A Fuzzy Inference Network Model for Search Strategy Using Neural Logic Network

In this paper, a fuzzy inference network model for search strategy using neural logic network is presented. The model describes search strategy, and neural logic network is used to search. Fuzzy logic can bring about appropriate inference results by ignoring some information in the reasoning process. Neural logic networks are powerful tools for the reasoning process but not appropriate for the logical reasoning. To model human knowledge, besides the reasoning process capability, the logical reasoning capability is equally important. Another new neural network called neural logic network is able to do the logical reasoning. Because the fuzzy inference is a fuzzy logical reasoning, we construct a fuzzy inference network model based on the neural logic network, extending the existing rule inference network. And the traditional propagation rule is modified.     

A recurrent self-organizing neural fuzzy inference network

A recurrent self-organizing neural fuzzy inference network (RSONFIN) is proposed. The RSONFIN is inherently a recurrent multilayered connectionist network for realizing the basic elements and functions of dynamic fuzzy inference, and may be considered to be constructed from a series of dynamic fuzzy rules. The temporal relations embedded in the network are built by adding some feedback connections representing the memory elements to a feedforward neural fuzzy network. Each weight as well as node in the RSONFIN has its own meaning and represents a special element in a fuzzy rule. There are no hidden nodes initially in the RSONFIN. They are created online via concurrent structure identification and parameter identification. The structure learning together with the parameter learning forms a fast learning algorithm for building a small, yet powerful, dynamic neural fuzzy network. Two major characteristics of the RSONFIN can thus be seen: 1) the recurrent property of the RSONFIN makes it suitable for dealing with temporal problems and 2) no predetermination, like the number of hidden nodes, must be given, since the RSONFIN can find its optimal structure and parameters automatically and quickly. Moreover, to reduce the number of fuzzy rules generated, a flexible input partition method, the aligned clustering-based algorithm, is proposed. Various simulations on temporal problems are done and performance comparisons with some existing recurrent networks are also made. Efficiency of the RSONFIN is verified from these results.     

Fuzzy neural networks for estimation and fuzzy controller design: simulation study for a pulp batch digester

A structural implementation of a fuzzy inference system through connectionist network based on MLP with logical neurons connected through binary and numerical weights is considered. The resulting fuzzy neural network is trained using classical backpropagation to learn the rules of inference of a fuzzy system, by adjustment of the numerical weights. For controller design, training is carried out off line in a closed loop simulation. Rules for the fuzzy logic controller are extracted from the network by interpreting the consequence weights as measure of confidence of the underlying rule. The framework is used in a simulation study for estimation and control of a pulp batch digester. The controlled variable, the Kappa number, a measure of lignin content in the pulp, which is not measurable is estimated through temperature and liquor concentration using the fuzzy neural network. On the other hand a fuzzy neural network is trained to control the Kappa number and rules are extracted from the trained network to construct a fuzzy logic controller.     

NNF and NNPrF—Fuzzy Petri Nets Based on Neural Network for Knowledge Representation, Reasoning and Learning

This paper proposes NNF-a fuzzy Petri Net system based on neural network for proposition logic repesentation,and gives the formal definition of NNF.For the NNF model,forward reasoning algorithm,backward reasoning algorithm and knowledge learning algorithm are discussed based on weight training algorithm of neural network-Back Propagation algorithm.Thus NNF is endowed with the ability of learning a rule.The paper concludes with a discussion on extending NNF to predicate logic,forming NNPrF,and proposing the formal definition and a reasoning algorithm of NNPrF.     

Sliding mode neural network inference fuzzy logic control foractive suspension systems

In the automotive industry, suspension systems are designed to provide desirable vehicle ride and handling properties. This paper presents the development of a robust intelligent nonlinear controller for active suspension systems based on a comprehensive and realistic nonlinear model. The inherent complex nonlinear system model's structure, and the presence of parameter uncertainties, have increased the difficulties of applying conventional linear and nonlinear control techniques. Recently, the combination of sliding mode, fuzzy logic, and neural network methodologies has emerged as a promising technique for dealing with complex uncertain systems. In this paper, a sliding mode neural network inference fuzzy logic controller is designed for automotive suspension systems in order to enhance the ride and comfort. Extensive simulations are performed on a quarter-car model, and the results show that the proposed controller outperforms existing conventional controllers with regard to body acceleration, suspension deflection, and tire deflection     

