天然保鲜剂复配工艺优化及其对水晶肴肉中特定腐败菌的抑制效果

通过二倍稀释法测定ε-聚赖氨酸（ε-poly-L-lysine,ε-PL）、乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）、肉桂醛、茶多酚（tea polyphenols,TP）、甘氨酸（glycine,Gly）以及复配单、双硬脂酸甘油酯（mono-and diglycerides monostearate,GMS）对水晶肴肉特定腐败菌的抑菌效果,其对嗜冷杆菌属、肠球菌属等的最低抑菌浓度分别为19.53、156.25、156.25、312.5、625、5 000 mg/kg。通过棋盘稀释法测定两两之间的协同效应指数,明确了ε-PL、Nisin、TP、肉桂醛具有协同效应。通过正交试验对其进行复配,得出最优配方为ε-PL 39 mg/kg、Nisin 468 mg/kg、TP 312.5 mg/kg、肉桂醛234.25 mg/kg。将研究结果应用于肴肉,在保质期内可明显控制细菌总数和大肠菌群的增长,尤以7 d和15 d最为显著,细菌总数抑制率分别达到86%、74%。     

50L自控式发酵罐中ε-聚赖氨酸发酵条件的优化

在50L自控式发酵罐上进行了ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)发酵条件的优化研究,主要考察了分批发酵和补料分批发酵过程中pH、搅拌转速对ε-PL发酵和菌体生长的影响。结果表明,当控制pH在5.0以上时有利于菌体的生长,但ε-PL基本不合成,甚至出现降解现象;当维持pH在4.0左右时,能促进ε-PL的合成。搅拌转速为300 r/min时,有利于溶氧和传质,400r/min时,由于剪切力过大,导致菌丝断裂,ε-PL产量下降。通过控制发酵中后期pH4.0和搅拌转速300r/min的pH反馈控制自动流加补料培养,可获得最大的ε-PL产量7.36g/L,产率0.072g/g,产量较优化前提高近10倍,产率提高2倍。     

微生物合成ε-聚赖氨酸的研究进展

介绍了国内外ε-聚赖氨酸的研究和生产状况,介绍了ε-聚赖氨酸合成机理。特别是对于ε-聚赖氨酸合成酶结构以及决定ε-聚赖氨酸聚合度大小的催化合成模型进行了综述。另外,作者结合自己的研究展望了ε-聚赖氨酸研究的发展趋势。     

N-(carboxymethyl)lysine content of foods commonly consumed in a Western style diet

The potential adverse effects on health of diet-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is of current interest, due to their proposed involvement in the disease progression of diabetic and uraemic conditions. However, accurate information about levels of AGEs in foods is lacking. The objective of this investigation was to determine the level of one particular AGE, N^ε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a marker of AGE formation, in a wide range of foods commonly consumed in a Western style diet. Individual foods (n = 257) were mixed, lyophilised, ground, reduced, fat-extracted, hydrolysed, and underwent solid-phase extraction. Extracts were analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Cereal (2.6 mg/100 g food) and fruit and vegetable (0.13 mg/100 g food) categories had the highest and lowest mean level of CML, respectively, when expressed in mg/100 g food. These data can be used for estimating potential consumer intakes, and provide information that can be used to educated consumers on how to reduce their CML intake.     

Simultaneous analysis of Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine,reducing sugars,and lysine during the dairy thermal process

A new analytical method allowing the simultaneous quantification of Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), lysine, and reducing sugars (glucose, lactose, and galactose) is described. It is based on high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric electrochemical detection. This method demonstrated a low limit of quantification (0.385 to 0.866 mg/L), excellent linear correlation (R² > 0.997), and desired calibration range (3.125 to 25 mg/L). In addition, lactose-lysine solutions containing sulfite (4 to 400 mmol/L) were heated at 110°C for 2 h. The results showed that sulfite inhibited the formation of CML and promoted the consumption of reducing sugars and lysine in the Maillard reaction model. The method proved to be useful for simultaneous analysis of CML, lysine, and reducing sugars (glucose, galactose, and lactose) in the Maillard reaction system. Moreover, sulfite was an effective inhibitor of CML formation.     

