Preparation of Amino Acid Active Ester in Peptide Intermediate

多肽合成中,氨基酸的保护及氨基酸活化反应对多肤合成的产率及纯度具有重要影响,所以对氯基酸保护及活化反应进行研究,是多肤合成的一个重要环节.采用四氢呋喃作为反应溶剂,以9-芴甲氧羰基为保护基团保护组氨酸氨基,以2-(7-偶氮苯并三氮唑)-N,N,N′,N′-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯(HATU)为缩合试剂,活化组氨酸形成活泼酯.建立了芴甲氧羰基-组氨酸活泼酯的合成方法,优化了氨基酸活泼酯的制备条件.结果表明:溶剂和活化试剂对活泼酯的产率影响显著;活泼酯制备的最佳反应条件为n(Fmoc-His):n(HATU) =1 ∶ 1.1,溶剂为THF,反应温度为25℃,产率为68.20％.此方法节省原料,并大大简化了实验操作.     

多肽中间体氨基酸活泼酯的合成

多肽合成中,氨基酸的保护及氨基酸活化反应对多肽合成的产率及纯度具有重要影响,所以对氨基酸保护及活化反应进行研究,是多肤合成的一个重要环节。采用四氢呋喃作为反应溶剂,以9-芴甲氧羰基为保护基团保护组氨酸氨基,以2-(7-偶氮苯并三氮唑)-N、N,N′,N′-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯(HATU)为缩合试剂,活化组氨酸形成活泼酯。建立了芴甲氧羰基-组氨酸活泼酯的合成方法,优化了氨基酸活泼酯的制备条件。结果表明:溶剂和活化试剂对活泼酯的产率影响显著;活泼酯制备的最佳反应条件为n(Fmoc-His):n(HATU)=1:1.1,溶剂为THF,反应温度为25℃,产率为68.20%。此方法节省原料,并大大简化了实验操作。     

二肽Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-Gly-OH的合成及结构表征

研究多肽对人体的生理作用,可以提供许多预防和治疗人类疾病的有效方法。由于合成多肽的原料昂贵,且产率低,不易提纯,因此有必要对多肽的合成方法进行不断的简化和改进。选择赖氨酸、甘氨酸为主要研究对象,用二碳酸二叔丁酯(Boc2O)、9-芴甲氧羰基琥珀酰亚胺(Fmoc-OSu)分别保护赖氨酸的ε-氨基和α-氨基,以水-丙酮为反应体系,制得N-9-芴甲氧羰基-N-叔丁氧基羰基-L-赖氨酸(Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-OH)。然后采用HATU为缩合剂活化Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-OH结构中的羧基,生成活泼酯,以乙腈-水溶液为反应体系,50-60℃回流反应5h,与甘氨酸缩合制备Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-Gly-OH二肽。合成的Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-Gly-OH经红外光谱和质谱表征,结构得到验证,为氨基酸保护及多肽合成提供了实验依据和理论参考。     

2-羧基环酮缩乙二醇的合成

对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,2-甲氧羰基环酮(2-甲氧羰基环戊酮、2-甲氧羰基环己酮)和乙二醇为原料反应得到2-甲氧羰基环酮缩乙二醇,再经过碱性条件下酯水解得到目标化合物2-羧基环酮缩乙二醇,其结构经~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR和GC-MS表证。并以2-甲氧羰基环戊酮和乙二醇的反应为模型反应,考察了影响缩酮产物收率的因素。确定最佳缩酮合成条件为:n(乙二醇)∶n(2-甲氧羰基环戊酮)=2∶1;催化剂对甲苯磺酸用量n(TsOH)∶n(2-甲氧羰基环戊酮)=0.05∶1;溶剂为甲苯;反应时间为16 h;反应温度为110℃。在最佳反应条件下,化合物2-甲氧羰基环戊酮缩乙二醇收率为59.5%,化合物2-甲氧羰基环己酮缩乙二醇收率为73.1%。     

氨基酸酰胺类化合物的简便合成

报道一种氨基酸酰胺类化合物的简便合成方法.以带芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)保护基团的氨基酸为原料,经过酰氯化后,选择可以溶解酰氯但不溶解酰胺的溶剂溶解,然后直接与简单胺类反应沉淀出产物,得到高产率的氨基酸酰胺类化合物.产物结构经元素分析、1H-NMR 13C-NMR、IR等手段证实.     

