基于超声波技术优选最佳原油降粘参数

目前,我国仍有八成以上的原油需要管道来输送,而管道长期运行过程中难免会因为原油粘度过大带来水力摩阻损失、结蜡等问题,导致原油输送效率降低,能耗增大。油田管道输送原油粘度过大的问题已经严重影响到输油工作的正常进行,超声波降粘技术作为一种新型的绿色环保技术越来越受到青睐。为了优选对比出超声波对原油降粘效果达到最佳的功率以及处理时间,设计了一套模拟超声波对管输原油的降粘装置,模拟不同功率以及不同时间下的超声波降粘效果实验。通过实验数据的对比分析,发现超声波功率在1.0k W,作用时间为25min时降粘效果最佳。     

溶剂抽提法分离印尼油砂的实验研究

利用溶剂抽提法对印尼油砂进行萃取分离实验,综合考察了剂砂比、抽提温度、抽提时间、抽提次数等操作条件对油砂沥青提取的影响,确定较佳的油砂分离条件。结果表明,印尼油砂更适合采用溶剂抽提法分离,从油砂沥青提取率、操作成本和环保多角度考虑,在超声波的作用下,剂砂比为2．5,抽提温度40℃,抽提时间30min,抽提3次的条件下,油砂沥青的提取率较高,达到20．31％。     

二连原油脱油沥青减粘裂化试验研究

本文介绍了二连原油脱油沥青减粘裂化室内试验研究,考察了原料性质,反应温度和反应时间对减粘效果的影响,结果表明在适宜条件下进行减粘裂化反应,减粘效果明量。     

超声波在油砂分离中的应用

以自制的碱液油砂清洗剂,在超声波下对内蒙古扎赉特旗油砂进行分离。考察了超声频率、超声声强、清洗时间和清洗温度对油砂分离的影响。在超声空化作用下,超声频率为28 kHz,超声声强为7.06 W/cm^2,剂和砂质量比为0.8,体系温度为60℃,清洗时间13.0 min的条件下,其出油率可达到94%,结果表明,超声波作用大大提高了油砂的出油率。     

油砂高效分离配方开发及新型分离技术

针对目前油砂分离的难题,即油砂分离配方适应性较差,分离温度较高、能耗较大,分离试剂浓度较大、分离后残渣试剂残留量较大、分离配方中碱含量较大,试剂损耗、设备腐蚀严重等问题,开发了一种无碱环保新型油砂分离剂配方,该配方可对水润、油润等油砂进行水洗分离,适应性较强。研究结果表明,采用该分离试剂处理油砂,在适宜水洗分离剂浓度(5%)、适宜的加热温度(90℃)、适当的加热时间(20min)和剂砂质量比(2∶1)的条件下,油砂分离剂可以将油砂沥青中的沥青与砂粒实现较好的分离,油砂出油率可达94%以上。分离后的水性试剂可循环利用,对环境无污染,应用前景广阔。为了适应日益严格的环保要求,还提出了纯物理无剂处理油砂的新型油砂分离技术,该技术是将一种装有特殊物质的微球放入油砂处理系统中,在搅拌过程中微球产生能量来降低沥青与砂粒的界面张力,不向处理系统内添加任何化学试剂,在处理过程中不排放任何化学物质,故对环境无任何污染。初步研究表明,该技术在工艺上是可行的。因此,本研究成果为进一步研究我国油砂开采、分离提供了另一有效途径,具有十分重要的现实应用意义。     

超声波改善稠油流变性的实验研究

主要进行了超声波对稠油流变性影响的实验研究,通过均匀设计来安排实验,进行了超声波功率、超声波作用时间和间隔比3个因素与超声波处理后稠油粘度之间关系的实验,并拟合出这3个因素与稠油粘度的经验方程,进一步分析了超声波对稠油流变性影响的规律。     

海上S油田含聚油泥超声波洗脱除油实验研究

针对海上S油田含聚油泥,研究超声波洗脱除油技术的可行性,开展超声功率、频率、作用时间、温度、辅助药剂等因素对含聚油泥脱油率的影响实验。结果表明,在超声功率300 W,频率25 kHz,温度45℃,0.5%投加量的十二烷基苯硫酸钠,作用时间60 min等优化条件下,超声洗脱除油率仅为20%左右,超声洗脱技术效率低,经济效益较低,该技术针对海上S油田含聚油泥处理适用性较差。     

