超声空化效应对溶液电导率的影响

大功率超声作用于溶液时会产生空化效应,并影响溶液的物理化学性质,如电导率、液体粘度及液体表面张力等。文章对不同功率的超声作用于弱电解质溶液时其电导率的变化进行了实验研究,发现溶液电导率与超声波强度有关。当强度增大到有空化产生时,电导率开始减小;继续增大强度,溶液电导率减小到一定程度后有小幅回升现象出现。且液体内空化效应的出现将导致液体的电导率减小,空化达到一定强度时,空化效应引起的局部瞬态高温高压、冲击波和微射流导致的新导电粒子,会使电导率小幅回升。     

7075型铝合金在含NaOH碱性NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

为进一步了解7075型铝合金在碱性工作环境中的腐蚀行为,采用电化学方法研究了NaOH浓度、Cl-含量和温度对7075型铝合金在高低NaOH浓度的碱性NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:低NaOH浓度(0.1~0.5 mol/L)时,铝合金表面以阻挡层(腐蚀产物附着层)的生长为主,NaOH浓度越高,阻挡层生成速率越大;高NaOH浓度(1.0~5.0 mol/L)时,铝合层表面以阻挡层的溶解为主,NaOH浓度越高,阻挡层受析氢破坏的程度越大;析氢对阻挡层的破坏作用在Cl-作用下有所加强,溶液中NaOH浓度越高,增强效果越明显;在0.04 mol/L NaOH+0.01 mol/L NaCl溶液中,温度主要影响阻挡层的生长,其生长速率随温度的升高而增加,在0.40 mol/L NaOH+0.01 NaCl溶液中,温度主要影响阻挡层的溶解,阻挡层受析氢破坏程度随温度升高而加大。     

原子吸收光谱法测定钴溶液中的镍量

为了快速准确地测定钴溶液中镍的含量,本文通过实验,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法进行测定。在选定的最佳实验条件下,镍在0．50～2．OOug／mL范围内线性良好,其校正曲线的回归方程之相关系数均大于0．999。同时本文还系统研究了不同含量的钴基体对镍测定结果的干扰情况,当基体中钴含量大于20g／L时,对镍的测定干扰不可忽略,需要通过基体匹配方法来加以校正。该方法测定镍的检出限达0．022ug／mL,相对标准偏差为3．60-7．18％,镍的加标回收率在96．7～108．1％之间。该方法具有操作简单、重现性好、准确、快速等特点,完全满足车间对钴溶液中镍的质量控制分析需求。     

超声空化场速熔高分子化合物的现象及其机制

1　引　言超声喷泉的灼热现象导致了喷射超声空化场和空化集中概念的提出[1,2 ] 。本文作者还将这种物理新概念成功地应用于破穿冰块、解冻食品和促进苏铁种子萌发等实验中[3 5] 。进一步的研究还表明 ,从换能器辐射面开始 ,在向上喷射着的这种空化水(场 )的中轴线上均能引起灼热现象。本文报告了这种喷射超声空化场 (水 )速熔高分子化合物的现象 ,并提出了它的机制。1、压电陶瓷换能器 ;2、容器 ;3、自来水 ;4、超声喷泉 (即空化着的水 ,一种喷射超声空化场 ) ;5、试样 (有机玻璃 ,ＡＢＳ塑料等高分子化合物 )图 1　实验装置2　实　验实验…     

柱形料腔中超声空化效应的空间分布特性研究

研究了20 kHz的圆柱形料腔中超声空化效应的形成及其空间分布特性。应用柱贝塞尔函数,推导获取了柱形声场内超声传播的声能密度的分布,并采用有限元方法进行仿真分析。针对频率为20 kHz的功率超声实验,结合声学测量方法和鲁米诺声致化学发光方法,对理论分析结果进行了验证对照。结果表明:料腔半径R=50 mm,20 kHz谐振液位高度H=90 mm时,若功放电流<40 mA,超声空化效应出现在变幅杆端部区域;若40 mA≤功放电流≤80 mA,空化效应显著增强,空化效应的空间分布与场内声压分布一致,空化效应受声模态影响,形成远场空化效应的分布特性;若功放电流>80 mA,受非线性因素影响,谐振液位时,空化效应在声流作用下呈柱形拖尾状分布,并在底部壁面边界形成平铺状分布;非谐振液位高度等于75 mm时,超声空化效应随功率增加仅在变幅杆端部区域出现,且呈现局域空化分布特性。     

超声及其联用技术的杀菌效果

应用超声作为一种杀菌手段已经引起人们越来越多的关注。尽管单独应用超声作用也有较好杀菌效果,然而要在工业范围内使用超声使其杀菌率接近100%,必然要使用极高的超声功率,消耗大量的能源。这使该技术在工业范围内应用变得非常昂贵。若超声与其它杀菌方法联合使用,如超声分别与热、纳米TiO2、激光、O3、抗生素、紫外线、次氯酸钠、电解方法联合使用,就可以大大提高杀菌效率,而且可以降低超声所消耗的能源。大量实验结果表明,超声与其它杀菌技术联用可以用来有效杀菌,但目前超声及超声与其它技术联合杀菌基本上停留在实验室研究阶段,其处理量很小,故难以用于工业化生产,阻碍了超声联合杀菌的发展。     

