Study of AC electrical properties of V2O5–P2O5–B2O3–Dy2O3 glasses

The AC conductivity of glass samples of composition 60V₂O₅–5P₂O₅–(35−x)B₂O₃–xDy₂O₃, 0.4≤x≤1.2 has been analyzed. The samples were prepared by the usual melt-quench technique. The prepared compounds were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo gravimetric–differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The activation energies were evaluated using glass transition temperature (T_g) and peak temperature of crystallization (T_c) from TG/DTA. The dependence of activation energy on composition was discussed. The electrical conductance and capacitance were measured over a frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 MHz and a temperature range of 303–473 K; these reveal semiconducting features based predominantly on an ionic mechanism. The dielectric and complex-impedance response of the sample is discussed. The relaxation time was found to increase with increasing temperature. Jonscher's universal power law is applied to discuss the conductivity. The electrode polarization was found to be negligible and confirmed from electrical modulus.     

Crystallographic characterization of silicon nitride ceramics sintered with Y2O3–Al2O3 or E2O3–Al2O3 additions

Silicon nitride ceramics were sintered using Y₂O₃–Al₂O₃ or E₂O₃–Al₂O₃ (E₂O₃ denotes a mixed oxide of Y₂O₃ and rare-earth oxides) as sintering additives. The intergranular phases formed after sintering was investigated using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD). The use of synchrotron radiation enabled high angular resolution and a high signal to background ratio. Besides the appearance of β-Si₃N₄ phase the intergranular phases Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (YAG) and Y₂SiO₅ were identified in both samples. The refinement of the structural parameters by the Rietveld method indicated similar crystalline structure of β-Si₃N₄ for both systems used as sintering additive. On the other hand, the intergranular phases Y₃Al₅O₁₂ and Y₂SiO₅ shown a decrease of the lattice parameters, when E₂O₃ was used as additive, indicating the formation of solid solutions of E₃Al₅O₁₂ and E₂SiO₅, respectively.     

Multiferroic ceramics in BaO–Y2O3–Fe2O3–Nb2O5 system

Multiferroic ceramics in BaO–Y₂O₃–Fe₂O₃–Nb₂O₅ system were synthesized and their dielectric, ferroelectric and magnetic properties were evaluated. XRD results showed that the ceramic composite consists of a major phase of tetragonal tungsten bronze structured Ba₂YFeNb₄O₁₅, and minor phases of monoclinic YNbO₄ and hexagonal Ba₃Fe₂Nb₆O₂₁. Three dielectric relaxations were observed in the temperature range from 125 to 575 K. The relaxor dielectric behavior in the temperature range from 125 to 350 K was attributed to the random occupation of Fe³⁺ and Nb⁵⁺ ions at B site of the tungsten bronze structure. The electrode polarization and the inhomogeneous structure contributed to the high-temperature and middle-temperature dielectric relaxations, respectively. Both the ferroelectric hysteresis loop and the magnetic hysteresis loop were measured, which suggested that the synthesized ceramic composite was a promising candidate of multiferroics.     

The influence of In2O3 on electrical characteristics of iron mixed Li2O–PbO–B2O3–SiO2–Bi2O3 multi-component glass system

