汽轮机末级变工况顺序计算方法的研究

电厂运行中,由于凝汽器工作环境的变化引起功率的变化在实际情况中是很可观的。凝汽器背压-功率微增曲线的绘制一般由试验完成,可是试验毕竟耗费较大,通过变工况理论也可以计算出功率的变化,并且在任意机组都可以方便进行,体现了它的优点。采用流量判别的方法判断末级流型,给出了末级顺序变工况的计算模型并进行了凝汽器背压-功率微增曲线的计算与绘制。     

汽轮机通流部分变异对机组功率影响的几个问题探讨

本文就汽轮机通流部分变地汽轮发电机组功率的影响作了理论分析。根据若干机组的试验数据绘制出拟合曲线族。大致表明通流面积变化对机组功率和效率影响的统计规律。探讨了汽轮机结垢、制造偏 和模化设计中Ｍ数的影响。     

风电机组的功率曲线验证方法研究

功率曲线是风电机组发电能力的重要指标。本文讨论了功率曲线验证的必要性,并且提出了一种利用实测功率曲线与年发电量的相关性来考核厂家提供功率曲线是否达标的方法。以典型风电机组为例进行了研究分析。     

风电机组功率曲线建模方法对比研究

风电机组功率曲线是风电机组重要的性能指标,表征了机组的实际运行状态。准确的实测风电功率曲线可以为风电机组性能评估、风电功率曲线监测、风电功率预测、风电场数值建模等工作提供重要的参考依据。但采用耗时的功率曲线建模方法会花费大量的建模时间,从而影响建模效率。文章从功率曲线建模的数据筛选和功率曲线拟合入手,选取耗时较短的二维核密度估计模型筛选风速功率散点集中区域内的正常运行数据,并选用5种功率曲线拟合方法对正常风速功率数据进行拟合。5种模型的建模精度和建模效率对比分析表明,多项式拟合方法原理简单,拟合速度最快,且拟合精度较高,比较适用于实际功率曲线的建模工作。     

基于相关向量信息熵的风电机组功率曲线构建方法研究

仿真研究湍流强度、空气密度、偏航误差等风电机组功率输出特性关键影响因素与功率曲线之间的内在关联特性,建立各影响因素与功率输出特性之间的隐含关系子模型。结合风电机组运行数据,基于相关向量信息熵技术,实现风电机组运行功率曲线的构建。基于构建的功率曲线与机组实际输出特性开展年发电量对比,结果表明,基于相关向量信息熵法构建的功率曲线能够实现对风电机组出力特性的真实准确评价,评价误差不超过2%。     

风电机组实际运行功率曲线影响因素分析

本文对风电机组在运行过程中形成的实际运行功率曲线的主要影响因素进行分析,如:气象和环境条件、风电机组排列、对风偏差、机型、统计方法及采样修正等,从而阐述了标准功率曲线(合同功率曲线)与实际运行功率曲线产生偏差的原因,以此消除从业人员在风电机组功率特性曲线的认知方面存在的诸多误解,从而减少在风电场运营和质保交机时可能产生的不必要的纠纷。     

风力发电机组功率曲线的验证

风力发电机组的功率曲线是衡量整台机组经济技术水平的最佳尺度.功率曲线验证方法的选取及实际影响因素的修正,决定了所获取的功率曲线是否符合生产实际.文章就功率曲线验证方法、影响风力发电主要影响因素和空气密度计算方法等问题进行了探讨.     

基于性能可靠性的风电机组功率曲线评定新方法

针对在实际风电机组验收过程中基于功率曲线的考核评估非常困难的问题,利用中央监控系统的机组运行数据,进行了运行功率曲线的测量,并基于性能可靠性理论,根据制造商承诺功率曲线性能,构建了基于性能可靠度的功率曲线评估方法.利用该方法对北方某风电场5台机组的功率曲线进行了评估.结果表明:5台机组中,6号机组的可靠性最高,4号机组的可靠性最差;该方法评估准确、简单实用,为工程中功率曲线的评价提供了参考.     

