工业管道应力腐蚀裂纹的检验

概述了金属材料应力腐蚀裂纹的特点,提出了工业管道对其检验的内容和方法,通过对应力腐蚀裂纹宏观和微观特征的检查和分析,基本可以区别应力腐蚀裂纹和其他裂纹.应力腐蚀裂纹是比较危险的缺陷,因此在管道检修和设计时应采取必要的改进措施,防惠于未然.     

含轴向穿透裂纹的三通管道应力强度因子有限元分析

针对开孔率d/D=0.5的焊制三通管道,基于ANSYS软件及其APDL编程,采用三维奇异元,对开孔率为d/D=0.5的焊制管道三通进行数值模拟。主要考察三通在内压、主管端部面内和面外弯矩以及扭矩载荷作用下的主管腹部轴向穿透裂纹的复合型应力强度因子。通过改变裂纹位置和尺寸,计算获得不同大小的轴向穿透裂纹由主管腹部移至焊缝附近过程中的三类应力强度因子各自的变化规律和危险位置。这些结果在应力强度因子手册中尚未涉及,对工程中含缺陷三通管道的剩余强度评定具有参考价值。     

内压作用下斜接弯管纵向半穿透裂纹应力强度因子研究

采用三维有限元技术,应用ANSYS对内压作用下含纵向半穿透裂纹斜接弯管的应力强度因子进行了系统的分析。建立了三维有限元裂纹模型,对裂纹前沿应力强度因子的影响因素进行了研究,分析了不同内压下无量纲参数裂纹相对深度a/t、裂纹相对形状b/a、管壁相对厚度Do/t对应力强度因子的影响。     

基于近场动力学方法的含缺陷板Ⅰ型应力强度因子计算

针对含多缺陷板脆性断裂问题,引入非局部近场动力学理论,结合J积分计算含缺陷板Ⅰ型应力强度因子。通过含Ⅰ型单裂纹脆性板以及系列含等长双裂纹板的应力强度因子计算,验证该方法的可行性和计算精度。进一步应用于含不等长双裂纹、含孔及孔边裂纹脆性板的应力强度因子计算,验证了该方法对于计算含复杂缺陷板Ⅰ型应力强度因子的适用性,并分析了裂纹位置和长度及孔径等多缺陷板裂尖应力强度因子的影响。     

盐酸塔应力腐蚀分析

介绍了不锈钢应力腐蚀的基本机理及裂纹特征。重点对HC1塔节简体的裂纹进行了分析讨论,包括宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相显微镜分析、扫描电镜分析、断口产物成分能谱分析,证实其属于氯离子导致的应力腐蚀开裂。对氯离子应力腐蚀的预防进行了探讨,认为环境控制法对于降低氯离子应力腐蚀效果最为显著。     

基于数字图像相关方法的含双裂纹复合材料薄板应力强度因子测量

将数字图像相关方法用于测量含I型双边裂纹复合材料薄板应力强度因子。首先,介绍了数字图像相关方法基本原理,通过最小二乘拟合法建立了裂纹尖端位移场与裂尖应力强度因子的关系。其次,搭建了数字图像相关方法非接触光学测试平台,通过对含I型双边裂纹复合材料薄板进行拉伸试验,得到了复合材料薄板双边裂纹尖端全场位移。最后,通过数字图像相关方法计算所得全场位移,提取了裂纹尖端应力强度因子,分析了最小二乘拟合项数、数字图像相关计算中子区域和步长大小的选择对裂纹尖端应力强度因子计算的影响。     

管道裂纹有限元分析与ECA评估研究

油气管道输送介质具有易燃、易爆特性,所面临的危害因素多,运营风险高,特别是管道出现裂纹的危害较大,在疲劳、应力腐蚀的作用下易导致管道破裂失效。本文针对某长输管道内检测中发现的裂纹,基于静裂纹的模拟方法在对含裂纹缺陷管道进行有限元模拟计算方面,具有更高的计算精度和效率,建立了静裂纹管道的有限元模型,采用运动式耦合方法与管道端面进行耦合,获得裂纹尖端张开位移（Crack Tip Opening Displacement,CTOD）随应变的变化关系,并使用FAD图（Failure Assessment Diagram）评估方法进行工程失效评估,最终有效评估管道的安全性,该方法的联合使用,对于含裂纹管道的安全性精准评估具有重要意义。     

