合成α-糠偶酰二肟的研究

以糠醛为原料,盐酸硫胺素(VB1)为催化剂,在碱性条件,pH为8～9,采用安息香缩合反应合成中间体糠偶姻,最高收率82.7%;利用硫酸铜-吡啶氧化其为糠偶酰,最高收率91.7%;最后糠偶酰与过量盐酸羟胺缩合,生成α-糠偶酰二肟。考察了反应时间、活性炭用量和盐酸羟胺用量对产品收率的影响。结果表明,合成工艺的最佳条件为:反应时间7～8 h,活性炭3 g,n(糠偶酰)∶n(盐酸羟胺)=1∶3,最高收率60.08%。糠偶姻为白色针状晶体,熔点为138～139℃;糠偶酰为黄色针状晶体,熔点为165～166℃;产物为白色针状晶体,熔点166～168℃。中间体和产物结构用红外光谱、元素分析等方法进行表征。     

2,2'-二(α-呋喃基)-2-羟基乙酸钾的合成与表征

以糠醛为原料VB1为催化剂,利用安息香缩合反应合成糠偶姻,再用硫酸铜-吡啶氧化得到糠偶酰.糠偶酰在乙醇、氢氧化钾水溶液中发生类似二苯乙醇酸重排的反应得到2,2'-二(α-呋喃基)-2-羟基乙酸钾.利用IR谱和UV谱对合成的糠偶姻、糠偶酰及2,2'-二(α-呋喃基)-2-羟基乙酸钾进行了表征.     

2，2’-二（α-呋喃基）-2-羟基乙酸钾的合成与表征

以糠醛为原料VB,为催化剂,利用安息香缩合反应合成糠偶姻,再用硫酸铜-吡啶氧化得到糠偶酰。糠偶酰在乙醇、氢氧化钾水溶液中发生类似二苯乙醇酸重排的反应得到2,2’-二（α-呋喃基）2-羟基乙酸钾。利用IR谱和UV谱对合成的糠偶姻、糠偶酰及2,2’-二（α-呋喃基）2-羟基乙酸钾进行了表征。     

糠偶酰的制备

研究了一种以糠醛为原料,盐酸硫胺素（VB1）为催化剂,在碱性条件,pH=8～9,采用安息香缩合反应合成中间体糠偶姻,并利用硫酸铜-吡啶氧化其为糠偶酰。实验考查了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、氧化剂用量对中间体或产品收率的影响,确定合成工艺的最佳条件为：中间体反应温度65℃,反应时间2.0h,催化剂m（VB1）=8.0g,最高收率82.7%;产品反应温度100℃,反应时间2.5h,n（硫酸铜）∶n（吡啶）∶n（水）=1∶4.3∶9.0,最高收率91.7%。中间体为白色针状晶体,熔点为138～139℃。产品为黄色针状晶体,熔点为165～166℃。产物结构用红外光谱、元素分析方法进行表征。     

α—联麸二肟的制备

α-联麸二肟(α-DioximeFuril)又名α-联呋喃甲酰二肟、α-联糠酰二肟、α-偶糠酰二肟,分子式C_(10)H_8N_2O_4,结构式:     

糠酸糠酯的合成研究

以糠醛为原料，经歧化、酰氯化、酯化合成了糠酸糠酯，产物结构经IR,^1HNMR表征。同时研究了催化剂用量、投料比、反应时间、反应温度、滴液时间对酯化反应产率的影响，获得了最优化的反应条件。糠酸糠酯的产率为74.65％。     

PVC-FeCl3催化合成糠偶酰

研究了以糠醛为原料，维生素B1(VB1)为催化剂，采用安息香缩合反应合成糠偶姻，通过PVC-FeCl3及醋酸体系将其氧化为糠偶酰，并对中间产物及产物进行结构表征。     

香料硫代丙酸糠酯的合成

以糠硫醇和丙酰氯为原料,用氧化钙和碳酸钠为复合缚酸剂,合成了香料硫代丙酸糠酯,并用IR、元素分析等进行了表征。优化条件为:n(糠硫醇)∶n(丙酰氯)=1.0∶1.2,缚酸剂用量为160 g/mol糠硫醇,缚酸剂的组成为m(CaO)∶m(Na2CO3)=1∶1,在苯中回流反应4 h。硫代丙酸糠酯产率为89.4%。     

糠酸甲酯的合成

以糠醛为起始原料,通过康尼查罗反应、酰氯化和酯化反应合成了糠酸甲酯,实验结果表明:酯化反应时间2.5h,糠酸甲酯收率可达85.0%。     

1—（2—呋喃基）—1—丙醇的含量测定

1—(2—呋喃基)—1—丙醇[1—(2—Furyl)—1—Propanol]又名糠基丙醇,是合成增香剂乙基麦芽酚的中间体,还是烷基环戊烯酮的合成原料。目前它是由糠醛与格氏试剂反应来制取。本文主要介绍用气相色谱仪来分析糠基丙醇的方法。并采用通常的面积“归一化”计算含量。其重现性良好,能满意地测定以糠醛为原料合成的糠基丙醇的含量。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.