N-苄氧羰基-L-缬氨酸的合成

以氯甲酸苄酯和L-缬氨酸为原料,在NaOH的溶液中进行反应,以较高收率合成了N-苄氧羰基-L-缬氨酸。考察了反应物的配比、反应温度、重结晶方式对收率影响。得到最佳的反应条件为:反应温度为20℃、反应物L-缬氨酸:氯甲酸苄酯为1∶1.2(摩尔比),重结晶时先用乙醚与甲苯体积比为1∶1混合溶剂溶解粗品,然后滴加石油醚析出晶体,产品收率较高达95%,纯度为99%。     

(S)-5-氯-2-甲氧羰基-2-羟基-1-茚酮的合成

(S)-5-氯-2-甲氧羰基-2-羟基-1-茚酮是合成手性杀虫剂茚虫威的重要中间体。以5-氯-2-甲氧羰基-1-茚酮(Ⅰ)为起始原料,经不对称羟基化反应合成了目标产物。探讨了不同溶剂、氧化剂、催化剂等对反应收率和产品ee值的影响。合成反应的优化条件是:n(Ⅰ)∶n(辛可宁)∶n(过氧化氢异丙苯)=1∶0.2∶1.2,CH2Cl2作溶剂,室温反应5h。后处理方法为,用乙酸乙酯重结晶代替柱分离得到目标产物,收率达82%以上,ee值92%以上。产物[α]D20=+108.8°(10g/L,CHCl3),熔点160.1～162.3℃。用FTIR、1HNMR、13CNMR和MS对产品进行了表征。研究结果为该产品在合作企业中的工业开发实验提供了重要依据。     

2-溴芴酮的合成

以煤焦油分离产品芴为原料,通过溴代、氧化反应制得2-溴芴酮,对氧化过程中不同溶剂及用量、碱的用量、反应时间对产率的影响进行了优化选择。较佳的反应条件为:四氢呋喃作溶剂,m(2-溴芴)∶m(四氢呋喃)=1∶5.5,n(2-溴芴)∶n(氢氧化钾)=10∶1,室温反应5h,2-溴芴酮的产率大于98.0%,质量分数高于98.0%。产物的结构通过红外和核磁共振波谱进行了表征。     

邻苯二甲酰亚胺与N-羟甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成研究

邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成原料为苯酐与尿素,以邻二甲苯为溶剂,对影响邻苯二甲酰亚胺产率的反应条件进行了探究。合成N-羟甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的原料是邻苯二甲酰亚胺与甲醛,以去离子水作为溶剂。结果表明:n(苯酐)∶n(尿素)∶n(邻二甲苯)=1∶0.65∶3,反应时长为120min,反应温度为133℃,邻苯二甲酰亚胺的产率最高,产率为93.2%;n(邻苯二甲酰亚胺)∶n(甲醛)=1∶1.2,反应的时长为7 h,反应的温度为101℃,N-羟甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的产率最高,可达91.3%。     

5-(1-甲基-1-甲氧羰基甲氧基)间苯二甲酸二甲酯的合成

研究了5-(1-甲基-1-甲氧羰基甲氧基)间苯二甲酸二甲酯的合成反应,优化了合成的条件。通过对比实验,筛选了制备的最佳合成条件:以5-羟基间苯二甲酸为原料,经过酯化,Williamson反应以60%的产率制备了5-(1-甲基-1-甲氧羰基甲氧基)间苯二甲酸二甲酯。通过对其旋光性的测试,证明了该化合物的外消旋结构,推测该反应经历了SN1反应历程,表征了其结构。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.