PE80聚乙烯管道焊接接头的应力松弛模型验证及安全评价

采用实验方法研究聚乙烯（PE）管道焊接接头在机械载荷条件下的应力松弛行为,通过松弛试验得出用Prony级数表示的PE管道焊接接头的本构模型。结果表明,PE管道焊接接头的松弛曲线与PE管道木材的松弛曲线相似;结合有限元分析软件Abaqus,建立PE80焊接接头的裂纹缺陷模型,导入PE管道焊接接头与PE管道母材的Prony级数,对含裂纹缺陷PE管道的应力强度因子进行计算;借鉴GB/T 19624—2004金属管道的评定标准,给出适合PE材料的断裂判据,比较PE材料的临界应力强度因子（KIC）及计算得出的应力强度因子(KI)的大小,进而通过断裂判据对含缺陷PE管道进行安全评价。     

直管外表面轴向半椭圆裂纹应力强度因子KⅠ的有限元分析

利用有限元法对含外表面轴向裂纹的直管进行了分析,应用有限元软件ANSYS建立了裂纹有限元模型,采用参数化建模对内压下裂纹的应力强度因子KI进行计算,得出了影响应力强度因子的主要因素。计算表明,应力强度因子随a/t及a/c成线性变化,并与t/Do为乘幂关系。一般情况下,表面裂纹在最深点（90°）处应力强度因子最大,然后随着角度的减小应力强度因子依次减小。但是在最浅点（0°）处应力强度因子有回升趋势,且随着a/t的增加,这种回升趋势逐渐明显,当a/t=0.8时,甚至出现最浅点KI超过最深点KI的现象,这时对于结构的脆性起裂位置要慎重判断,不能单纯地以最深点KI为断裂依据。     

立式钢制储罐大角焊缝处裂纹的应力强度因子分析

为了研究大角焊缝处裂纹的断裂性能,建立了大角焊缝处含Ⅰ型裂纹的100 000m~3立式钢制储罐有限元简化模型,并基于断裂力学理论分析了裂纹最深处的应力强度因子K_I值及其与主要影响参数的关系。基于分析结果,根据裂纹的位置将大角焊缝附近的裂纹分为底板裂纹、焊缝裂纹和焊趾裂纹,并分别拟合了3类裂纹的K_I值计算公式,据此可以根据现场实际检测的裂纹尺寸和裂纹位置简单有效地对此类裂纹的断裂性能进行工程评估。     

煤矿地应力测试及应力场反演分析

根据地应力测试的基本概念及原理,结合实际地应力测试工作,介绍了地应力测试过程中的测量原理、测试设备与现场测量方法,并对测试结果进行了分析。在此基础上,根据地应力的测试结果,运用多元线性回归的方法进行了地应力场反演,并以西二采区9号煤反演结果为例进行了分析,结果表明,该采区3个工作面位于应力集中区,冲击危险性较大。     

Hypothalamic Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor under Stress and Stress Resilience

This review addresses the molecular mechanisms of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) regulation in the hypothalamus under stress and stress resilience. CRF in the hypothalamus plays a central role in regulating the stress response. CRF stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from the anterior pituitary. ACTH stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal glands. Glucocorticoids are essential for stress coping, stress resilience, and homeostasis. The activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is suppressed by the negative feedback from glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid-dependent repression of cAMP-stimulated Crf promoter activity is mediated by both the negative glucocorticoid response element and the serum response element. Conversely, the inducible cAMP-early repressor can suppress the stress response via inhibition of the cAMP-dependent Crf gene, as can the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in the hypothalamus. CRF receptor type 1 is mainly involved in a stress response, depression, anorexia, and seizure, while CRF receptor type 2 mediates “stress coping” mechanisms such as anxiolysis in the brain. Differential effects of FK506-binding immunophilins, FKBP4 and FKBP5, contribute to the efficiency of glucocorticoids under stress resilience. Together, a variety of factors contribute to stress resilience. All these factors would have the differential roles under stress resilience.     

论应力腐蚀断裂

本文简明扼要地阐述了金属材料在许多环境中同时受应力和腐蚀的作用,产生了裂纹甚至断裂;分析了应力腐蚀产生的机理,介绍了低碳钢和奥氏体不锈钢产生应力腐蚀的原因、现象和影响因素;同时,也提出了防止应力腐蚀裂纹产生的四种方法.     

