MicroVal: a European approach to the certification of new microbiological methods

In recent years, food microbiologists have seen the development of a range of nonstandard methods designed to enumerate or determine the presence of various microorganisms in food products. Generally the new methods are designed to give the microbiologist advantages, such as greater automation or faster results, over standard conventional methods. The new methods, however, have often not been thoroughly tested to give the end user confidence in the results. In order to generate data to show that new methods give results that are comparable with standard methods, they must be validated. A number of validation schemes have been developed in various countries throughout the world. There has not, however, been an acceptable scheme recognized throughout Europe. The MicroVal project has been involved in the development of a European microbiological method validation and certification scheme; it involves 21 partners from 7 EU member states. New methods that are tested by the MicroVal system will undergo initial testing in a single expert laboratory, to establish the test's specificity, limit of detection, relative accuracy, sensitivity, and linearity. This testing will be followed by a collaborative study in a minimum of eight laboratories, which will be used to determine the test precision, repeatability, and reproducibility. All results will be assessed by two expert reviewers who will recommend or reject the test. Tests that are recommended will be finally accepted by a MicroVal committee. The committee will pass its comments to one of several certification bodies (working together through a memorandum of understanding) who will certify that the new method gives results that are equivalent to the reference method used throughout the validation work. The technical rules that describe the work required to certify a method are currently being considered by the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN), with the objective that the rules will become a CEN standard for the certification of new test methods. When this objective has been achieved the rules will become an International Standards Organisation (ISO) standard for new test method validation.     

中小型500粗轧机的新结构

本文介绍了中小型５００粗轧机的新结构，此轧机采用多项新技术，如整体焊接牌坊，快速换辊等，大大提高了生产作业率，将会广泛应用于小型棒材生产线上。     

企业自备电厂的扩容新选择——办一个“能效车间”

企业自备电厂纷纷建立和扩容的同时,也带来了很多难以解决的问题。本文通过对＂能效电厂＂的分析来论述能效车间的概念、工作模式及优势,为自备电厂的扩容提供一种新选择和新思路,以期达到自备电厂不新建、不扩容的目的。     

Health care structure legislation--reform of health insurance

On January 1st, 1993, the German Health Care Structure Reform Act has come into effect. It will fundamentally change the system of health insurance as well as the health care system. By the reform act, new structural and controlling elements have been installed in all central branches of health care, and, at the same time, a new order for the competition between the sickness funds has been established. Far-reaching structural alterations affect the hospital sector, the drug market and the system of ambulatory care. In the hospital sector, there will be a change-over to a price system consisting of special payments, payment according to diagnostic-related groups, and differentiated per-diem rates. On the drug market there will be introduced, besides a drug budget for doctors, a positive list for pharmaceuticals which will be worked out jointly by representatives of the medical profession and the sickness funds. In the ambulatory sector, licensing restrictions for doctors intending to set up practice will be introduced and the importance of the general practitioner or family doctor will be enhanced. The Health Care Structure Reform Act provides for self-government of the sickness funds and the medical profession with a wide range of controlling and shaping instruments. It also places the Ministry of Health in a better position to take influence. After the expire of the budgeting phase, competitive elements resp. extended controlling measures in the contracts sector will become more and more important features of the health care system. It remains to be seen whether the new controlling instruments will suffice to cause the intended limitation of expenditure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

钢铁材料基础研究的评述

 钢铁材料是不断发展的新材料,这获益于持续不断的基础研究。钢铁研究总院结构材料研究所是国内外在钢铁材料研发领域最完全的研发机构,它重视钢铁材料的基础研究工作。评述了近年来钢铁材料基础研究的发展,包括提高钢材强度的基础研究、改善钢材寿命的基础研究和提高钢制部件服役安全性的基础研究等。通过这些基础研究,形成了创新性的微合金化技术、变形诱导相变理论、晶粒细化技术、在线软化退火技术、耐延迟断裂技术、抗疲劳破坏技术、氮合金化奥氏体钢技术、高韧性超高强度钢技术、热成形马氏体钢技术、核电用钢技术等。基础研究将会促进新一代钢铁材料的不断涌现。     

PC-based noninvasive measurement of the autonomic nervous system. Detecting the onset of diabetic autonomic neuropathy

In this review, hyposensitization or immunotherapy will be discussed. The earliest immunotherapy was applicated in allergic respiratory diseases such as asthma and rhinitis. The most important indication has become the treatment of hymenoptera allergy. Some less frequently indications are associated with drug allergy. Immunotherapy is most frequently indicated in IgE mediated diseases, but new applications for cell mediated reactions will be described. With the introduction of molecular biology in allergology new theoretical possibilities emerged: use of peptide antigens, recombinant allergens, anticytokines.... Unfortunately, these newer approaches did not (yet) cause a breakthrough. The cost of these products will be a major draw back, even when ethical problems for using them on a larger scale will have been solved.     