色氨酸抑制体外模型中晚期糖基化终末产物形成机理

食源性晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)与多种慢性疾病密切相关,尤其是糖尿病和肾脏疾病.为减少AGEs对机体的健康风险,降低食品中AGEs含量,本研究从13种氨基酸中筛选出具有良好AGEs抑制效果的色氨酸(tryptophan,Trp),利用牛血清白蛋白(bo...     

基于UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS同步检测热加工食品中典型晚期糖基化终末产物

建立超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定热加工食品中羧甲基赖氨酸（Nε-carboxymethyllysine,CML）和羧乙基赖氨酸（Nε-carboxyethyllysine,CEL）含量的同步检测方法。首先脱脂样品经硼氢化钠还原8 h,沉淀蛋白,酸水解后,经Oasis MCX固相萃取小柱净化和富集,以乙腈和含0.1%甲酸的1 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3-C18色谱柱分离,多反应监测模式进行定性定量分析。CML和CEL在0.25～500 ng/mL范围内线性良好,相关系数高于0.999,方法检出限分别为8 ng/g和10 ng/g,定量限分别为36 ng/g和40 ng/g。平均回收率分别为96%～103%和94%～107%,相对标准偏差分别为1.48%～2.43%和1.23%～1.84%。利用该方法检测13 种市售热加工食品发现,婴儿肉松和婴儿饼干中CML和CEL含量显著高于烘焙食品和油炸食品（P＜0.05）。结果表明该方法快速、准确、高效,适用于热加工食品中CML和CEL的同步快速检测。     

Effect of oxidation and hydrolysis of porcine myofibrillar protein on Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine formation in model systems

This study investigated the effects of oxidation and hydrolysis of porcine myofibrillar protein (MFP) on N^ε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) formation in model systems. Model systems of MFP/oxidised linoleic acid (MFP/OLA), mildly oxidised MFP/OLA (MO-MFP/OLA), severely oxidised MFP/OLA (SO-MFP/OLA), mildly hydrolysed MFP/OLA (MH-MFP/OLA) and severely hydrolysed MFP/OLA (SH-MFP/OLA) were incubated, and CML content was determined. Compared with MFP/OLA (39.1 ± 5.7 ng mg⁻¹ protein), there was a significant increase of CML in MO-MFP/OLA (53.9 ± 2.5 ng mg⁻¹ protein), whereas a marked decrease was observed in SO-MFP/OLA (25.1 ± 4.4 ng mg⁻¹ protein) during incubation. CML level increased with increasing degree of hydrolysis of MFP after 6 days of incubation. Therefore, mildly oxidised MFP and hydrolysed MFP could promote CML formation, while severely oxidised MFP impeded CML generation. These results suggested that effects of oxidation and hydrolysis of MFP on CML generation were mainly dependent on the degree of structural changes of MFP.     

ε-聚赖氨酸在玉米汁饮料中的防腐应用

以新鲜玉米为原料,研制成保鲜期可达30d以上的玉米汁饮料。研究表明:玉米汁饮料中ε-聚赖氨酸的最适添加量为30ppm;复合稳定剂最佳配比为蔗糖脂肪酸酯0.1%、卡拉胶0.1%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.2%。     

ε-聚赖氨酸研究现状及应用前景

作为一种食品防腐剂,ε-聚赖氨酸抑菌谱广,水溶性强,安全性高,在高温下稳定,pH范围宽,已被越来越多应用。该文综述ε-聚赖氨酸研究现状及作为食品防腐剂潜在应用前景。     

