Workability of 1045 spheroidized steel under superimposed hydrostatic pressure

Workability tests were performed on spheroidized {dy1045} steel to investigate the variation of forming limits due to the suppression of void growth under superimposed hydrostatic pressure. Results showed that increasing pressure enhances formability, as expressed by the increasing intercept and decreasing slope of the forming-limit line. A continuum mechanical model based on the growth and coalescence of voids under externally applied pressure is proposed that ex-plains the experimental results.     

Thermomechanical behavior of TiNi shape memory alloy fiber reinforced 6061 aluminum matrix composite

The processing and thermomechanical behaviors of TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) fiber-reinforced 6061 Al matrix smart composites are investigated experimentally and analytically. Optimum processing conditions of hot pressing temperature and pressure are identified. Composite yield stresses are observed to increase with an increase in the volume fraction of TiNi fiber and prestrain given to the composites. An analytical model for thermomechanical behavior of the composites is developed by utilizing an exponential type of SMA constitutive model. The model predicts an increase in the composite yield stress with an increase in prestrain. It is found that the key parameters affecting the composite yield stress are the fiber volume fraction, prestrain, and matrix heat treatment. The predictions are in a reasonably good agreement with the experimental results.     

Thermomechanical behavior of TiNi shape memory alloy fiber reinforced 6061 aluminum matrix composite

The processing and thermomechanical behaviors of TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) fiber-reinforced 6061 Al matrix smart composites are investigated experimentally and analytically. Optimum processing conditions of hot pressing temperature and pressure are identified. Composite yield stresses are observed to increase with an increase in the volume fraction of TiNi fiber and prestrain given to the composites. An analytical model for thermomechanical behavior of the composites is developed by utilizing an exponential type of SMA constitutive model. The model predicts an increase in the composite yield stress with an increase in prestrain. It is found that the key parameters affecting the composite yield stress are the fiber volume fraction, prestrain, and matrix heat treatment. The predictions are in a reasonably good agreement with the experimental results.     

初始晶粒尺寸对2024铝合金热变形行为和组织的影响

利用永磁搅拌近液相线铸造和普通铸造方法制备不同晶粒尺寸的2024铝合金铸锭,利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机研究初始晶粒尺寸对不同压缩变形条件下2024铝合金的热变形行为和变形后显微组织的影响。研究表明:2024铝合金的热变形行为依赖于变形条件和初始组织。初始晶粒尺寸对流变应力的影响是:当应变速率小于0.1 s~(-1)时,流变应力随晶粒尺寸减小而减少;当应变速率为10 s~(-1)时,流变应力随晶粒尺寸减小而增大。降低变形温度会弱化晶粒尺寸对流变应力的影响。热压缩流变应力随应变速率增大而增大,随变形温度升高而减小。应变速率为10 s~(-1)时,热压缩应力应变曲线呈现周期性波动;只在粗晶2024铝合金中发现变形剪切带。     

The effects of superimposed hydrostatic pressure on deformation and fracture: Part I. Monolithic 6061 aluminum

The effects of various levels of superimposed hydrostatic pressure on the tensile ductility and fracture micromechanisms were determined for 6061 specimens heat-treated to underaged and overaged conditions of equivalent yield strength. Superimposed pressures of 0.1, 150, and 300 MPa were selected; the ductility increased between 0.1 and 150 MPa and remained constant between 150 and 300 MPa. It is shown that the levels of pressure chosen inhibit void growth and coalescence. Void nucleation occurred at nonmetallic inclusions, and neither the ductility nor pressure response were significantly affected by the heat treatments chosen. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Quasi-Brittle Fracture” presented during the TMS fall meeting, Cincinnati, OH, October 21–24, 1991, under the auspices of the TMS Mechanical Metallurgy Committee and the ASM/MSD Flow and Fracture Committee.     