Glasses of the composition 19Li₂O–20PbO–20B₂O₃–30SiO₂–(10−x) Bi₂O₃–1Fe₂O₃: xIn₂O₃ with six values of x (0 to 5.0) were synthesized. Dielectric properties viz., dielectric constant, ε′(ω), loss, tan δ, ac conductivity, σ_ac, electric modulus, M(ω) over wide ranges of frequency and temperature and also dielectric break down strength have been studied as a function of In₂O₃ concentration. The temperature dispersion of real part of dielectric constant, ε′(ω) has been analyzed using space charge polarization model. The dielectric loss (and also the electric moduli) variation with frequency and temperature exhibited relaxation effects and these effects were attributed to the divalent iron ion complexes. The ac conductivity exhibited maximal effect, whereas the activation energy for the conductivity demonstrated minimal magnitude at about 1.0 mol% of In₂O₃. The conductivity mechanism is understood due to the polaronic transfer between Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions. The low temperature ac conductivity mechanism is explained following the quantum mechanical tunneling model. Spectroscopic studies viz., optical absorption and ESR spectra have revealed that the redox ratio (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) is maximal when the concentration of In₂O₃ is ~1.0 mol%. The higher values of dielectric parameters observed at 1.0 mol% of In₂O₃ are attributed to the presence of iron ions largely in divalent state and act as modifiers. The analysis of these results together with spectroscopic studies has indicated that when In₂O₃ is present in the glass matrix in higher concentrations (more than 1.0 mol%) iron ions predominantly exist in trivalent state, occupy substitutional positions and make the glass more rigid. Such enhanced rigidity of the network is causing the decrease of dielectric parameters with the concentration of In₂O₃. Finally it is concluded that In₂O₃ mostly participate in the glass network in octahedral positions and make act as reducing agent (for iron ions) in the studied glass matrix when its concentration is ≤1.0 mol%.     

Bi2O3对K2O–B2O3–SrO–Al2O3–Nb2O5–SiO2玻璃陶瓷介电储能性能的影响

随着电力电子系统的不断发展,高功率脉冲电容器的需求增多。电介质电容器因具有放电功率大、充放电速度快及性能稳定等优点,在电力系统、电子器件、脉冲电源等方面发挥着重要作用,广泛应用于民用领域及军事领域。通过熔融压延制备玻璃基体,采用可控结晶工艺研究了不同含量的Bi₂O₃ (x=0.0%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%,摩尔分数)对K₂O–B₂O₃–Sr O–Al₂O₃–Nb₂O₅–SiO₂玻璃陶瓷物相演化、微观结构、介电和储能性能的影响。在该玻璃陶瓷中,KSr₂Nb₅O₁₅为主要析出晶相,当Bi₂O₃的加入量为x=2.0%(摩尔分数)时,热处理温度为950℃时,玻璃陶瓷样品的储能密度最大可达到1.27 J/cm³,室温下介电常数可达342,是热处...     

Emission analysis of CdO–Bi2O3–B2O3 glasses doped with Eu and Tb

This article reports on the emission properties of cadmium bismuth borate (CdBiB) glasses as a function of doping concentrations of Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺ ions. The functional groups present in the glasses have been identified by analyzing FT-IR spectra. The emission spectra of Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺:CdBiB glasses have shown reddish green emissions at 616 nm (⁵D₀→⁷F₂) under the excitation at 465 nm and at 547 nm (⁵D₄→⁷F₅) under the excitation at 485 nm, respectively. The Judd–Ofelt (J–O) theory was applied to evaluate the J–O intensity parameters from the absorption and the emission spectra; by using the J–O intensity (Ω_λ) parameters, spontaneous emission transition probability (A), total radiative transition rate (A_T), radiative lifetime (τ_R) and branching ratios (β) of the various emission transitions have been computed for both Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The quenching behavior in the emission intensity with increased concentration of Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺ was observed, which could be useful for optimizing the compositions toward practical applications.     

Influences of La and Er on structure and properties of Bi2O3–B2O3 glass

Bi₂O₃·2B₂O₃ glasses doped with La₂O₃ and Er₂O₃ were prepared by the melting-quenching method with AR-grade oxides. IR analysis was used to investigate the glass network structure. The characteristic temperatures including the glass transition temperature (T_g), crystallization temperature (T_p), and melting temperature (T_m) were estimated by DSC. The coefficient of thermal expansion (α), mass density (D), and Vickers hardness (H_v) were also measured. The results show that the basic network structure of Bi₂O₃·2B₂O₃ glasses doped with rare-earth oxides consists of chains composed of [BO₃], [BO₄], and [BiO₆] units. La₂O₃ and Er₂O₃ act as network modifiers. As the doping concentrations of the rare-earth oxides were increased, T_g increased and α decreased, indicating that a more rigid glass was obtained. Er₂O₃ reduces the melting temperature and prevents glass crystallization. La₂O₃ contributes to the improvement of the microhardness of Bi₂O₃·2B₂O₃ glass.     