掺Cu的RECo5型金属间化合物的电子结构

基于合金元素的晶位占据特性,本文提出了一个用于研究非磁性元素Cu作用机制的模型体系,计算了它们的电子结构。结果表明:Cu置换2c晶位Co导致体系能谱向浅势阱移动,能隙减小,原子间电荷重新分布,并产生了新的由杂质贡献的态;分波局域态密度给出了体系中各原子间的轨道相互作用。对Hellmman-Feynman力的分析表明:Cu置换2c晶位Co显著降低了体系的热膨胀各向异性。     

The mycobacteriology laboratory. Past, present, and future

The role of the mycobacteriology laboratory in tuberculosis control programs has been underestimated in the past, but now laboratory services are proven to play an essential role if properly implemented. The importance and reliability of these services in the future will depend on their centralization in specialized mycobacteriology laboratories that will be able to put new technologies into practice. The shortest turnaround time and the greatest cost effectiveness can be achieved by direct submission of raw specimens to such laboratories, especially for the management of new tuberculosis patients.     

Recent developments of the high strength and high ductility nanostructured materials

This talk will summarize the recent work related to a kind of new nanomaterials produced by the SMAT (surface mechanical attrition treatment).The concept of surface nanocrystallization of materials will be presented.In terms of the grain refinement mechanism induced by plastic deformation,a novel surface mechanical attrition(SMA) technique was developed for synthesizing a nanostructured surface layer on metallic materials in order to upgrade the overall properties and performance.The grain refinement mechanism of the surface layer during the SMA treatment will be analyzed in terms of the nanostructure observations in several typical materials.Very high yield stress(5 times of the base material) on the surface layer of the material obtained by the SMAT has been observed.The effect of surface nanostructures on the mechanical behavior and on the failure mechanism of metallic material shows the possibility to develop a new strength gradient composite using co-rolling and nitriding.The role of residual stress induced during the treatment will be investigated and discussed.The developed materials are also porosity free materials which can be used as reference material for the local mechanical behavior investigation technique such as the nanoindentation.A general concept for obtaining high strength and high ductility nanostructured materials will be presented.The exceptional high strength and high ductility steels have developed.The simulation of the mechanisms for improving ductility of high strength nanostructured materials will be presented.The potential applications for the land transportation vehicles(car,bus,train) and wind energy have been investigated.Some examples of concept design for the integration of the advanced nanostructured steels will be presented.     

Strategic planning of the master programme in health informatics at Aalborg University: targeting and updating the programme, to meet explicit customer needs

Education is essentially giving people new skills and qualifications to fulfil certain tasks. In planning and managing educational programmes it is crucial to know what skills and what qualifications are needed to carry out the tasks in question, not to mention the importance of knowing what tasks are relevant to carry out. The programme in health informatics at Aalborg University produces health informatics professionals. The students are developing skills in solving informatics problems in health care organisations. The programme has been running for 3 years now and to maintain the perception of the aim for the programme a number of activities have been launched. In the following, the programme will be presented, the activities to obtain information on how to keep the programme targeted and updated will be described and the changes that are going to be introduced will be outlined.     

Development of new functional immobilized microbial cell systems and their applications

Immobilized cell technology has been playing a vital role in the development of fermentation processes. For the past several years, I have been working on immobilized cell systems with an aim of developing novel immobilized biosystems where physical, chemical as well as biological functions are incorporated into the immobilization carrier. By efficiently integrating these new functions with the innate abilities of immobilized cells, the area where immobilized cell systems can be utilized will expand, and the process efficiency will be greatly improved.     

钢材现状及发展趋势——欧盟展望

德国钢铁协会VDEh目前列出近年开发的2200多个钢种，钢种问题涉及新钢种能否满足未来需求及开发时应重视什么。本文根据欧盟考察报告，阐述了在人口发展停滞或下滑的基础设施较发达国家的考察情况，指出未来钢铁行业需要了解主体客户群需求，以金属相及合金成分精确设定来开发新钢种，使用建模技术促进新钢种推广及工艺开发。     

新能源汽车驱动电机用变频漆包铜扁线的研发

随着2019年7月世界新能源汽车大会在海南的顺利召开,明晰了新能源汽车在技术创新等领域的发展方向,新能源汽车的发展进一步提速,使新能源汽车驱动电机用高耐热等级变频漆包铜扁线产品将成为未来漆包线行业市场新的增长点。根据目前漆包线产品的技术发展方向,制定新能源汽车用220级变频漆包铜扁线研发的生产工艺流程、技术目标和工艺路线,确定220级变频漆包铜扁线研发的工艺技术,并对研发产品的常规性能和高频脉冲耐电晕寿命性能进行检测,各项性能完全满足新能源汽车用220级变频漆包铜扁线研发的技术目标。     

Progress in work in the field of high-porosity materials from metal powders and fibers

Conclusions Considerable progress has been made in the development, production, and application of new high-porosity materials from metal powders and fibers. In future, new areas can be expected to be found in which high-porosity materials will constitute key elements enabling special devices or parts of unique properties to be constructed.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 9(201), pp. 25–35, September, 1979.     

