镁合金ZK60-RE半固态坯的微观组织演变

采用常规铸造法和等径道角挤压分别制备了镁合金ZK60-RE半固态坯;用金相显微镜研究了2种半固态坯料在等温热处理过程中的微观组织演变.结果表明:与传统铸造方法制备的半固态坯相比,采用等径道角挤压制备的半固态坯的晶粒细小、圆整,适合于半固态成形.在等温热处理过程中,2种坯料晶粒粗化的机制是合并长大和Ostwald长大.铸...     

触变模锻成形工艺对镁合金成形件力学性能的影响

采用半固态等温热处理法、近液相线模锻法和等通道角挤压法制备AZ91D-Y镁合金半固态坯料。分别将3种状态的坯料加热到半固态温度区间进行二次重熔后,进行了触变模锻成形。结果表明,在半固态温度为560℃,模锻压力为200MPa的条件下,半固态等温热处理法、近液相线模锻法和等通道角挤压法制备坯料分别保温30,20,15min后触变模锻获得最佳力学性能;随着坯料加热温度的升高,触变模锻成形件力学性能呈现先上升后下降的趋势;增加成形压力有利于触变模锻成形件力学性能的提高;在相同成形条件下,等通道角挤压法制备坯料触变模锻后的力学性能最好,近液相线模锻法次之,半固态等温热处理法较差。     

大塑性变形的AM60镁合金半固态等温处理研究

为了制备晶粒细小且球化程度高的的AM60镁合金半固态坯料,对铸态和等径道角挤压态的AM60镁合金半固态等温处理过程进行了研究.借助金相显微镜对AM60镁合金铸坯和等径道角挤压后的铸坯在半固态等温处理中的微观组织演变进行了观察.研究结果表明:对于AM60镁合金,直接等温处理获得的半固坯晶粒很粗大,其平均晶粒尺寸都在100μm以上,晶粒球化效果不理想,很难获得合格的半固态坯;新SIMA法是一种非常理想制备AM60镁合金半固态坯的方法,利用该方法制备的AM60半固态坯的微观组织晶粒十分细小,平均晶粒尺寸在8～22μm,晶粒球化程度高;随着保温时间的延长,新SIMA法制备的AM60半固态坯的微观组织出现长大现象;随着等温处理温度的升高,固相晶粒的平均尺寸先增加后减小,晶粒球化程度越来越高.     

半固态等温热处理对Mg-7Zn-1Cu-0.3V镁合金非枝晶组织的影响

本工作采用半固态等温热处理法研究了保温温度和保温时间对Mg-7Zn-1Cu-0.3V镁合金半固态非枝晶组织演变的影响。结果表明:半固态等温热处理能将Mg-7Zn-1Cu-0.3V合金的原始树枝晶组织转变为半固态非枝晶组织,最终得到细小、圆整且分布均匀的球状颗粒。延长等温时间或升高保温温度有利于非枝晶组织的分离球化;但当保温温度过高或保温时间过长时,半固态颗粒会出现合并及长大现象,其主要演变符合Ostwald熟化机制。在整个等温热处理过程中,半固态组织演变主要经历了初始粗化、组织分离及球化、颗粒合并及熟化三个阶段。Mg-7Zn-1Cu-0.3V合金的最佳等温热处理工艺为:保温温度580℃,保温时间35 min。在该条件下得到的非枝晶颗粒平均尺寸、固相率及形状因子分别为33.25μm、45%及1.33。     

ZL201合金的半固态成形组织和力学性能

制备ZL201合金半固态坯料、将其二次加热、触变模锻成形以及成形件热处理,研究了工艺条件对成形件的组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:采用近液相线半连续铸造技术制备的ZL201合金半固态坯料微观组织为大量细小的等轴晶和少量短程枝晶;在适当的工艺条件(在640℃保温5 min,模具温度250～300℃,留模时间10～15 s)下可触变成形出表面光洁的ZL201合金成形件;经过T5处理后,ZL201合金的抗拉强度达到278 MPa,延伸率达到9%,大大高于压铸成形件的性能,其强化相为CuAl2和TiAl3.由于成形速度高,溶体高速充型,造成成形件气孔率高,使ZL201合金半固态压铸成形的组织致密度不如半固态模锻成形件,这是半固态压铸件强度低、模锻件强度高的主要原因.     