溴化锂水溶液的缓蚀性分析及其现场调整

本文介绍了溴化锂溶液的腐蚀和缓蚀机理，并提出了缓蚀剂浓度，碱度等指标的现场控制要点。     

吸收光谱法测量COIL水含量的实验研究

介绍了吸收光谱测量水蒸汽绝对浓度的方法，标定了实验环境下水蒸汽的吸收系数，并在氧碘化学激光器（COIL）上进行了初步的实验研究，测量结果显示，在常规工作条件下由于BHP温度变化所引起的水汽百分含量变化可以忽略，气体流速是引起水汽含量变化的主要原因。     

单频超声和双频复合超声的空化效应实验研究

从超声电功率、超声作用时间和溶液温度来研究超声的空化效应,采用碘化钾溶液中碘的释放量来测定超声的空化产额,研究结果表明：在相同的电功率输入情况下,双频复合超声（25kHz/40kHz）释放碘的量远大于单频25kHz超声和单频40kHz超声释放的碘的量,双频复合超声的空化产额高于单频超声。     

聚乙烯醇水溶液的剪切流变行为

研究了不同浓度和分子量的聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液的流变性能。讨论了剪切速率和温度对PVA水溶液的表观黏度、非牛顿指数和粘流活化能的影响。实验结果表明,随剪切速率增加,不同浓度和聚合度样品间黏度的差别降低,所有PVA水溶液均显示剪切变稀行为。随PVA浓度提高,溶液的非牛顿指数是先增大后降低。同时发现剪切速率的变化影响PVA水溶液黏度的温度依赖性。     

Absorption and emission spectra of the YBCO laser plume

The plasma produced during laser ablation deposition of thin film YBCO has been studied by optical emission spectroscopy. There is evidence of increased YO band emission in the range 590–625 nm as the ambient oxygen gas pressure confining the plume is increased in the range 30–200 m Torr. Temporal profiles show that close to the target the plume is insensitive to ambient oxygen pressure. It is deduced that the optical emission here is excited by electron impact excitation. Further away from the target there is evidence that two distinct processes are at work. One is again electron excitation; the emission from this process decreases with distance because the expanding plume cools and collisions become less frequent in the expanding gas. The second is driven by oxidation of atomic species expelled at high speeds from the target. The main region of this activity is in the plume sheath where a shock front ensures heating of ambient O₂ and reaction of monatomic plasma species to form oxide in an exothermic reaction. Spatial mapping of the emission demonstrates clearly how increasing oxygen gas pressure confines the plasma and enhances the emission intensity from the molecular YO species ejected from the target in a smaller region close to the target. Ba⁺ is observed as a dominant species only very close to (within 1 mm of) the target. Absorption spectra have been taken in an attempt to examine ground state and cool species in the plume. They reveal the quite surprising result that YO persists in the chamber for periods up to 1 msec. This suggests an explanation for the recent report of off-axis laser deposition in terms of simple condensation. Previously, quasi-ballistic transfer of material from target to substrate has been considered the only significant process.     

On the Absorption Spectrum of Noble Gases at the Arc Spectrum Limit

Rydberg spectral lines of an atom are sometimes superimposed on the continuous spectrum of a different configuration. Effects of interaction among different configurations in one of these cases are theoretically investigated, and a formula is obtained that describes the behavior of absorption spectrum intensity. This offers qualitative justification of some experimental results obtained by BEUTLER in studies of absorption arc spectra of noble gases and I^b spectra of some metal vapors.     

Multichannel electrochemiluminescence of luminol in neutral and alkaline aqueous solutions on a gold nanoparticle self-assembled electrode

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of luminol on a gold nanoparticle self-assembled electrode in neutral and alkaline pH conditions was studied under conventional cyclic voltammetry (CV). The gold nanoparticle self-assembled electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic property and redox reactivity to the luminol ECL system. In neutral solution, four ECL peaks were observed at 0.69, 1.03, -0.45, and -1.22 V (vs SCE) on the curve of ECL intensity versus potential. Compared with a bulk gold electrode, two anodic and one cathodic ECL peaks were greatly enhanced, and one new cathodic ECL peak appeared. In alkaline solution, two anodic ECL peaks were obtained at 0.69 and 1.03 V, which were much stronger than those on a bulk gold electrode. These ECL peaks were found to depend on gold nanoparticles on the surface of the electrode, potential scan direction and range, the presence of O(2) or N(2), the pH and concentration of luminol solution, NaBr concentration, and scan rate. The emitter of all ECL peaks was identified as 3-aminophthalate by analyzing the ECL spectra. The spatial distribution of the luminol ECL peaks on the gold nanoparticle self-assembled electrode was studied by CCD. The surface state of the gold nanoparticle self-assembled electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-visible reflection spectra. The mechanism for the formation of these ECL peaks has been proposed. The results indicate that the gold nanoparticle self-assembled electrode could lead to novel ECL properties, and strong luminol ECL in neutral and alkaline solutions could be obtained on such an electrode, which is of great analytical potential.     

