Mobile location management in ATM networks

This paper presents two mobile location management algorithms for ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) networks based on the PNNI (private network-to-network interface) standard. The first solution is called the mobile PNNI scheme because it builds on the PNNI routing protocol. It uses limited-scope (characterized by a parameter S) reachability updates, forwarding pointers, and a route optimization procedure. The second solution is called the LR (location registers) scheme because it introduces location registers (such as the cellular home and visitor location registers) into the PNNI standards-based hierarchical networks. This scheme uses a hierarchical arrangement of location registers with the hierarchy limited to a certain level S. Analytical models are set up to compare the average move, search, and total costs per move of these two schemes for different values of the CMR (call-to-mobility ratio), and to provide guidelines for selecting parameters of the algorithms. Results show that at low CMRs (CMR<0.025), the LR scheme performs better than the mobile PNNI scheme. We also observe that the two schemes show a contrasting behavior in terms of the value to be used for the parameter S to achieve the least average total cost. At low CMRs, the parameter S should be high for the mobile PNNI scheme, but low for the LR scheme, and vice versa for high CMRs     

Dynamic scope location tracking algorithm for mobile PNNI scheme inwireless ATM networks

The authors propose an enhanced location tracking algorithm for the mobile PNNI scheme in wireless ATM networks. The main contribution is the use of the dynamic reachability scope depending on the mobile endpoint's movement rate and terminating call rate without any modifications to the mobile PNNI scheme. As a result, the proposed algorithm can reduce the location management cost compared with the original mobile PNNI scheme having a fixed scope value     

Mobility management in wireless ATM networks

Mobile ATM offers a common wired network infrastructure to support mobility of wireless terminals, independent of the wireless access protocol. In addition, it allows seamless migration to future wireless broadband services, such as wireless ATM, by enabling mobility of end-to-end ATM connections. In spite of the diversity in mobile networking technologies (e.g., cellular telephony, mobile-IP, packet data services, PCS), all of them require two fundamental mechanisms: location management and handoff. This article describes different schemes for augmenting a wired ATM network to support location management of mobile terminals and handoff protocols for rerouting a connection data path when the endpoint moves. A prototype implementation of mobile ATM integrating mobility support with ATM signaling and connection setup, is presented. It shows how mobile ATM may be used to provide mobility support to an IP terminal using non-ATM wireless access     

Schemes for mobility management of wireless ATM networks

The growing fields of wireless networks and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) are merging to form wireless ATM networks. This paper addresses dynamic bandwidth allocation, connection admission procedures, routing, and location management strategies in wireless ATM. More precisely, we investigate the issue of extending the private Network to Network Interface, PNNI, and protocols to support mobility. PNNI‐based hierarchical routing, hand‐off, location management and routing schemes are proposed to integrate wireless capabilities into ATM networks. These schemes provide fast and efficient hand‐off connection processing mechanism and a reduction in the connection disruption time during a connection hand‐off session. They also provide a predictable resource requirement of the mobile system during its connection. During a connection hand‐off, misrouted cells can be re‐routed to their destinations. This substantially reduces the overhead due to end‐to‐end re‐transmissions invoked at higher layers. An analytical model is developed to illustrate the hand‐off algorithm. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of the Registration Point for Location Update by Dynamic Programming in PCS

Location management is important to effectively keep track of mobile terminals with reduced signal flows and database queries. Even though dynamic location management strategies are known to show good performance, we in this paper consider the static location management strategy which is easy to implement. A system with single home location register and pointer forwarding is assumed. A mobile terminal is assumed to have memory to store the IDs of visitor location registers (VLRs) each of which has the forwarding pointer to identify its current location. To obtain the registration point which minimizes the database access and signaling cost from the current time to the time of power-off probabilistic dynamic programming formulation is presented. A Selective Pointer Forwarding scheme is proposed which is based on one-step dynamic programming. The proposed location update scheme determines the least cost temporary VLR which point forwards the latest location of the mobile. The computational results show that the proposed scheme outperforms IS-41, pure Pointer Forwarding, and One-step Pointer Forwarding at the expense of small storage and a few computations at the mobile terminals.     