The processing and mechanical behavior of an aluminum matrix composite reinforced with short fibers

An aluminum alloy composite reinforced with chopped Al₂O₃ fibers randomly oriented in a plane has been produced by a modified squeeze casting process and its mechanical behavior compared with the corresponding behavior of the matrix. The specific characteristics of the compositing process have been examined vis-à-vis the characteristics of liquid metal infiltration into the capillaries of the fiber bundle. The flow stresses in the as-cast composite have been correlated with predictions based on continuum plasticity. Fracture of the fibers has also been characterized and interpreted using a weakest link statistical model, in conjunction with trends in the stress in the fibers. Changes in the composite flow stress caused by such fractures have been addressed. Finally, residual stress effects have been analyzed.     

Effect of a solid solution on the steady-state creep behavior of an aluminum matrix composite

The effect of an alloying element, 4 wt pct Mg, on the steady-state creep behavior of an Al-10 vol pct SiC_p composite has been studied. The Al-4 wt pct Mg-10 vol pct SiC_p composite has been tested under compression creep in the temperature range 573 to 673 K. The steady-state creep data of the composite show a transition in the creep behavior (regions I and II) depending on the applied stress at 623 and 673 K. The low stress range data (region I) exhibit a stress exponent of about 7 and an activation energy of 76.5 kJ mol^-1. These values conform to the dislocation-climb-controlled creep model with pipe diffusion as a rate-controlling mechanism. The intermediate stress range data (region II) exhibit high and variable apparent stress exponents, 18 to 48, and activation energy, 266 kJ mol^-1, at a constant stress, σ = 50 MPa, for creep of this composite. This behavior can be rationalized using a substructure-invariant model with a stress exponent of 8 and an activation energy close to the lattice self-diffusion of aluminum together with a threshold stress. The creep data of the Al-Mg-A1₂O_3f composite reported by Dragone and Nix also conform to the substructure-invariant model. The threshold stress and the creep strength of the Al-Mg-SiC_p, composite are compared with those of the Al-Mg-Al₂O_3f and 6061 Al-SiC_p.w, composites and discussed in terms of the load-transfer mechanism. Magnesium has been found to be very effective in improving the creep resistance of the Al-SiC_p composite.     

7085铝合金热变形的流变应力行为和显微组织

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机进行热压缩实验,研究7085铝合金在变形温度为350~470℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s?1条件下的流变应力变化规律和变形后的显微组织。研究表明:7085铝合金的流变应力随应变速率增大而增大,随变形温度升高而减小。该合金热压缩变形的流变应力行为可用双曲正弦形式的本构方程描述为ε=A[sinh(ασ)]nexp(?Q/RT),也可用Zener-Hollomon参数来描述,其参数A、α、n以及热变形激活能Q分别为2.722 54×1011s?1、0.016 03 MPa?1、6.259以及176.58 kJ/mol。随着温度升高和应变速率降低,合金的主要软化机制由动态回复逐渐转变为动态再结晶。     

Mechanical behavior of aluminum matrix composite during extrusion in the semisolid state

Semisolid extrusion experiments have been carried out on SiC particle reinforced aluminum composite. Different die diameters and ram velocities have been used in order to obtain a range of extrusion conditions at a constant temperature of 580 °C. The experimental results were fitted to a multiple linear regression to obtain a constitutive equation describing the behavior of the material in these conditions. From the regression equation, it was possible to model the material by finite element analysis. The predicted values fo the extrusion force resulting from the numerical analysis are consistent with the experimental values for the different conditions. The flow of primary phase particles through the die observed on micrographs has been compared with the predicted pattern and shows good agreement. These results also justify the use of a frictional stress factor corresponding to a sticking condition at the interface between the billet and the die components.     

Mechanical behavior and microstructure characterization of sinter-forged SiC particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites

A novel, low-cost sinter-forging approach to processing particle reinforced metal matrix composites for high-performance applications was examined. The microstructure of the sinter-forged composites exhibited relatively uniform distribution of SiC particles, which appeared to be somewhat aligned perpendicular to the forging direction. The degree of alignment and interparticle bond strength was not as high as that observed for the extruded composite. The sinter-forged composite exhibited higher Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength than the extruded material, but lower strain-to-failure. The higher modulus and strength were attributed to the absence of any significant processing-induced particle fracture, while the lower strain-to-failure was caused by poorer matrix interparticle bonding compared to the extruded material. Fatigue behavior of sinter-forged composites was similar to that of the extruded material. Fe-rich inclusions were extremely detrimental to fatigue life. Cleaner processing, which eliminated the inclusions, enhanced the fatigue life of the sinter-forged composites to levels similar to that of the extruded material.     