起重机齿轮减速器系列基本参数的分析研究

本文对起重机械上广泛使用的ZQ型齿轮减速器系列的基本参数进行了剖析,揭示了该系列基本参数存在的一些问题。研究和探讨系列的新参数,提出一套用于5～50吨桥式起重机齿轮减速器系列基本参数的新方案。新方案在减速器系列传动功率配置合理,提高齿轮减速器的负载能力,降低减速器的重量和尺寸以及改善齿轮的润滑条件等方面都有一定的效益。     

超级电容器研究及其应用

超级电容器是近年来发展起来的一种新型的储能装置，具有功率密度高、寿命长、使用温度宽及充电迅速等优异特性，对其的研究及应用也日益活跃。本文介绍了超级电容器的原理和分类，以及近年来超级电容器的发展和商业化进程。同时，也介绍了超级电容器的应用情况。随着电动车研究的兴起，超级电容器重要的研究方向之一是将其与高比能量的蓄电池连用，在车辆加速、刹车或爬坡的时候提供车辆所需的高功率，达到减少蓄电池的体积和延长蓄电池寿命的目的。纳米碳材料的出现和发展为超级电容量电板材料研究提供了新的发展方向，将给超级电容器性能提高提供广阔的发展思路和空间。     

Reproducibility of different methods for diagnosing and monitoring diabetic neuropathy

The subspecialty of allergy and immunology, like all medical specialties, has been dramatically impacted by the managed care revolution. Many of the changes that have been imposed by our environment are likely to persist, including increased emphasis on efficiency of practice and cost-effectiveness of treatment modalities. It is predicted that these changes will decrease the involvement of allergists and immunologists in the primary treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis and mild asthma, in favor of management by generalists with subspecialty consultation. Conversely, outcomes studies demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of management of moderate to severe asthma by an allergy and immunology subspecialist. It is thought probable that HMOs will recognize this fact and implement it as a pattern of practice. The allergist and immunologist will continue to offer, uniquely, expertise in allergic history taking, patient education, environmental control, and management of allergic inflammation. He or she will also be afforded an opportunity for practice expansion, particularly as an expert consultant, into other areas of immune inflammation, such as autoimmunity and graft rejection. Potentially new and increasingly specific products of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries will enhance these opportunities for practice expansion by physicians who combine intellectual understanding with practical expertise in patient management. Realization of these new opportunities will require us to work together as teachers and role models to communicate the excitement of our subspecialty to new physicians. Allergy and immunology is a subspecialty with a bright future, provided that we have the will and the insight to deal effectively with our challenges and to master opportunities that our science presents to us.     

Minimally invasive surgery. Implications for hospitals, health workers, and patients

Minimally invasive surgery is one of the great innovations of health care in the 20th century. It promises to revolutionise surgery by allowing many more operations to be performed with minimal hospitalisation. Pressure from patients has caused many techniques to spread rapidly before they have been adequately assessed. This must be resisted, and policy makers must pay more attention to minimally invasive surgery to ensure that good assessments are made. The widespread use of minimally invasive techniques has important implications for hospitals and health workers. As more patients are treated on an outpatient basis, fewer hospital beds will be needed, and traditional operating rooms will have to adapt to a greater turnover of patients. Surgeons will have to acquire new operating skills, possibly requiring formal training and accreditation, and, as different specialties fight for control of new technologies, surgery may eventually be merged with internal medicine so that specialists will deal with organ systems. Postoperative care will have to be carried out in the community rather than in hospitals, and policy makers will need to reorganise their health systems to cope with these developments.     

Cystic goiter with squamous-cell metaplasia--case report and comment on origin of squamous-cell cyst

A 53-year-old woman with a left unilocular cystic goiter of the size of a small orange was reported. Approximately four-tenths of the innter surface was lined with several layered squamous epithelium with few follicles remaining. A gradual metaplastic transition from the follicular epithelium to the flattened cuboidal and to the squamous epithelium was observed. The ultimobranchial body has been understood to be a possible origin of an entirely squamous cell cyst of the thyroid, three of which have been reported. The difference between the ultimo-branchial and metaplastic origins will be discussed, and a new designation-primary (ultimo-branchial) and secondary (metaplastic) squamous-cell cyst will be proposed.     

Work of mourning: memory box for stillborn infant

You may have been wondering why there have been no further installments of African Diary. The short answer is that Diana was very ill from the side-effects of anti-malaria drugs. She has been back in this country being treated and having a spell of rest and recuperation. You will remember that Diana and Colin, her husband, had left Mozambique and were very busy building up a new mission station, funded by a business man from Liverpool, in Uganda. Before being taken ill, Diana had written some notes for the Journal which will be enough for two more articles. Diana and Colin have not yet decided whether they will return to Africa but we have told Diana how Journal readers enjoyed reading her news. We wish her well for the future.