Time-Efficient Handover Using Enhanced Route Optimization in Global PMIPv6

With the development of the wireless internet, there are more and more mobile terminals. Without mobility management protocol, mobile terminals could not communicate with others terminals when they are away from their home network. Mobile IPv6 was proposed which is host-based mobility management protocol. But it has several drawbacks, such as wireless link resource waste, load or consumption of power in mobile terminal is large. To overcome the weakness of host-based mobility management protocol, network-based mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is standardized by the internet engineering task force network-based localized mobility management working group, and it is starting to attract considerable attentions. Although several proposals have been made for handover and Route Optimization (RO) in PMIPv6, they still need too many communications, do not consider about seamless-handover and RO without out-of-sequence problem simultaneously. In this paper we proposed a time-efficient handover mechanism in PMIPv6 by using the improved RO. We use the characteristic of anycast to achieve the time efficiency. By the mathematical analysis we prove that the proposed protocol has shorter latency and supports faster mobility of the mobile terminals.     

Mobility support for IP over wireless ATM

A wireless ATM system consists of a core network infrastructure that provides mobility support to end terminals and a wireless access link. This article outlines two schemes for supporting mobility of IP terminals in this network. In the first scheme, location management and handoff support is integrated within the ATM signaling and control framework (“mobile ATM”), and mobility is transparently supported at the IP layer by mobile ATM underneath. In the second approach, the IP protocol stack is directly executed on ATM switches (without an intermediate ATM signaling stack) using an IP switching technique called IPSOFACTO (IP Switching Over Fast ATM Cell Transport), and terminal mobility is supported via mobile IP     

一种基于代理移动IPv6的全局移动性管理结构和协议

该文定义一种基于代理移动IPv6的全局移动性管理结构和协议,简称为PMIPGMM。 在PMIPGMM中,由网络实体而不是移动节点完成移动性管理, 另外消除了移动节点和接入路由器之间分发数据的无线链路隧道负荷。为与熟知的层次移动IPv6协议比较,基于液体流移动性模型,分别给出了每个协议下,移动节点在平均域停留时间内产生的位置更新、数据分发和总费用函数。分别研究了各种系统参数对费用函数的影响。分析结果表明所提出的基于代理移动IPv6的全局移动性管理协议可以保证低的总费用。     

The ATM Forum's private network/network interface

The ATM Forum completed the first version of its private network/network interface (PNNI) in March 1996 and many ATM switch manufacturers are now offering early implementations. PNNI offers a different type of internetwork or internodal interface from the traditional Signalling System No 7 based approach favoured to date by 'public' network operators, such as BT. In spite of its name, however, PNNI may find its place in network service provider networks as well as in 'private' or customer networks. Some of the perceived limitations of the current specification for such an environment are currently being addressed in version 2, tentatively due for completion in the second half of 1998.The PNNI really consists of two parts, a signalling protocol based around the ATM Forum's UNI signalling specification, and a dynamic source routeing protocol. This paper aims to provide an overview of the functionality and mechanics of PNNI, and to compare and contrast with the functionality offered by ITU-T's B-ISUP.     

PNNI routing congestion control

There is evidence based on previous failures that link state protocols such as PNNI may not be able to recover from a widespread loss of topology database information or an overload of topology state updates. To prevent this, PNNI extensions have been adopted in the ATM forum to avoid going into congestion and to recover when congestion occurs. This article presents the adopted mechanisms to enable the PNNI routing protocol to avoid congestion states wherever possible, to respond gracefully to network overloads and failures, and to recover from massive loss of topology database information. The mechanisms include detecting congestion and notifying peers, reducing the rate of topology update control messages, maintaining link adjacencies with prioritized treatment of critical control messages, database backup, graceful recovery of lost topology database information, and database resynchronization. Simulation analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of these routing congestion control mechanisms.     