Copper removal from aqueous solutions by sugar beet pulp treated by NaOH and citric acid

Sugar beet pulp was converted into effective copper sorption material by treating subsequently with NaOH and citric acid. Compared with the untreated sugar beet pulp, the cation exchange capacity of the modified sugar beet pulp increased from 0.86 to 3.21 mequiv.g(-1). Swelling capacity and COD values of modified sugar beet pulp were found to be decreased in the ratio of 38% and 61%, respectively, compared to the corresponding values of native sugar beet pulp, meaning that modification causes stabilization. Sorption characteristics of the modified sugar beet pulp towards copper ions were studied with batch experiments. Pseudo-first, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle kinetic models were applied to the kinetic data and it was found that the sorption processes followed the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics with activation energy of 16.34 kJ mol(-1). The equilibration data fit best with the Langmuir isotherm the maximum copper sorption capacity of which is 119.43 mgg(-1). The mean free energy of copper sorption process calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich model and the Polanyi potential concept was found to be in the range of 10.91-11.95 kJ mol(-1) showing that the main mechanism governing the sorption process is ion exchange. The negative values found for enthalpy change (-14.797 kJ mol(-1) over the range of 25-55 degrees C) and free energy change (-19.361 kJ mol(-1) for 25 degrees C) indicate that the sorption process is exothermic and spontaneous in nature.     

钇铁石榴石薄膜材料的光吸收谱及Bi,Al掺入对谱的影响研究

采用单离子晶场跃迁模型，拟合出钇铁石榴石（ＹＩＧ）薄膜材料的光吸收谱，与实验谱吻合得较好。从实验和理论上分析了（ＢＩＡＩ）ＹＩＧ 薄膜材料的光吸收谱，结果表明，Ａｌ３＋离子的作用如同稀释剂一样，减小了光吸收，Ｂｉ３＋离子由于其强的自旋轨道耦合作用，增大了跃迁振子强度和跃迁线宽，从而增大了光吸收损耗，在此基础上所作的（ＢｉＡｌ）ＹＩＧ的理论谱与实验谱符合得较好。     

基于HITEMP数据库的分子吸收光谱高精度快速建模方法

为解决高温环境下分子吸收光谱精确计算的时间复杂性,满足宽光谱测量领域对理论吸收光谱计算的需求,本研究利用Python语言以逐线计算为基础,结合线型函数的简化、线翼截止准则和谱线数据库的优化,建立了基于高温分子吸收参数数据库(High-Temperature molecular spectroscopic absorption parameters data-base,HITEMP)的分子吸收光谱精确快速计算模型。以Hartmann-Tran线型函数作为吸收光谱标准线型编写部分相关二次速度依赖硬碰撞函数(partially-Correlated quadratic-Speed-Dependent Hard-Collision Profile,p Cq SDHC),结合复概率函数(Complex Probability Function,CPF)简化模型实现了线型函数的精确快速计算,相较于理论计算模型计算速度提高了20倍。按照光谱计算残差在10^-5量级确定了固定波数截断结合谱线半宽等倍数截断的线翼截止准则。以阈值线强度10^-25 cm^-...     

大功率低频超声场测量研究进展

大功率低频超声场的主要特点是有空化产生，这给声场定量测量带来困难，而该类声场的测定是超声清洗、声化学等超声液体处理技术中的基本问题，掌握声场分布和空化强度的信息对于衡量超声系统的性能及其处理效果至关重要。文章综述了迄今用于测量大功率低频超声场的各种方法，将其分为直接测量方法和间接测量方法两大类进行阐述，介绍了每种测量方法的基本原理，并对各自的优缺点进行了对比分析。最后介绍了一些国内外的相关测量设备，结合大功率低频超声场测量领域目前的研究现状，探讨了今后该领域急需解决的问题及其发展方向。     

超声聚能器空化腐蚀的研究进展

空化腐蚀是影响超声聚能器工作效率和使用寿命的重要因素,研究超声聚能器的空化腐蚀具有重要意义。分析了超声聚能器材质、辐射面粗糙度、材料的微观组织结构和力学性能对其抗空化腐蚀的影响,探讨了抑制空化腐蚀的相关措施。     

Absorption of water vapour into falling films of aqueous lithium bromide

In this study, experiments have been performed for water vapour absorption into 50 and 60 mass% aqueous lithium bromide solution films flowing down a vertical surface to investigate the effects of liquid diffusivity values, molecular properties of the concentrated solutions and non-absorbable gases. The experimental results for wavy films over a film Reynolds number range of 15–90 indicate larger dimensionless mass transfer rates than for strictly laminar flow when the diffusivity of water in a concentrated lithium bromide solution is less than that in a dilute solution. The complete set of results shows that the physical property data for lithium bromide solutions including the diffusivities measured by Kashiwagi are sufficient to explain mass transfer behavior.