The influence of matrix microstructure and particle reinforcement on the creep behavior of 2219 aluminum

The influence of matrix microstructure and reinforcement with 15 vol pct of TiC particles on the creep behavior of 2219 aluminum has been examined in the temperature range of 150 ‡C to 250 ‡C. At 150 ‡C, reinforcement led to an improvement in creep resistance, while at 250 ‡C, both materials exhibited essentially identical creep behavior. Precipitate spacing in the matrix exerted the predominant influence on minimum creep rate in both the unreinforced and the reinforced materials over the temperature range studied. This behavior and the high-stress dependence of minimum creep rate are explained using existing constant structure models where, in the present study, precipitate spacing is identified as the pertinent substructure dimension. A modest microstructure-independent strengthening from particle reinforcement was observed at 150 ‡C and was accurately modeled by existing continuum mechanical models. The absence of reinforcement creep strengthening at 250 ‡C can be attributed to diffusional relaxation processes at the higher temperature.     

Study of the porosity produced in an aluminum alloy matrix composite due to a T6 heat treatment

In the present article, the reactions and phase transformations occurring between the fibers and the matrix during the T6 thermal treatment of an industrial composite are analyzed. The composite (taken from prototype diesel piston heads) consisted of an aluminum alloy conforming to AFNOR AS12UNG (Al-12 pct Si-1 pct Mg-1 pct Cu-1 pct Ni) that was reinforced with SAFFIL δ-alumina short fibers. Different heat-treating temperatures, holding times, and heating rates were considered. As a result of all these treatments, small to medium size (between 1 to 10 μm) holes were observed at the matrixfiber interfaces, although the amount and size varied depending on the heat-treating conditions. This porosity was attributed to the volume contraction associated with the reaction between the silica contained in the preform (colloidal silica is the binder for the alumina fibres) and the magnesium present in the aluminum alloy to produce MgO and Si during the solution heating treatment. This local volume contraction is higher than 28 pct.     

Effects of microstructure on the strength and fatigue behavior of a silicon carbide fiber-reinforced titanium matrix composite and its constituents

The results of a systematic study of the effects of microstructure on the strength and fatigue behavior of a symmetric [0/90]_2s Ti-15Al-3Cr-3Al-3Sn/SiC (SCS-6) composite are presented along with relevant information on failnure mechanisms in the composite constituents, i.e., the interface, fiber, and matrix materials. Damage micromechanisms are elucidated via optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nondestructive acoustic emission (AE) and ultrasonic techniques. Composite damage is shown to initiate early under cyclic loading conditions and is dominated by longitudinal and transverse interfacial cracking. Subsequent fatigue damage occurs by matrix slip band formation, matrix and fiber cracking, and crack coalescence, prior to the onset of catastrophic failure. However, the sequence of the damage is different in material annealed above or below the β solvus of the Ti-15-3 matrix material. Mechanistically based micromechanics models are applied to the prediction of the changes in modulus induced by fatigue damage. Idealized fracture mechanics models are also employed in the prediction of the fatigue lives of smooth specimens deformed to failure at room temperature. The article highlights the potential to develop mechanistically based predictive models based on simplified mechanics idealizations of experimental observations.     

2219铝合金的TTT曲线与微观组织

采用分级淬火方法测定2219铝合金的时间-温度-电导率(TTT)曲线。利用EDS和TEM等分析手段并结合Avrami方程,研究2219铝合金在等温过程中的组织变化和相变动力学。结果表明:合金TTT曲线的鼻尖温度为440℃,淬火敏感温度区间为300~480℃;等温保温时,过饱和固溶体分解析出第二相粒子,在440℃附近,第二相(主要为θ平衡相)的析出速率达到最高;鼻尖温度的高相变驱动力和较快的扩散速率是θ相析出和长大的主要原因,建议在淬火敏感区间应加快淬火冷却速率避免粗大平衡相的析出,而高于淬火敏感区间温度时可适当降低冷却速率减小热应力的影响。