基于PNNI的ASON路由协议

通用多协议标签交换(GMPLS )是将多协议标签交换 /流量工程(MPLS-TE )进行光网络扩展,并被广泛接受作为自动交换光网络(ASON )控制面协议的理想选择,然而标准化组织正讨论研究将专用网网间接口( PNNI )协议用于 ASON 控制面的潜力。文中主要通过对 PNNI 的路由分层概念、 PNNI 的路由信息分发机制和 PNNI 的路径选择机制的介绍,给出 PNNI 路由的几个扩展,以适合 ASON 的路由需求。     

The E3 architecture: enabling future cellular networks with cognitive and self‐x capabilities

Future mobile networks are expected to be complex heterogeneous systems. On the one hand this will enable users to take advantage of a number of different access technologies. On the other hand it will seriously affect network management procedures since more extensive operations and decisions will have to be dealt with. To tackle these challenges a number of new dynamic mechanisms need to be designed. It is imperative that certain network management tasks have to be performed without human intervention to reduce the OPEX costs and achieve faster responses in different events. To achieve this goal, the introduction of self‐x functionalities, combined with cognitive mechanisms and the ability to reconfigure network entities and terminals, is required. Moreover, the introduction of a new pilot channel needs to be considered to assist the terminals in selecting the most suitable radio access technology according to their requirements. We present the functional architecture of an evolved network that was designed in the context of the EU‐funded IP project ‘E³: End‐to‐End Efficiency’. This architecture aims to enhance existing procedures usually performed in traditional operation and maintenance systems (e.g. spectrum management, network planning, configuration actions). We explain the rationale of our design and provide specific examples to illustrate the role of the different functional entities and their interfaces. A considerable part of this architecture has recently been approved as a feasibility study by the ETSI Committee Reconfigurable Radio System. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Proxy Mobile IPv6 Based Global Mobility Management Architecture and Protocol

This paper specifies a global mobility management architecture and protocol procedure called GPMIP, which is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6. In GPMIP, mobility management is performed by the network entity rather than individual mobile nodes. The benefit is the elimination of the wireless link data delivery tunnel overhead between a mobile node and the access router. To compare with the well known Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 mobility management protocol, the location update, packet delivery, and total cost functions generated by a mobile node during its average domain residence time are formulated for each protocol based on fluid flow mobility model. Then, the impacts of various system parameters on the cost functions are analyzed. The analytical results indicate that the proposed global mobility management protocol can guarantee lower total costs. Furthermore, a qualitative comparison between GPMIP and some other global management protocols is also investigated.     

Spontaneous Group Management in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

This paper deals with the problem of Location Management in mobile ad hoc networks where users are organized in groups. In the following this type of systems are referred to as Mobile Ad hoc Networks for Group Operations (MANGO). This paper proposes a framework for location management which exploits the trend of mobile users to spontaneously form groups in MANGOs. The management procedures required to support such spontaneous groups, which are by nature dynamic, are introduced as well. The proposed spontaneous group management is based on a hierarchical location database architecture and the concept of Group Leader, which is a terminal responsible for the location update of a group of terminals. Objective of the proposed framework is minimizing the burden on location databases and, at the same time, the signaling issued by terminals. In this paper, distributed operations required to support the whole framework are properly introduced and described. Simulation experiments have been run in order to assess the proposed scheme. Performance results show that the introduced methodology allows reduced signaling and location updating.     

A mobile host protocol supporting route optimization andauthentication

Host mobility is becoming an important issue due to the recent proliferation of notebook and palmtop computers, the development of wireless network interfaces, and the growth in global internetworking. This paper describes the design and implementation of a mobile host protocol, called the Internet mobile host protocol (IMHP), that is compatible with the TCP/IP protocol suite, and allows a mobile host to move around the Internet without changing its identity, In particular, IMHP provides host mobility over both the local and wide area, while remaining transparent to the user and to other hosts communicating with the mobile host. IMHP features route optimization and integrated authentication of all management packets. Route optimization allows a node to cache the location of a mobile host and to send future packets directly to that mobile host. By authenticating all management packets, IMHP guards against possible attacks on packet routing to mobile hosts, including the interception or redirection of arbitrary packets within the network. A simple new authentication mechanism is introduced that preserves the level of security found in the Internet today, while accommodating the transition to stronger authentication based on public key cryptography or shared keys that may either be manually administered or provided by a future Internet key management protocol     

