvest. Conclusions: Grape anthocyanins accumulated from veraison until around 1 month before harvest, whereas their spatial pattern within the vineyard changed throughout the whole ripening period. Significance of the Study: Knowledge of the spatial‐temporal variation of the anthocyanin content within a vineyard may assist decision making regarding sampling and vineyard management, especially if vineyard segmentation is employed.     

赤霞珠葡萄生长发育过程中内源激素的变化及其与果实成熟的关系

为研究赤霞珠葡萄果实发育过程中不同组织(果皮、果肉和种子)内源激素的含量变化及其与果实成熟的关系,用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定果实发育过程中果皮、果肉以及种子中脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、生长素(indole acetic acid,IAA)、赤霉素(gibberellin A_3,GA_3)、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)和水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)的含量。结果发现,在葡萄果实生长发育过程中,葡萄果皮和果皮中ABA含量呈双S型变化,花后20 d左右,ABA含量较高,随着果实膨大开始下降,随后开始上升,至转色中期达到最大值,随着果实的成熟缓慢下降;果皮、果肉和种子中GA_3含量均是从果实膨大期开始上升,膨大后期下降,随后在转色初期又开始上升,随后下降;JA含量的变化与GA_3类似;果皮和果肉中IAA含量首先略微下降,在果实快速生长期迅速上升,并达到峰值,随着果实进入转色期,含量逐渐下降并保持稳定,果实膨大期之前,种子中IAA含量较高,随着果实膨大降低,并维持在较低水平,SA含量的变化与IAA类似。结论:ABA、GA_3、JA含量与赤霞珠果实成熟有关,IAA、GA_3、SA、JA含量与赤霞珠果实生长有关。     

Volatile compounds evolution of three table grapes with different flavour during and after maturation

Volatile compounds of three different flavour table-grapes, ‘Jingxiu’, ‘Bimeijia’ and ‘Jingya’, were investigated during and after maturation using SPME/GC–MS. All the alcohols and carbonyls, along with most of the C₆ compounds and terpenoids, were evident before veraison, while most of the esters were detected at or after veraison. C₆ compounds increased in the early period of maturation, and then decreased. Most alcohols and carbonyls tended to continuously decrease during ripening. Except for geraniol, terpenoids increased until maturation, then decreased. Some esters continued to increase after maturation. Principal component analysis showed that terpenoids and esters were the characteristic volatiles of ripe ‘Bimeijia’ and ‘Jingya’ grapes, respectively. ‘Bimeijia’ had the highest terpenoid content at maturity, while ‘Jingya’ continued to accumulate some esters after maturation. To achieve berries of full-bodied aroma, ‘Bimeijia’ should be harvested at maturity and ‘Jingya’ should have a delayed harvest. For the neutral grape ‘Jingxiu’, delayed harvest is recommended to reduce the ‘green’ odour.     

陕西合阳地区酿酒葡萄果实成熟特性研究

该实验研究了合阳地区5个红色和5个白色酿酒葡萄品种在成熟期的可溶性固形物、还原糖、总酸含量和成熟系数变化,分析了成熟葡萄浆果的物理品质、花色苷和单体酚的组成和含量。结果表明,转色期后12 d,各品种葡萄的成熟系数均＞20。成熟葡萄浆果还原糖含量为180～235 g/L,总酸含量＜6 g/L。综合来看,赤霞珠、品丽珠、黑比诺、马瑟兰、爱格丽、小芒森和贵人香适合在合阳地区种植。赤霞珠、品丽珠、黑比诺、马瑟兰和贵人香最适采收期在转色期后24 d左右,爱格丽和小芒森在转色期后44 d左右。马瑟兰的成熟浆果花色苷含量较高,达29.85 mg/g;赤霞珠、马瑟兰和爱格丽成熟浆果单体酚含量较高,分别为0.65 mg/g、0.43 mg/g和0.26 mg/g。研究结果将为陕西合阳地区酿酒葡萄种植与推广提供参考。     