算子方程的ε—Hyers—Ulam稳定性

根据环同态的稳定性，引入了算子方程Ax=0的ε-Hyers-Ulam稳定性的概念·在此基础上，给出了算子方程Ax=0是ε-Hyers-Ulam稳定的一些充分必要条件．得到了任意ε〉0，算子方程Ax=0是ε-H—U稳定的当且仅当kerA是非空的．     

ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌的筛选

改进了筛选ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌的方法。在加有复合抑菌剂的初筛平板上涂布土壤悬液,于28℃培养7 d后喷洒次甲基兰溶液显色,挑出周围形成透明圈的菌落,再次接种培养,7d后挖取菌落周围的琼脂块,利用文中设计的简易转移装置,将琼脂块中的水溶性成分转移到滤纸上,然后分别用茚三酮试剂和Dragendorff试剂检测,挑取对2种试剂都呈阳性的菌落,进一步摇瓶复筛,发现1株放线菌的发酵液中有ε-聚赖氨酸。经生化反应鉴定和分子生物学鉴定,确定该菌株为灰橙链霉菌(Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus)。     

ε-聚赖氨酸与纳他霉素复配剂抑菌性能的研究

研究了ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)与纳他霉素复配剂的抑菌活性.以典型菌株大肠杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和热带假丝酵母为研究对象,采用二倍稀释法确定ε-PL和纳他霉素的最小抑菌浓度,96孔板法确定ε-PL与纳他霉素对酵母菌最佳复配抑菌浓度,通过测定胞内物质渗漏来反映酵母细胞膜的完整性.结果表明,二者抑制酿酒酵母的最佳复配浓度为ε-PL 100μg/mL、纳他霉素4μg/mL,抑制热带假丝酵母的最佳复配浓度为ε-PL 400μg/mL、纳他霉素2μg/mL,且两种复配剂均能抑制大部分细菌.通过测定抑菌剂作用于酿酒酵母在260nm、280nm的吸光度以及电导率的变化,可知复配剂对酿酒酵母细胞膜的破坏性最强.总之,ε-PL与纳他霉素复配使用,能够减少用量,拓宽抑菌范围,能更好的抑制食品中腐败微生物的生长.     

褪黑素对小鼠抗氧化作用的影响

目的:研究小鼠在受到脂多糖(LPS)刺激时,褪黑素的抗氧化作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法:用脂多糖建立氧化应激模型,检测血清、小肠、肝脏和脾组织中的ROS含量,肝脏、脾组织中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的变化。结果:在LPS刺激后的4h和16h,褪黑素均能降低血清、小肠、肝脏、脾组织中的ROS含量,提升肝脏和脾组织中的GSH-PX、SOD活性,降低MDA含量。结论:褪黑素有助于增强氧化应激小鼠的抗氧化能力,降低组织中NO含量与NO合成酶活性,增加了SOD、GSH-PX等抗氧化酶的活性,保护机体免受氧化损伤。     

ε-聚赖氨酸抑菌性能研究

分别采用分光光度法、菌体量法以及孔扩散法研究了ε-聚赖氨酸对细菌和真菌的抑菌活性及ε-聚赖氨酸浓度、pH值和温度对其抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,ε-聚赖氨酸对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、黄曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母、保加利亚乳杆菌等6种供试微生物均有一定的抑制作用,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌抑制效果较好,对黄曲霉较差;对各种菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌12.5 mg/L;枯草芽孢杆菌25 mg/L;酿酒酵母800 mg/L;黄曲霉1 600 mg/L。ε-聚赖氨酸的抑菌活性随其浓度的增加而增强,热稳定性非常好,能耐100℃的高温,在pH5～8抑菌活性最强,与甘氨酸、Nisin都有协同增效的作用。     

微生物合成ε-聚赖氨酸的结构鉴定及其抑菌活性的研究

在对土壤中筛选获得的一株白色链霉菌Z-9发酵条件初步研究的基础上,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、液相-质谱联用(LC-MS)、核磁共振(NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等分析检测方法对该白色链霉菌发酵产生的ε-聚赖氨酸进行了结构鉴定和抑菌活性研究。研究结果表明:白色链霉菌Z-9发酵产生的聚赖氨酸是由赖氨酸单体通过ε-NH2和α-COOH形成ε-酰氨键聚合而成,平均分子质量为4 210,并且对敏感菌——枯草芽孢杆菌生长有强烈的抑制作用。     