PNNI-based control plane for automatically switched optical networks

Much effort has been spent on the definition of control plane protocols for automatically switched optical networks (ASON). Most of the proposals brought into the standardization for an International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Sector, Internet Engineering Task Force, and Optical Internetworking Forum are based on Internet protocol concepts. One such proposal is the generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS), an extension of the MPLS traffic engineering control plane model that includes nonpacket switched technologies (time, wavelength, and fiber switching). Recently, the potential use of private network-network interface (PNNI) in ASONs has been discussed as an alternative proposal by the standardization bodies. The goal of this paper is to appropriately adapt asynchronous transfer mode into an optical PNNI (O-PNNI) protocol that can be used as the control plane of ASONs. The paper also provides a critical viewpoint on the potential usage of either O-PNNI or GMPLS control plane and analyzes the pros and cons of each. The methodology adopted toward devising O-PNNI hinges on reviewing PNNI along with ASON recommendations in order to determine the set of PNNI features that require adaptation. Having identified these features we engineer and present appropriate solutions relating to routing, signaling and addressing aspects.     

Applying privacy on the dissemination of location information

Recent achievements in the positioning technology enable the provision of location-based services that require high accuracy. On the other hand, location privacy is important, since position information is considered as personal information. Thus, anonymity and location privacy in mobile and pervasive environments has been receiving increasing attention during the last few years, and several mechanisms and architectures have been proposed to prevent “big brother” phenomena. In this paper, we discuss an architecture to shield the location of a mobile user and preserve the anonymity on the service delivery. This architecture relies on un-trusted entities to distribute segments of anonymous location information, and authorizes other entities to combine these portions and derive the actual location of a user. The paper describes how the proposed architecture takes into account the location privacy requirements, and how it is used by the end users’ devices, e.g., mobile phones, for the dissemination of location information to Service Providers. Furthermore, it discusses performance study experiments, based on real location data, and summarizes the threats analysis results.     

基于DNS的代理移动IPv6位置管理机制

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is designed to provide a network-based localized mobility management protocol, but it does not handle the global mobility of hosts. In this paper, we propose a location management scheme based on Domain Name System (DNS) for PMIPv6 which can support global mobility by using DNS as a location manager. In addition, to support large numbers of mobile terminals and enhance network scalability a paging extension scheme is introduced to PMIPv6.To evaluate the proposed location management scheme, we establish an analytical model, formulate the location update cost and the paging cost,and analyze the influence of the different factors on the total signaling cost. The performance results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the basic PMIPv6 under various parameters in terms of reducing the signaling overhead and the proposed scheme reduces signaling overhead compared to the basic PMIPv6.     

手机支付安全研究

针对手机支付安全问题,通过介绍手机的现场支付和远场支付业务,分析了手机终端、无线网络、支付平台所面临的安全威胁,提出了解决手机支付安全问题的安全框架。该安全框架通过综合应用密码技术、访问控制、安全协议、安全审计等4种安全技术手段和手机终端安全管理策略、通信传输安全管理策略、支付平台安全管理策略等3种安全管理策略为保障手机支付的安全提供了一种解决方案。     

An agent-based signaling architecture for supporting mobility in radio ATM networks

This paper presents a signaling architecture for supporting mobility in radio asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. A new concept of mobile software agent, known as ‘representative’, is used for insulating fixed network entities from the effects of user mobility. It is shown that, depending on the physical locations of the mobile terminals, their representatives can be used for distributing the mobility management load within the fixed backbone network. This paper describes a location and a representative management scheme followed by a novel connection caching strategy which is used for implementing a family of low-latency and scalable ATM connection handovers. A prototype implementation of the proposed architecture and the associated experimental results are also presented to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of this agent-based signaling scheme. ©1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.