Mg-6Zn-1Cu-0.3Mn镁合金的半固态组织演变

采用半固态等温热处理法,研究了重熔温度和等温时间对Mg-6Zn-1Cu-0. 3Mn镁合金半固态组织演变的影响。结果表明:在不同温度保温30min或在585℃保温不同时间的球化演变过程中,Mg-6Zn-1Cu-0. 3Mn合金中球状组织的平均尺寸、形状因子均先减小后增大,且固相率明显下降;晶界和亚晶界共同提供了溶质原子的扩散通道和液相相互渗透的路径,晶粒内部的溶质原子Zn、Cu和Mn富集区和枝晶壁搭接处形成了高溶质浓度的小"液池";当保温温度超过585℃或时间超过30 min时,颗粒易于粗化,其粗化符合Ostwald熟化机制。适合Mg-6Zn-1Cu-0. 3Mn合金的半固态等温处理工艺为585℃×30 min,其颗粒平均尺寸、形状因子和固相率分别为29. 91μm、1. 09和47. 55%。     

等温热处理对AZ61稀土镁合金半固态组织的影响

研究了等温热处理对AZ61稀土镁合金半固态组织的影响,结果表明:随着等温热处理温度的升高,铸态合金中的初始枝晶组织演变成了半固态非枝晶组织,经过了粗化、组织分离和球化三个过程。在等温热处理过程中,稀土La的加入阻碍了原子向固相粒子的聚集和固相粒子的合并,抑制了固相粒子的进一步长大,使半固态非枝晶组织更加细小。经过不同保温时间后,不规则的大块状组织开始球化,形成大量的近球形颗粒。但是,随着保温时间的进一步延长,球化的颗粒开始粗化长大且在颗粒内形成了大量的液岛。枝晶组织的球化过程,包括二次枝晶壁消失和Ostwald熟化。     

半固态ZCuSn10铜合金二次加热组织的演化

采用热轧与重熔的SIMA法制备了ZCu Sn10铜合金半固态坯料。先通过多向热轧对ZCu Sn10铜合金坯料进行预变形,然后对其进行半固态温度区间保温不同时间的二次加热处理。使用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱及图像分析软件等手段研究了坯料二次加热过程中微观组织的演化,并分析了α(Cu)球化组织的形成机制。结果表明:在热轧变形量为16%、加热温度为930℃时,随着保温时间的延长半固态ZCu Sn10铜合金坯料初生α(Cu)逐渐发生球化,平均晶粒直径先减小后增大,由二次加热保温8 min的68.24μm先减小至10 min的62.31μm然后增大至25 min的71.09μm;保温10 min时平均晶粒直径最小,液相率由保温8 min时的18.14%逐渐增加到保温25 min时的25.32%;形状因子随着保温时间的延长先减小后增加,由保温8 min时的2.91先减小至15 min时的1.67,然后增大到保温25 min时的2.43。保温15 min时的半固态组织最优,其平均晶粒直径为65.64μm、液相率为23.66%、形状因子为1.67。在半固态铜合金二次加热过程中,组织演变的主要机制是加热前期的晶粒合并长大和液相增加后的原子扩散导致的晶粒长大并球化。     

浇注温度和ECAP对铝合金坯料组织的影响

采用近液相线法结合新SIMA法复合工艺制备半固态A356铝合金坯料,研究了浇注温度、等径角挤压(ECAP)和半固态处理温度、时间对坯料组织的影响.结果表明,适当的工艺参数可以制备出球状初生α-Al相晶粒的半固态A356铝合金坯料,其中较合理的工艺参数为:近液相线浇注温度为610℃,半固态保温温度为580℃,半固态保温时...     

超声波搅拌及等温热处理对ZL101合金半固态组织的影响

采用超声波搅拌和等温热处理制备ZL101合金半固态坯料,研究了超声波搅拌处理和等温热处理中等温温度、等温时间等工艺参数对ZL101半固态组织形貌的影响。研究结果表明:超声波搅拌可有效细化和球化组织,消除组织缺陷;适当的等温处理可以明显改善半固态ZL101的凝固组织;当等温温度为590℃、等温时间为30min时,半固态ZL101合金中初生α-Al相细化和球化效果最明显;初生α-Al相的平均等积圆尺寸达到157μm,形状因子达到0.87。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.