单糖的类型对模拟体系中晚期糖基化终末产物生成的影响

为了研究单糖-赖氨酸模拟体系中单糖类型对晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)生成的影响。探讨了葡萄糖、半乳糖、果糖、山梨糖在120 ℃加热0~120 min期间pH、反应颜色、底物消耗、AGEs中间体包括3种二羰基化合物乙二醛(GO)、丙酮醛(MGO)和三脱氧葡萄糖醛酮(3-DG)以及果糖基赖氨酸(FL),以及最终三种AGEs包括羧甲基赖氨酸(CML)、羧乙基赖氨酸(CEL)、吡咯素(Pyr)的变化。结果显示随着反应进行,醛糖体系的pH下降程度以及颜色增加程度高于酮糖体系。反应结束时,葡萄糖-赖氨酸(Glu-Lys)、半乳糖-赖氨酸(Gla-Lys)、果糖-赖氨酸(Fru-Lys)和山梨糖-赖氨酸(Glu-Lys)体系中赖氨酸的损失分别为26.65%、28.95%、11.47%、14.90%;而所有体系中单糖在反应结束时的损失均达到了75.00%以上,要远高于赖氨酸。模拟体系中单糖会出现醛酮转换,但比例低于10%。所有体系中GO和3-DG的含量随着时间的延长而下降,这表明体系中GO和3-DG在反应前20 min内就已大量生成。α-二羰基化合物的生成量远高于FL的生成量。反应结束时,酮糖体系的CML和CEL含量要高于醛糖体系。所有体系中,三种AGEs生成量均为CEL > CML > Pyr。本文表明将来研究食品中AGEs的生成和抑制途径,需重点从中间体途径着手,尤其是α-二羰基化合物。     

Determination of the variability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins in endemic wild bivalves and carnivorous gastropods from the Southern part of Chile

The aim of this study was to analyse and determine the composition of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and lipophilic toxins in the Region of Aysén, Chile, in wild endemic mussels (Mytilus chilensis, Venus antiqua, Aulacomya ater, Choromytilus chorus, Tagelus dombeii and Gari solida) and in two endemic carnivorous molluscs species (Concholepas concholepas and Argobuccinum ranelliforme). PSP-toxin contents were determined by using HPLC with fluorescence detection, while lipophilic toxins were determined by using LC-MS/MS. Mean concentrations for the total of PSP toxins were in the range 55–2505 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g. The two most contaminated samples for PSP toxicity were bivalve Gari solida and carnivorous Argobuccinum ranelliforme with 2505 ± 101 and 1850 ± 137 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g, respectively (p < 0.05). The lipophilic toxins identified were okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and yessotoxins (YTX). All analysed molluscs contained lipophilic toxins at levels ranging from 56 ± 4.8 to 156.1 ± 8.2 μg of okadaic acid-equivalent/kg shellfish together with YTX at levels ranging from 1.0 ± 0.1 to 18 ± 0.9 μg of YTX-equivalent/kg shellfish and AZA at levels ranging from 3.6 ± 0.2 to 31 ± 2.1 μg of AZA-equivalent/kg shellfish. Furthermore, different bivalves and gastropods differ in their capacity of retention of lipophilic toxins, as shown by the determination of their respective lipophilic toxins levels. In all the evaluated species, the presence of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods was not identified, in contrast to the identification of PSP toxins, where the profiles identified in the different species are directly related to biotransformation processes. Thus, this study provides evidence that the concentration of toxins in the food intake of the evaluated species (Bivalvia and Gastropoda class) determines the degree of bioaccumulation and biotransformation they will thereafter exhibit.