Low temperature sintering and microwave dielectric properties of Li2ZnTi3O8 ceramics doped with ZnO–La2O3–B2O3 glass

Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ ceramics doped with ZnO–La₂O₃–B₂O₃ glass were prepared by the conventional solid-state ceramic route. The effects of the ZnO–La₂O₃–B₂O₃ glass on the sintering temperature, phase composition, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ ceramics were investigated. The addition of ZLB glass can reduce the sintering temperature of Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ ceramic from 1075 °C to 925 °C without obvious degradation of the microwave dielectric properties. Only a single phase Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ with cubic spinel structure is formed in Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ ceramic with ZLB addition sintered at 925 °C. Typically, 1.0 wt% ZLB-doped Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ ceramic sintered at 925 °C can reach a maximum relative density of 95.8% and exhibits good microwave dielectric properties of ε_r=24.34, Q×f=41,360 GHz and τ_f=−13.4 ppm/°C. Moreover, this material is compatible with Ag electrode, which makes it a promising candidate for LTCC application.     

Mechanosynthesis of nanocomposites in TiO2–B2O3–Mg–Al quaternary system

The mechanochemical behavior of TiO₂–B₂O₃–Mg–Al quaternary system to synthesize various composite nanopowders was studied. A mixture of boron oxide and titanium dioxide powders along with different amounts of magnesium and aluminum was milled using a high-energy planetary ball mill to persuade necessary conditions for the occurrence of a mechanically induced self-sustaining reaction (MSR). Results showed that the formation of composite nanopowders was influenced strongly by the reducing agents content. In the absence of Al (100 wt% Mg), TiB₂ nanopowder was formed after 34 min of milling. In the presence of x wt% Mg–y wt% Al (x=40 and 70; y=100−x), mechanical activation was completed after 37–40 min which caused the formation of TiB₂–MgFe_0.6Al_1.4O₄ composite nanopowders. In the case of 10 wt% Mg–90 wt% Al, a ternary nanocomposite (TiB₂–MgAl₂O₄–Al₂O₃) was produced after 43 min of milling. Besides, Al₂O₃–TiB₂ nanocomposite was formed after 90 min of milling in the absence of Mg (100 wt% Al). From the SEM images, mechanochemical process reached a steady state after short milling times where the particles have become homogenized in size and shape. The reaction mechanism steps were proposed to clarify the reactions occurring during mechanochemical process.     

Crystallization behavior and properties of K2O–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramics

In order to obtain high-strength anorthite glass-ceramics, K₂O–CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ quaternary glass and relevant glass-ceramics were prepared and investigated. The results show that anorthite along with kalsilite or leucite was precipitated from the parent glass. Kalsilite crystals were formed firstly and then converted into leucite through reacting with SiO₂ in the glass phase. The morphology of the crystals was dependent on the heat-treatment temperature. Column crystals were transformed into fine granular grains when the sintering temperature changed from 900 °C to 1100 °C. The activation energy (E_α) and avrami constant (n) were also calculated as 463.81 KJ/mol and 3.74 respectively, indicating that bulk nucleation and three-dimensional crystal growth were the dominating mechanisms in the temperature range 1000–1100 °C. The maximum value of the flexural strength for the glass-ceramics containing leucite was 248 MPa and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was in the range 5.69~11.94×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹. The leucite is the main reason for the high CTEs and high flexural strength of glass-ceramics.     