边界层气象对风电机组功率特性的影响研究

边界层气象因素对运行过程中的风电机组性能和表现具有重要影响。文章利用激光雷达设备对某大型风电场开展了气象观测,针对不同湍流、风切变、日变化和降雨情况下风电机组的功率特性进行了研究。研究结果表明:高湍流在切入风速和额定风速左右会提升或降低机组的功率曲线,并增大输出功率的离散性;高切变在切入风速和额定风速左右均会提升机组的功率曲线,并减小输出功率的离散性;边界层的湍流和风切变等气象要素存在显著的日变化规律,并影响风电机组的功率曲线和输出功率的离散性,表现出日夜不同;降雨天气与非降雨天气相比,总体上提升了机组的功率曲线,并增大了输出功率的离散性。文章的研究结果可为风电项目评估发电量、风电场功率预报等工作提供参考。     

基于机组来流等效风速计算的风电机组功率曲线修正

风电场功率曲线为工程中常用来描述机舱风速和输出功率之间关系的曲线,与厂商提供的理论功率曲线存在一定的差异。文中根据机舱测风仪的测风误差,提出了一种利用风电机组运行参数来反向迭代计算来流等效风速,拟合其与机舱风速的函数关系,并对理论功率曲线进行修正得到的机舱风速-功率曲线的方法。通过某电站的运行数据来推导来流风速,拟合来流风速与机舱风速间关系,并修正原功率曲线得到机舱风速-功率实际运行曲线,再将得到的机组功率指令来指导机组发电,从而降低机舱风速与来流等效风速存在偏差的影响,提高风电机组的发电效率。     

The impact of large scale atmospheric circulation patterns on wind power generation and its potential predictability: A case study over the UK

Over recent years there has been an increasing deployment of renewable energy generation technologies, particularly large-scale wind farms. As wind farm deployment increases, it is vital to gain a good understanding of how the energy produced is affected by climate variations, over a wide range of time-scales, from short (hours to weeks) to long (months to decades) periods.By relating wind speed at specific sites in the UK to a large-scale climate pattern (the North Atlantic Oscillation or “NAO”), the power generated by a modelled wind turbine under three different NAO states is calculated. It was found that the wind conditions under these NAO states may yield a difference in the mean wind power output of up to 10%. A simple model is used to demonstrate that forecasts of future NAO states can potentially be used to improve month-ahead statistical forecasts of monthly-mean wind power generation.The results confirm that the NAO has a significant impact on the hourly-, daily- and monthly-mean power output distributions from the turbine with important implications for (a) the use of meteorological data (e.g. their relationship to large-scale climate patterns) in wind farm site assessment and, (b) the utilisation of seasonal-to-decadal climate forecasts to estimate future wind farm power output. This suggests that further research into the links between large-scale climate variability and wind power generation is both necessary and valuable.     

基于SCADA运行数据的风电机组发电性能劣化监测研究

风电机组的发电效率和发电性能对风电场的运行水平和经济效益有重要影响。文章采用风电机组SCADA运行数据对机组发电性能劣化进行监测。首先,采用偏最小二乘方法确定对风电机组发电功率有密切影响的多个变量;然后,采用高斯过程回归方法建立反映机组发电性能的功率曲线模型,有效提高建模精度;在监测阶段,引入指数加权移动平均值控制图(EWMA)分析功率曲线模型的功率预测残差,及时准确地发出风电机组发电性能劣化预警;最后,以某风电机组叶轮转速传感器故障导致的发电性能劣化实例,验证了该方法的有效性。     

考虑尾流效应的风电机组启停优化研究

以某典型风电场为例,采用尾流模型模拟研究风电机组启停优化对风电机组尾流干涉和发电量的影响。在速度恢复系数小于0.06时,典型机位的停机可增加风电场全场发电量。以中国北方某实际风电场为例进行现场试验,在主风向下,通过调度上游风电机组的启停,实现区域内风电机组发电量提升,验证方法的有效性。     

Contributions to wind farm power estimation considering wind direction‐dependent wake effects

This paper presents a contribution to wind farm ouput power estimation. The calculation for a single wind turbine involves the use of the power coefficient or, more directly, the power curve data sheet. Thus, if the wind speed value is given, a simple calculation or search in the data sheet will provide the generated power as a result. However, a wind farm generally comprises more than one wind turbine, which means the estimation of power generated by the wind farm as a function of the wind speed is a more complex process that depends on several factors, including the important issue of wind direction. While the concept of a wind turbine power curve for a single wind turbine is clear, it is more subject to discussion when applied to a whole wind farm. This paper provides a simplified method for the estimation of wind farm power, based on the use of an equivalent wake effect coefficient. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determining wind turbine power curves based on operating conditions

The relation between wind speed and electrical power—the power curve—is essential in the design, management and power forecasting of a wind farm. The power curve is the main characteristic of a wind turbine, and a procedure is presented for its determination, after the wind turbine is installed and in operation. The procedure is based on both computational and statistical techniques, in situ measurements, nacelle anemometry and operational data. This can be an alternative or a complement to procedures fully based on field measurements as in the International Electrotechnical Commission standards, reducing the time and costs of such practices. The impact of a more accurate power curve was measured in terms of the prediction error of a wind power forecasting system over 1 year of operation, whereby the methodology for numerical site calibration was presented and the concepts of ideal power curve and nacelle power curve introduced. The validation was based on data from wind turbines installed at a wind farm in complex topography, in Portugal, providing a real test of the technique presented here. The contribution of the power curve to the wind power forecasting uncertainty was found to be from 10% to 15% of the root mean square error. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种评价风电场设计水平的新方法