大庆减渣超声减粘实验研究

减压渣油因为粘度大,难以输送。本文利用自行搭建的超声空化装置对大庆减压渣油(下称"大庆减渣")进行了减粘实验研究。以甲醇和乙醇为助空化剂,考察了温度、反应时间、助空化剂类型和用量等因素对大庆减渣减粘效果的影响。结果表明:150℃下空化时间5 h,加入体积分数5%的甲醇和乙醇后,油样粘度分别下降3.91%和5.03%,发现3 h为最合适的反应时间;将改质后的油样与原始油样进行馏分馏出温度对比,发现二者温度曲线差别很大,原因是超声空化过程中发生了化学反应。     

克拉玛依油砂溶剂萃取分离实验研究

以克拉玛依油砂为实验对象,考察石油醚、环己烷、正戊烷、正庚烷、甲苯、CS2及复合溶剂EOSA萃取分离油砂沥青的效果,确定EOSA为最佳萃取溶剂。研究了温度、溶剂用量、时间对EOSA萃取分离油砂沥青收率的影响。结果表明,在萃取温度30℃、剂砂比2 mL/g条件下萃取30 min,油砂沥青的收率可达95%以上。再生实验结果表明,在60~80℃条件下,溶剂回收率超过99%。该工艺具有无水参与、零排放、低能耗、高收率等优点。     

高频超声波降低高酸原油粘度的实验研究

采用Brookfield DV-ⅢUltra流变仪、LV1转子、10 r/min测量转速,研究了在功率为0~240 W、作用时间为0~40 min、温度为30~80℃的条件下,120 k Hz的超声波对中国石化茂名分公司加工所使用的酸值为1.82 mg KOH/g的高酸原油的降粘效果。结果表明,经240 W、30 min和50℃的优化条件处理后,高酸原油的粘度从59.3 m Pa·s降低至39.4 m Pa·s,降粘率为26.9%。超声波处理后的高酸原油经50℃恒温静置24 h,其表观粘度基本恢复。     

Effect of Operating Temperature on Water‐Based Oil Sands Processing

Operating temperature is one of the most important controlling parameters in oil sands processing. Considering the massive energy consumption and green house gas emission, lowering the processing temperature is highly desirable. To achieve such an ambitious goal requires a comprehensive understanding on the role of temperature in oil sands processing. This paper provides an overview of major findings from existing studies related to oil sands processing temperature. The relation between temperature and bitumen recovery is discussed. The effect of temperature on the physiochemical properties of oil sand components, such as bitumen viscosity, bitumen surface tension and surface potentials of bitumen and solids, is analyzed. The interactions between bitumen and solids and between bitumen and gas bubbles as a function of temperature are recounted. Also discussed is the role of chemical additives in oil sand processing. It has been found that temperature affects nearly all properties of oil sands among which bitumen viscosity and bitumen‐solids adhesion impose a prominent impact on bitumen recovery. The use of selected chemical additives can reduce bitumen viscosity and/or the bitumen‐solids adhesion, and thus provide a possible way to process oil sands at a low temperature while maintaining a high bitumen recovery.     

Water‐Based Bitumen Recovery from Diluent‐Conditioned Oil Sands

Important process development aspects leading to more efficient bitumen recovery from diluent‐conditioned oil sands by water‐based methods are discussed. Bitumen viscosity of 0.5–2 Pa·s is required at the processing temperature and can be reduced to this level by bitumen dilution with an organic solvent. Oil sand porosity, however, poses a restriction on the amount of diluent that can be accepted by the oil sand. Also oil sand‐diluent conditioning time is an important process parameter and can vary from a few minutes for oil sands with low‐viscosity bitumen to several hours if viscosity of the bitumen is high. Additionally, the bitumen separation efficiency during digestion and flotation can be enhanced by reducing the bitumen/water interfacial tension through addition, for example, of tripolyphosphate to the aqueous phase.     