CMAS (CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2) resistance of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings with Pt layers

Calcium–magnesium–alumina–silicate (CMAS) corrosion significantly affects the durability of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). In this study, Y₂O₃ partially stabilized ZrO₂ (YSZ) TBCs are produced by electron beam-physical vapor deposition, followed by deposition of a Pt layer on the coating surfaces to improve the CMAS resistance. After exposure to 1250 °C for 2 h, the YSZ TBCs were severely attacked by molten CMAS, whereas the Pt-covered coatings exhibited improved CMAS resistance. However, the Pt layers seemed to be easily destroyed by the molten CMAS. With increased heat duration, the Pt layers became thinner. After CMAS attack at 1250 °C for 8 h, only a small amount of Pt remained on the coating surfaces, leading to accelerated degradation of the coatings. To fully exploit the protectiveness of the Pt layers against CMAS attack, it is necessary to improve the thermal compatibility between the Pt layers and molten CMAS.     

Influence of Al2O3 whisker concentration on flexural strength of Al2O3(w)–ZrO2 (TZ-3Y) composite

On investigating the possibility of using alumina whisker reinforced 3 mol% Yttria stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia (TZ-3Y) composite for bioceramic applications, presented here is the influence of varying whisker concentration (2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) on flexural strength of the composite. Whiskers of hydrothermally synthesized Ammonium Aluminum Carbonate Hydroxide (AACH) were used for composite synthesis. These whiskers transformed in situ into alumina during sintering. It was found that with addition of alumina whiskers, strength was increased and reached a maximum value of 1212±60 MPa and 1325±65 MPa, in pure and 1 wt% CTAB added samples respectively, at a concentration of 10 wt% Al₂O₃ whiskers. The strength values of the synthesized composite can compete well with commercially available materials for dental applications.     

Microwave dielectric characteristics of Nb2O5-added 0.9Al2O3–0.1TiO2 ceramics

The sintering characteristics, phase composition, and microwave dielectric properties of Nb₂O₅-added 0.9Al₂O₃–0.1TiO₂ ceramics sintered at 1300–1500 °C have been investigated. Results show that Nb⁵⁺ and Al³⁺ can co-substitute for Ti⁴⁺ and form Ti_0.8Al_0.1Nb_0.1O₂, which can lower effectively the sintering temperature, and improve the quality factor of 0.9Al₂O₃–0.1TiO₂ ceramics.     

Densification and microwave dielectric properties of CaO–B2O3–SiO2 system glass–ceramics

In order to relieve the narrow processing window and poor material compatibility in practical applications as well as understand the microwave dielectric properties, investigation on the formulations of CaO/B₂O₃/SiO₂ glasses on their structure, thermal properties, and microwave properties were performed in this study. Six glasses with different molar ratios of CaO/B₂O₃/SiO₂ (designed as CBS-3, CBS-5, CBS-7, CBS-8, CBS-9, and CBS-10) were prepared and pulverized. Results indicate that most softening points of glasses are ranging from 680 to 710 °C. They were sintered at different temperatures to reach maximum densification. Among various glass formulations, CBS-9 glass–ceramic containing the largest amount of SiO₂ has the lowest CTE. The dielectric constants can be divided into two groups including around 4–5 and 7–8, and the dielectric losses (tan δ) are all below 0.005 in the frequency of ≈10 GHz. The dielectric constants and dielectric losses are generally frequency dependent. For CBS-9 glass–ceramic, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss at 4.7 and 18.6 GHz are 4.13 and 0.0018, and 4.20 and 0.0063, respectively.     