一种鲁棒性较强的神经元在模糊规则发生摄动时的有效控制

一种基于弱T-范数和弱S-范数的神经元,可以实现与、或和混合-并模糊逻辑运算,并且拥有较强的鲁棒性。将它所组成的神经网络运用到模糊推理系统中,不仅可以简化网络,实现模糊推理最基本的一致性要求,还可以控制在模糊推理过程中当规则发生摄动时对推理结果的影响程度。     

An inference network for bidirectional approximate reasoning basedon an equality measure

An inference network is proposed as a tool for bidirectional approximate reasoning. The inference network can be designed directly from the given fuzzy data (knowledge). If a fuzzy input is given for the inference network, then the network renders a reasonable fuzzy output after performing approximate reasoning based on an equality measure. Conversely, due to the bidirectional structure, the network can yield its corresponding reasonable fuzzy input for a given fuzzy output. This property makes it possible to perform forward and backward reasoning in the knowledge base system     

A neural network model of causality

This paper proposes a model for commonsense causal reasoning, based on the basic idea of neural networks. After an analysis of the advantages and limitations of existing accounts of causality, a fuzzy logic based formalism FEL is proposed that takes into account the inexactness and the cumulative evidentiality of commonsense causal reasoning, overcoming the limitations of existing accounts. Analyses concerning how FEL handles various aspects of commonsense causal reasoning are performed, in an abstract way. FEL can be implemented (naturally) in a neural (connectionist) network. This work also serves to link rule-based reasoning with neural network models, in that a rule-encoding scheme (FEL) is equated directly to a neural network model.     

SoHyFIS-Yager: A self-organizing Yager based Hybrid neural Fuzzy Inference System

The Hybrid neural Fuzzy Inference System (HyFIS) is a multilayer adaptive neural fuzzy system for building and optimizing fuzzy models using neural networks. In this paper, the fuzzy Yager inference scheme, which is able to emulate the human deductive reasoning logic, is integrated into the HyFIS model to provide it with a firm and intuitive logical reasoning and decision-making framework. In addition, a self-organizing gaussian Discrete Incremental Clustering (gDIC) technique is implemented in the network to automatically form fuzzy sets in the fuzzification phase. This clustering technique is no longer limited by the need to have prior knowledge about the number of clusters present in each input and output dimensions. The proposed self-organizing Yager based Hybrid neural Fuzzy Inference System (SoHyFIS-Yager) introduces the learning power of neural networks to fuzzy logic systems, while providing linguistic explanations of the fuzzy logic systems to the connectionist networks. Extensive simulations were conducted using the proposed model and its performance demonstrates its superiority as an effective neuro-fuzzy modeling technique.     

加权模糊推理网络及在管道损伤诊断中的应用*

针对油气管道运营维护中的管道腐蚀损伤检测问题,提出了一种加权模糊推理网络的诊断模型。模型将神经网络与模糊逻辑进行融合,可以实现部分证据的自下而上处理和自上而下处理的结合,融合了模糊逻辑能够较完整地表达领域规则和先验知识以及神经网络自适应环境的优点。具体给出了加权模糊推理网络的结构模型和学习算法,依据模糊推理规则的量化表示形式和微分方程数值解的动力学思想能较好地避免网络学习陷入局部极值点。该算法具有较好的稳定性和有效性。实际资料处理结果表明,该模型对解决管道腐蚀损伤诊断问题具有良好的适应性和实用性。     

A parallel fuzzy inference model with distributed prediction schemefor reinforcement learning