提出了一种独立于当地风资源、基于实际设计水平来评价风电场设计水平的新方法。根据影响发电量的主要设计因素,引入衡量风电机组的选型和布置的3个新指标:风电场发电效率、风电机组容量系数和风电机组布置系数,并推导出这3个系数的表达式。提出的3个新指标具有明确的物理意义,可以定量评价风电场风电机组选型和布置对风电场设计水平的影响。最后对两个实际风电场进行了计算和分析,所得结果的正确性得到风电场实际运行调研和后评价的验证。该方法不仅提出了较全面的对风电场设计水平的评价方法,而且可以进行量化评分,对风电场的设计具有重要的理论意义和经济价值。     

一种用激光方法改进风机对风精度的研究

功率曲线是风力发电机组的设计依据,也是考核机组性能、评估机组发电能力的一项重要指标。结合目前已经出现的功率曲线问题的综合分析来看,风机对风精度是影响功率曲线的关键因素之一。现今的风机基本都是利用风向标来进行风机对风。文章通过对现在大量使用的风向标与风机找零方式进行分析研究,提出了一种不受天气、光线影响,更加精确、方便的风向标与风机之间的找零方法,提高了风机对风精度,大大改善了风机的功率曲线。     

A study into the accuracy of using meteorological wind data to estimate turbine generation output

Meteorological (met) station data is used as the basis for a number of influential studies into the impacts of the variability of renewable resources. Real turbine output data is not often easy to acquire, whereas meteorological wind data, supplied at a standardised height of 10 m, is widely available. This data can be extrapolated to a standard turbine height using the wind profile power law and used to simulate the hypothetical power output of a turbine. Utilising a number of met sites in such a manner can develop a model of future wind generation output. However, the accuracy of this extrapolation is strongly dependent on the choice of the wind shear exponent α. This paper investigates the accuracy of the simulated generation output compared to reality using a wind farm in North Rhins, Scotland and a nearby met station in West Freugh. The results show that while a single annual average value for α may be selected to accurately represent the long term energy generation from a simulated wind farm, there are significant differences between simulation and reality on an hourly power generation basis, with implications for understanding the impact of variability of renewables on short timescales, particularly system balancing and the way that conventional generation may be asked to respond to a high level of variable renewable generation on the grid in the future.     

Comparison and testing of power reserve control strategies for grid‐connected wind turbines

The stability of the electrical grid depends on enough generators being able to provide appropriate responses to sudden losses in generation capacity, increases in power demand or similar events. Within the United States, wind turbines largely do not provide such generation support, which has been acceptable because the penetration of wind energy into the grid has been relatively low. However, frequency support capabilities may need to be built into future generations of wind turbines to enable high penetration levels over approximately 20%. In this paper, we describe control strategies that can enable power reserve by leaving some wind energy uncaptured. Our focus is on the control strategies used by an operating turbine, where the turbine is asked to track a power reference signal supplied by the wind farm operator. We compare the strategies in terms of their control performance as well as their effects on the turbine itself, such as the possibility for increased loads on turbine components. It is assumed that the wind farm operator has access to the necessary grid information to generate the power reference provided to the turbine, and we do not simulate the electrical interaction between the turbine and the utility grid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of inflow turbulence intensity and turbine arrangements on the power generation efficiency of large wind farms

In this study, we conduct a series of large‐eddy simulations (LESs) to study the impact of different incoming turbulent boundary layer flows over large wind farms, with a particular focus on the overall efficiency of electricity production and the evolution of the turbine wake structure. Five representative turbine placements in the large wind farm are considered, including an aligned layout and four staggered layouts with lateral or vertical offset arrangements. Four incoming flow conditions are used and arranged from the LESs of the ABL flow over homogeneous flat surfaces with four different aerodynamic roughness lengths (i.e., z0 = 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.0001 m), where the hub‐height turbulence intensity levels are about 11.1%, 8.9%, 6.8%, and 4.9%, respectively. The simulation results indicate that an enhancement in the inflow turbulence level can effectively increase the power generation efficiency in the large wind farms, with about 23.3% increment on the overall farm power production and up to about 32.0% increment on the downstream turbine power production. Under the same inflow condition, the change of the turbine‐array layouts can increase power outputs within the first 10 turbine rows, which has a maximum increment of about 26.5% under the inflow condition with low turbulence. By comparison, the increase of the inflow turbulence intensity facilitates faster wake recovery that raises the power generation efficiency of large wind farms than the adjustment of the turbine placing layouts.