橡木提取液对霞多丽和赤霞珠葡萄果实品质的影响

主要研究橡木提取液对葡萄果实品质的影响。以欧亚种（Vitis vinifera L.）酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠和霞多 丽为实验材料,外源喷施橡木提取液后测定果实单宁、多酚、花色苷、单糖和有机酸单体含量及香气成分的质量 浓度。结果表明：橡木提取液对葡萄果实基本理化性质影响不显著,橡木提取液可提高霞多丽果实总酚和单宁含 量,其中体积分数25%美国橡木提取液处理组单宁含量比对照组（喷蒸馏水,下同）增加了33.2%;橡木提取液可 提高赤霞珠果实单宁和总花色苷含量,与对照组相比,体积分数25%美国橡木提取液处理后赤霞珠单宁含量增加 了40.7%,纯美国橡木提取液处理后花色苷含量增加了10.7%;纯橡木提取液可以提高霞多丽和赤霞珠果实果糖含 量;橡木提取液可以提高霞多丽和赤霞珠果实葡萄糖含量。橡木提取液对霞多丽和赤霞珠果实香气成分有很大影 响,都增加了果实香气成分的种类,尤其是酯类、醛类和醇类（如橡木内酯、四氢薰衣草醇）,同时可增加果实香 气质量浓度,如体积分数25%美国橡木提取液可使6-甲氧基丁子香酚的质量浓度增加近8 倍。外源喷施橡木提取液 可改善葡萄果实品质,结果可为葡萄产业废弃物开发利用提供理论依据。     

Auxin treatment of pre‐veraison grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries both delays ripening and increases the synchronicity of sugar accumulation

Background and Aims: Pre‐veraison auxin treatments can delay grape berry ripening, but there is little information about their effects on berry development and wine composition. The aim of this study was to further investigate these effects and explore the practical implications of delaying ripening. Methods and Results: Treatment of pre‐veraison Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz berries with 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) significantly delayed ripening as measured by the accumulation of total soluble solids (TSS) and anthocyanins. The onset of the post‐veraison phase of berry size increase was delayed in NAA‐treated fruit, but these fruit were significantly larger than Control fruit at harvest. NAA‐treatments significantly increased the synchronicity of berry sugar accumulation. GC‐MS analysis of wine headspace volatiles showed significant, but largely small, differences in the concentration of 19 compounds. No significant difference in sensory properties was found between replicate small‐scale wine lots made from Control and NAA‐treated fruit. Conclusions: Auxin treatment delayed berry ripening, increased the synchronicity of sugar accumulation between berries, increased berry size and changed the levels of some volatile compounds, but did not affect wine sensory properties. Significance of the Study: We propose that NAA sprays might be used to delay grape berry ripening and increase the synchronicity of sugar accumulation, and therefore ripening, without deleterious effects on wine quality. This may be useful in controlling winery intake and fruit composition.     

长相思葡萄生长发育过程中理化指标及氨基酸含量分析

该试验以宁夏银川的张裕摩塞尔酒庄的长相思葡萄（Sauvignon Blanc）为试材,主要测定葡萄浆果生长发育7个时期葡萄的糖、酸和氨基酸含量等主要品质指标,并对果实品质进行主成分分析（PCA）。结果表明,可溶性固形物含量和百粒质量、pH值随着长相思葡萄果实的发育呈上升趋势;可滴定酸、总酚和单宁含量呈下降趋势。从葡萄浆果共检测出16种氨基酸组分,其中胱氨酸从花后40 d到花后90 d呈缓慢下降趋势,在成熟时（花后105 d）增长至130.52 mg/L;甲硫氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸、异亮氨酸和赖氨酸含量在发育过程中保持相对稳定,亮氨酸则从花后40 d的67.77 mg/L持续增长至成熟时的336.75 mg/L,其他9种氨基酸的含量从花后40 d到花后90 d呈增长趋势,在成熟前略有下降。精氨酸与脯氨酸含量的比值从花后50 d快速增加,成熟时达到最大值（5.67）。PCA结果表明长相思葡萄在不同发育时期的氨基酸含量差异较大。     

Influence of berry ripeness on concentration,qualitative composition and extractability of grape seed tannins

Background and Aims: The evolution of seed tannins in three grape varieties grown in the same vineyard was followed from preveraison to harvest, to determine their pattern of accumulation. Also, to elucidate whether the use of 70% acetone as extracting solvent overestimate what will occur during fermentation, seed tannins were extracted throughout the ripening period with a method that involved a 3 days extraction with aqueous 12.5% ethanol and the results compared with the acetone extraction method. Methods and Results: For both methods, the extracted tannins were analysed following acid‐catalysis in the presence of excess of phloroglucinol. Seed tannins reached a maximum around veraison and decreased towards maturity, the mean degree of polymerization (mDP) varying only slightly during the studied period. When tannins were extracted with 12.5% ethanol, their concentration was much higher during the first part of the maturation than using acetone but was significantly lower at harvest. Conclusions: The decrease in extractable seed tannins during ripening was observed with both solvents. The differences observed in the concentration of tannins with both solvents could be due to the histochemical changes occurring in seeds during maturation. Significance of the Study: The differences observed in tannin concentration with the two different methods may indicate that when pulp maturity is reached before seeds are ripe, the fermenting solution will extract more tannins than the acetone method. These results point to the importance of extraction methodology when monitoring seed maturity for the prediction of seed tannins in wine.