This paper proposes a three-layered parallel fuzzy inference model called reinforcement fuzzy neural network with distributed prediction scheme (RFNN-DPS), which performs reinforcement learning with a novel distributed prediction scheme. In RFNN-DPS, an additional predictor for predicting the external reinforcement signal is not necessary, and the internal reinforcement information is distributed into fuzzy rules (rule nodes). Therefore, using RFNN-DPS, only one network is needed to construct a fuzzy logic system with the abilities of parallel inference and reinforcement learning. Basically, the information for prediction in RFNN-DPS is composed of credit values stored in fuzzy rule nodes, where each node holds a credit vector to represent the reliability of the corresponding fuzzy rule. The credit values are not only accessed for predicting external reinforcement signals, but also provide a more profitable internal reinforcement signal to each fuzzy rule itself. RFNN-DPS performs a credit-based exploratory algorithm to adjust its internal status according to the internal reinforcement signal. During learning, the RFNN-DPS network is constructed by a single-step or multistep reinforcement learning algorithm based on the ART concept. According to our experimental results, RFNN-DPS shows the advantages of simple network structure, fast learning speed, and explicit representation of rule reliability.     

Type-1 and type-2 fuzzy inference systems as integration methods in modular neural networks for multimodal biometry and its optimization with genetic algorithms

We describe in this paper a comparative study between fuzzy inference systems as methods of integration in modular neural networks for multimodal biometry. These methods of integration are based on techniques of type-1 fuzzy logic and type-2 fuzzy logic. Also, the fuzzy systems are optimized with simple genetic algorithms with the goal of having optimized versions of both types of fuzzy systems. First, we considered the use of type-1 fuzzy logic and later the approach with type-2 fuzzy logic. The fuzzy systems were developed using genetic algorithms to handle fuzzy inference systems with different membership functions, like the triangular, trapezoidal and Gaussian; since these algorithms can generate fuzzy systems automatically. Then the response integration of the modular neural network was tested with the optimized fuzzy systems of integration. The comparative study of the type-1 and type-2 fuzzy inference systems was made to observe the behavior of the two different integration methods for modular neural networks for multimodal biometry.     

Adaptive fuzzy inference neural network

An adaptive fuzzy inference neural network (AFINN) is proposed in this paper. It has self-construction ability, parameter estimation ability and rule extraction ability. The structure of AFINN is formed by the following four phases: (1) initial rule creation, (2) selection of important input elements, (3) identification of the network structure and (4) parameter estimation using LMS (least-mean square) algorithm. When the number of input dimension is large, the conventional fuzzy systems often cannot handle the task correctly because the degree of each rule becomes too small. AFINN solves such a problem by modification of the learning and inference algorithm.     

一种加权模糊推理网络模型及其应用

提出了一种加权模糊推理网络的结构模型和学习算法,该网络的基本信息处理单元为模糊推理神经元,融合了模糊逻辑能够较完整地表达领域规则和先验知识,以及神经网络自适应环境的优点。根据模糊推理规则的量化表示形式和微分方程数值解的动力学思想推导出了该网络模型的学习算法。该算法具有稳定、收敛速度快,且能较好地避免网络学习陷入局部极值点。以油田生产复杂水淹层识别问题为例,验证了模型和算法的有效性。     

Unsupervised adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system for solving differential equations

There has been a growing interest in combining both neural network and fuzzy system, and as a result, neuro-fuzzy computing techniques have been evolved. ANFIS (adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system) model combined the neural network adaptive capabilities and the fuzzy logic qualitative approach. In this paper, a novel structure of unsupervised ANFIS is presented to solve differential equations. The presented solution of differential equation consists of two parts; the first part satisfies the initial/boundary condition and has no adjustable parameter whereas the second part is an ANFIS which has no effect on initial/boundary conditions and its adjustable parameters are the weights of ANFIS. The algorithm is applied to solve differential equations and the results demonstrate its accuracy and convince us to use ANFIS in solving various differential equations.     

模糊神经网络变幅液压系统故障诊断

针对变幅液压系统复杂性、不确定性、模糊性的特点,提出基于故障树的模糊神经网络作为变幅液压系统故障诊断的方法。该方法利用故障树知识提取变幅液压系统故障诊断的输入变量和输出变量,引入模糊逻辑的概念,采用模糊隶属函数来描述这些故障的程度,利用Levenberg-Marquardt优化算法对神经网络进行训练,系统推理速度快,容错能力强,并通过实例分析验证了变幅液压系统模糊神经网络故障诊断的有效性。     