论应力腐蚀断裂(续上期)

6奥氏体不锈钢的应力腐蚀裂纹 6.1应力腐蚀裂纹的影响因素 奥氏体不锈钢产生应力腐蚀的影响因素很多,如环境中Cl的含量,不锈钢中微量元素含量等.     

Environmental Stress and Plants

Land plants are constantly subjected to multiple unfavorable or even adverse environmental conditions. Among them, abiotic stresses (such as salt, drought, heat, cold, heavy metals, ozone, UV radiation, and nutrient deficiencies) have detrimental effects on plant growth and productivity and are increasingly important considering the direct or indirect effects of climate change. Plants respond in many ways to abiotic stresses, from gene expression to physiology, from plant architecture to primary, and secondary metabolism. These complex changes allow plants to tolerate and/or adapt to adverse conditions. The complexity of plant response can be further influenced by the duration and intensity of stress, the plant genotype, the combination of different stresses, the exposed tissue and cell type, and the developmental stage at which plants perceive the stress. It is therefore important to understand more about how plants perceive stress conditions and how they respond and adapt (both in natural and anthropogenic environments). These concepts were the basis of the Special Issue that International Journal of Molecular Sciences expressly addressed to the relationship between environmental stresses and plants and that resulted in the publication of 5 reviews and 38 original research articles. The large participation of several authors and the good number of contributions testifies to the considerable interest that the topic currently receives in the plant science community, especially in the light of the foreseeable climate changes. Here, we briefly summarize the contributions included in the Special Issue, both original articles categorized by stress type and reviews that discuss more comprehensive responses to various stresses.     

管壳式换热器部件的应力分析及强度校核

本文对某换热器的前管板在机械载荷和热载荷下利用有限元分析软件ANSYS进行强度分析。在分析时,首先进行热分析得出温度分布,得出温度最大值出现在换热管与管板接触区,且最大值为150.408℃。然后在热分析的基础上进行应力分析,得出最大应力出现在螺栓连接处,且为174 MPa。最后参照JB4732-1995《钢制压力容器分析设计标准》采用线分析法选取7处危险区域进行应力评定,得出3处应力(为机械载荷和热载荷的总应力)最大为174 MPa小于安全值438 MPa。所以该换热器在运行过程中是安全的。     

Pore Shrinkage and Sintering Stress

The criterion for the stability of a large pore in a fine pore matrix is reconsidered, taking into account the pressure exerted by the densifying matrix. The result indicates that progressively larger pores can shrink, even if grain growth is minimal or absent.     

Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Living cells continually generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the respiratory chain during energetic metabolism. ROS at low or moderate concentration can play important physiological roles. However, an excessive amount of ROS under oxidative stress would be extremely deleterious. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress due to its high oxygen consumption, weakly antioxidative systems and the terminal-differentiation characteristic of neurons. Thus, oxidative stress elicits various neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, chemotherapy could result in severe side effects on the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) of cancer patients, and a growing body of evidence demonstrates the involvement of ROS in drug-induced neurotoxicities as well. Therefore, development of antioxidants as neuroprotective drugs is a potentially beneficial strategy for clinical therapy. In this review, we summarize the source, balance maintenance and physiologic functions of ROS, oxidative stress and its toxic mechanisms underlying a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and the possible involvement of ROS in chemotherapy-induced toxicity to the CNS and PNS. We ultimately assess the value for antioxidants as neuroprotective drugs and provide our comments on the unmet needs.     

浮法玻璃的应力与退火

玻璃的退火是浮法平板玻璃生产过程的一个重要环节。文章阐述了玻璃热应力产生和消除方法,指出在线应力检测是控制退火质量的较好途径。     

Entanglement Tightening and Stress Relaxation

The contribution of entanglements to the modulus of a time independent polymer is satisfactorily accounted for by the C₂/λ term in the Mooney-Rivlin equation. On the other hand, the role of entanglements in time dependent polymers is less evident and seems to give rise to a non-linear Mooney plot. A model is introduced which considers an entanglement as a topological knot that tightens with initial deformation and subsequently inhibits chain slippage. The observed maximum in a Mooney plot at small values of λ is predicted, and the experimental data of plasticised PVC polybutadiene and styrenebutadiene copolymer are fitted reasonably well.