超声波在减压渣油降黏中的应用

使用变辐杆声化学反应器进行了减压渣油超声波降黏试验研究,考察了超声输出电压值、反应温度、反应时间等对减压渣油的降黏率关系,并考察了超声波处理后减压渣油黏度的恢复情况,分析了超声波对减压渣油降黏的可能机理。结果表明了输出电压越大,超声波处理时间越长,降黏率越高;反应温度＜280℃,有、无超声辐照后减压渣油测量温度40 ℃时,降黏率分别＜30%和10％,测量温度为80 ℃时降黏率均＜5%,此时超声可能以物理机械搅拌降黏作用为主,渣油体系发生了物理变化;反应温度300～400 ℃,有、无超声辐照后减压渣油测量温度40 ℃时降黏率分别从34%升至63％和从13％升至34％,测量温度为80℃时的降黏率分别从7%升至20％和从3％升至10％,黏度9天内基本稳定,此时超声对渣油的作用可能以空化裂化作用为主,渣油体系发生裂化,黏度降低。     

超声波处理对辽河油田稠油黏度的影响

采用变幅杆式声化学反应器进行了辽河稠油超声波降黏的实验研究,考察了超声反应时间、反应温度对辽河稠油降黏率的影响,分析了超声波对稠油降黏的可能机理。并考察了在超声作用下含水稠油与脱水稠油降黏率的关系,超声波作用对稠油C_7沥青质和甲苯不溶物的影响。确定了最优的反应条件,稠油经超声反应4.5 h,温度300℃,处理后50℃时降黏效果最佳,且C_7沥青质和甲苯不溶物含量均较低。     

塔河超稠油掺苯乙烯焦油降黏实验及黏度预测模型

针对塔河油田12区超稠油的性质,进行了超稠油掺苯乙烯焦油降黏实验及黏度预测模型的研究。采用苯乙烯焦油和柴油对超稠油进行不同掺稀比的降黏实验,用非线性宾汉模型进行流变数据拟合,并将实验测得的混合油黏度与预测模型进行匹配。结果表明：超稠油掺混20%苯乙烯焦油的降黏效果与超稠油掺混10%柴油的降黏效果相同,降黏率大于97%,掺稀比越大、温度越高,混合油黏度越低。混合油的流变模型符合非线性宾汉模型,呈现出一定的剪切稀释性。当超稠油与苯乙烯焦油的黏度比低于1.76×10⁴时,混合油黏度可采用Cragoe修正模型和双对数修正模型Ⅱ进行计算,双对数修正模型Ⅱ对苯乙烯焦油与超稠油混合油的黏度预测效果最好,平均相对偏差为9.4%。     

The effects of temperature and shear rate on the apparent viscosity of Nigerian oil sand bitumen

The apparent viscosities of Nigerian oil sand bitumen were measured over a temperature range of 50–110°C and a shear rate range of 60–320 s⁻¹. Apart from temperature which is the most important variable influencing the viscosity of a liquid, the viscosities of the bitumen are affected by shearing effects. The apparent viscosity of the bitumen depended on the rate of shear at which it is measured, that is, it has an unlimited number of apparent viscosity values as the shear rate was varied. The shearing effects decreased as the temperature increased; that is, the bitumen became more Newtonian in the higher temperature region.     

委内瑞拉奥里超稠油减黏工艺研究

进行了不同反应温度和反应时间的减黏裂化反应,确定了高温短时间和低温长时间2种反应的较佳反应条件,分别为:415℃/30min,390℃/2 h.并考察了反应的牛焦率及产物的黏度、收率、四组分含量、残炭、凝点、闪点及胶质和沥青质结构.结果表明,委内瑞拉奥里超稠油可以采用减黏裂化工艺进行降黏,并使产物满足380~#燃料油黏度标准.减黏反应的温度和时间是瓦补的,减黏反应进行的深度是反应温度和反应时间共同作用的结果.较高的反应苛刻度使得减黏产物成为非牛顿流体,呈现假塑性流体形态,且有屈服值,对船运可能造成一定的影响.因此,减黏反应的条件要严格控制.高温反应产物的胶质和沥青质的缩合程度较高,同时结构单元中的芳环数也较多,进一步生成生焦前驱物的趋势较强.最终确定委内瑞拉奥里常渣减黏裂化的最佳反应条件为:390℃/2 h.     

Bitumen—sand interaction in oil sand processing

Bitumen—sand interaction was studied as a function of pH, particle size, temperature and solvent addition to bitumen. Sand particles can be easily detached from the bitumen surface at pH> 6. At pH < 6, strong attachment between bitumen and sand is observed. The bitumen—sand interaction is also particle-size dependent: the finer the particles, the stronger the attachment. The detachment of coarse particles from bitumen can be achieved by increasing the alkalinity of the solution, but not for fine particles, indicating that the particle size is one of the critical factors affecting liberation of bitumen from sand. Increasing temperature has two effects: it is not only reduces the viscosity to facilitate bitumen liberation, but also increases the electrostatic repulsion between sand and bitumen. This is confirmed by the DLVO theory and is in agreement with the batch extraction results on real oil sands.