基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型

针对多轴联动数控机床加工精度误差补偿问题,从分析数控机床误差产生机制和建立精度误差补偿模型的角度,提出基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型。分析B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的拓扑结构关系、低序体阵列、各典型体坐标变换,推导出B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的精度几何误差预测函数模型。采用平动轴十二线法误差参数辨识算法,计算出B-A摆头五轴数控机床21项空间几何误差,为精度几何误差预测函数提供有效的误差参数。该精度误差参数建模方法,对不同结构和运动关系的数控机床具有通用性,为后续数控机床误差动态实时补偿提高切削加工精度提供了理论基础。     

五轴数控机床综合热误差建模与空间解耦补偿

基于多体系统理论,提出了一种机床热误差综合模型的通用建模方法,以一台双刀摆型国产五坐标数控机床为例,建立了包含50项热误差元素的热误差综合数学模型。基于小误差补偿运动假设,在分析误差运动和补偿运动间关系基础上对热误差综合模型进行空间解耦,建立了可以进行多轴机床热误差补偿量计算的数学模型,为五轴机床热误差实时补偿提供了理论基础。     

基于多体系统理论的精密加工中心综合误差建模

基于多体系统理论,针对一台含有工作台站的精密加工中心,建立其综合误差模型,分析并解决了交换工作台站的运动误差对综合误差的误差传递问题,改进了各轴热漂移误差的综合误差建模方法。运用该误差模型进行实时补偿,能有效提高加工中心的加工精度。     

卧式加工中心误差建模与补偿技术的研究

对卧式加工中心进行误差补偿是提高其加工精度的重要手段.文章基于多体系统理论,在分析了卧式加工中心误差的特性后,针对该机床建立了综合空间误差模型及刀具姿态误差模型,给出了数控指令的修正算法,并在此基础上开发了误差补偿软件,进行了仿真试验.试验展示了刀具轨迹补偿前后对比及数控指令修正前后的G代码对比.试验结果表明:文中针对卧式加工中心的误差建模正确可行,采用的补偿方法切实有效,通过修正数控指令的方式,跨越了数控系统硬件制约,达到了误差补偿的目的.     

一种双摆工作台式五轴联动机床动态精度的标定方法

五轴动态精度标定是五轴机床调试和空间误差补偿的重要组成部分,文章提出了一种双摆工作台式五轴联动机床动态精度的标定方法及其补偿方式,详细论述分析了标定步骤,揭示了千分表的读数和机床相关误差间的关系,并推导出了补偿算式及其简化式,提高了标定方法的快捷性.实践证明,这是一种准确、高效的标定方法.     

基于多体理论的加工中心热误差建模及补偿技术研究

文章基于多体系统理论,提出四轴加工中心的热误差建模理论和方法,同是运用RBF神经网络方法对热误差模型进行参数辨识.最后对工件优选了5个测温点,实时测量其温度,作为误差参数辨识的输入值,实现了软件实时补偿.在该加工中心上分别沿4个坐标方向加工工件表面并比较补偿结果,表明补偿效果显著.     

立式双摆角铣头RTCP运动学研究

立式双摆角铣头是中、大规格五轴联动加工中心的核心功能部件。配置立式双摆角铣头的龙门式五轴加工中心在RTCP功能打开时,2个旋转坐标会引起机床的附加运动。通过研究机床的附加运动,揭示三轴机床与2个旋转坐标之间的运动学匹配关系。通过建立RTCP运动学数学模型,分别计算2个旋转坐标引起的机床附加位移、速度、加速度,并分析机床附加运动与立式双摆角铣头的B轴轴线与刀尖点之间的距离、B轴与C轴的转速和角加速度之间的关系。研究结果为五轴联动加工中心的研发提供了参考。     

耳轴式回转工作台热变形误差补偿研究

针对五轴加工中心直驱回转工作台热变形导致加工误差的问题,以耳轴式回转工作台虚拟样机为对象进行热变形补偿研究。基于R型聚类分析与热误差敏感度理论对温度测点进行优化选取,在降低测点数的同时保留了温升与热变形的对应关系信息。借助MATLAB建立BP神经网络误差预测模型,通过采集工作台特定测点的温度预测台面中心点的热变形位移量,得到误差拟合曲线与补偿残差。优化网络结构,得到最佳的隐含层节点数,提高模型的预测精度。研究结果可为五轴加工中心热变形误差补偿与BP网络的优化设计提供参考。     

四轴联动加工中心几何误差软件补偿技术研究

以多体系统理论为基础,通过分析位移变换矩阵和位置变换矩阵,建立了四轴联动加工中心的几何误差模型.基于Windows平台开发了误差补偿软件,可以对测量数据进行机床几何误差的软件补偿,有效地提高了在线检测精度.软件系统在MAKINO立式加工中心上进行了实验验证,补偿效果明显.     

五轴联动车铣复合加工中心误差补偿技术的研究

针对五轴联动车铣复合加工中心制造、装配和运动过程产生的几何误差问题,文章以多体系统运动学理论为基础,根据车铣中心的复杂结构特点,分别建立了车铣中心的铣削模式和车削模式下的运动误差模型,并给出了精密数控指令的求解方法和进行了误差补偿仿真试验。实验结果表明:采用多体系统运动学理论建立车铣复合加工中心的几何运动误差模型是正确性;迭代法求解的精密数控指令准确、快捷;软件误差补偿投入少、效果明显。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.