An inquiry into computer understanding

This essay addresses a number of issues centered around the question of what is the best method for representing and reasoning about common sense (sometimes called plausible inference). Drew McDermott has shown that a direct translation of commonsense reasoning into logical form leads to insurmountable difficulties, from which McDermott concluded that we must resort to procedural ad hocery. This paper shows that the difficulties McDermott described are a result of insisting on using logic as the language of commonsense reasoning. If, instead, (Bayesian) probability is used, none of the technical difficulties found in using logic arise. For example, in probability, the problem of referential opacity cannot occur and nonmonotonic logics (which McDermott showed don't work anyway) are not necessary. The difficulties in applying logic to the real world are shown to arise from the limitations of truth semantics built into logic–probability substitutes the more reasonable notion of belief. In Bayesian inference, many pieces of evidence are combined to get an overall measure of belief in a proposition. This is much closer to commonsense patterns of thought than long chains of logical inference to the true conclusions. Also it is shown that English expressions of the “IF A THEN B” form are best interpreted as conditional probabilities rather than universally quantified expressions. Bayesian inference is applied to a simple example of linguistic information to illustrate the potential of this type of inference for AI. This example also shows how to deal with vague information, which has so far been the province of fuzzy logic. It is further shown that Bayesian inference gives a theoretical basis for inductive inference that is borne out in practice. Instead of insisting that probability is the best language for commonsense reasoning, a major point of this essay is to show that real inference is a complex interaction between probability, logic, and other formal representation and reasoning systems.     

A comparative study of uncertainty methods for legal reasoning

This paper is based on the premise that legal reasoning involves an evaluation of facts, principles, and legal precedent that are inexact, and uncertainty-based methods represent a useful approach for modeling this type of reasoning. By applying three different uncertainty-based methods to the same legal reasoning problem, a comparative study can be constructed. The application involves modeling legal reasoning for the assessment of potential liability due to defective product design. The three methods used for this study include: a Bayesian belief network, a fuzzy logic system, and an artificial neural network. A common knowledge base is used to implement the three solutions and provide an unbiased framework for evaluation. The problem framework and the construction of the common knowledgebase are described. The theoretical background for Bayesian belief networks, fuzzy logic inference, and multilayer perceptron with backpropagation are discussed. The design, implementation, and results with each of these systems are provided. The fuzzy logic system outperformed the other systems by reproducing the opinion of a skilled attorney in 99 of 100 cases, but the fuzzy logic system required more effort to construct the rulebase. The neural network method also reproduced the expert's opinions very well, but required less effort to develop. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

心电图的智能识别技术

模糊逻辑、神经网络是人工智能的重要分支,它们从不同角度、在一定程度上模拟了人类智能。本文先后将模糊逻辑、神经网络以及模糊神经网络技术用于心电图识别,获得了良好的效果。在模糊识别方面,从模糊识别矩阵的建立到模糊输入向量的确定,是针对此类具体问题的多传感器模糊信息融合算法,既综合考虑了各输入变量的作用,又突出了识别的主要依据。本文还给出了神经网络识别的三种试验结果及其与模糊神经网络识别的对比。模糊神经网络既充分发挥了神经网络的学习功能,又充分发挥了模糊逻辑的推理功能,因此具有很高的识别精度。     

On multistage fuzzy neural network modeling

In the past couple of years, there has been increasing interest in the fusion of neural networks and fuzzy logic. Most of the existing fuzzy neural network (FNN) models have been proposed to implement different types of single-stage fuzzy reasoning mechanisms and inevitably they suffer from the dimensionality problem when dealing with complex real-world problems. To address the problem, FNN modeling based on multistage fuzzy reasoning (MSFR) is pursued here and two hierarchical network models, namely incremental type and aggregated type, are introduced. The new models called multistage FNN (MSFNN) model a hierarchical fuzzy rule set that allows the consequence of a rule passed to another as a fact through the intermediate variables. From the stipulated input-output data pairs, they can generate an appropriate fuzzy rule set through structure and parameter learning procedures proposed in this paper. In addition, we have particularly addressed the input selection problem of these two types of multistage network models and proposed two efficient methods for them. The effectiveness of the proposed MSFNN models in handling high-dimensional problems is demonstrated through various numerical simulations