钛合金熔炼用Y2O3–Al2O3–MgO–CaO系耐火材料的设计与制备

坩埚耐火材料对钛合金熔炼的质量非常重要,为开发高性能新型坩埚材料,以工业Y₂O₃和Al₂O₃–MgO–CaO系粉末(AMC)为原料,制备出Y₂O₃–Al₂O₃–MgO–CaO系复合耐火材料,研究了烧结温度(1 500℃、1 600℃)和AMC含量(0、25%、50%、75%和100%,质量分数)对所制备耐火材料的物相组成、烧结性能(线收缩率、体积收缩率、显气孔率、体积密度)、常温耐压强度、抗热震性能和显微结构的影响。结果表明：相对于Y₂O₃和AMC材料,复合材料的性能均有所提高;提高烧结温度,其性能更佳;且随着AMC含量的提高,复合材料的线收缩率、体积收缩率、体积密度和常温耐压强度随之增大,显气孔率降低;当AMC的质量含量为75%时,1 500℃烧结3 h制得复合材料的综合性能最优,其显气孔率为4.37%,常温耐压强度为274.99 MPa,3次水冷热震后残余强度为16...     

多组元BaO–SrO–CaO–MgO–Al2O3–2SiO2环境障涂层的制备与抗CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2腐蚀性能

采用固相法制备不同摩尔 Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg 配比的 Ba O–Sr O–Ca O–Mg O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ （BSCMAS）陶瓷材料,研究多组元陶瓷的制备工艺、显微结构及其抗 CMAS 腐蚀性能。结果表明：通过调控 MgO 的含量,在 1 400 ℃条件下制备了Ba_0.3Sr_0.3Ca_0.35Mg_0.05Al₂Si₂O₈ (B_0.3S_0.3C_0.35M_0.05AS)单相多组元陶瓷材料。在 1 250、1 300 ℃和 1 350 ℃对 B_0.3S_0.3C_0.35M_0.05AS 进行 CMAS 腐蚀实验,相比于 Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Al     

Effect of different nucleation catalysts on the crystallization of Li2O–ZnO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 glasses

Based on local raw materials, a range of LiZnMg aluminosilicate glasses were prepared to investigate the influence of TiO₂, Cr₂O_3, and ZrO₂ on the crystallization behaviour and thermal expansion characteristics. Differential thermal analysis showed that the crystallization propensity increases in the order TiO₂ > Cr₂O₃ > ZrO₂. Virgilite, β-spodumene ss, gahnite, enstatite and cristobalite were formed in the prepared glass-ceramics. The microstructure of glass-ceramic samples showed growths of rounded and subrounded grains in the base sample, whereas, somewhat rod-like and accumulated growths appeared in samples containing ZrO₂. However, a rather homogeneous texture of accumulated growths was developed in glass-ceramics containing TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃. The coefficient of thermal expansion of parent glasses was sensitive to the type of nucleating agent added (Cr₂O₃ > TiO₂ > ZrO₂) varying from 24.8 × 10⁻⁷ to 65.1 × 10⁻⁷ °C⁻¹ being almost unchanged with the heat-treatment. The microhardness values of glass-ceramic samples were in the 763–779 kg/mm² range.     

Fe2O3/Ni2O3/Al2O3催化剂制备及其催化氧化靛蓝废水研究

以三氧化二铝为载体,采用浸渍沉淀法制备系列Fe2O3/Ni2O3/Al2O3催化剂。采用TG-DTA,XRD及ESEM等技术对催化剂进行表征,确定催化剂的最佳焙烧温度为460℃。以次氯酸钠为氧化剂,同时考察m(三氧化二镍)/m(三氧化二铝)、m(三氧化二铁)/m(三氧化二镍)、m(次氯酸钠)∶m(靛蓝废水)、pH对印染靛蓝废水处理的影响。结果表明:m(三氧化二镍)/m(三氧化二铝)=0.3,m(三氧化二铁)/m(三氧化二镍)=0.04,m(次氯酸钠)∶m(靛蓝废水)=1∶11,pH=7,反应温度为20℃,常压反应时间为2 h时,COD的去除率为95.3%。     

Catalytic removal of NO in waste incineration processes over Rh/Al2O3 and Rh–Na/Al2O3: Effects of particulates,heavy metals,SO2 and HCl

Two novel catalysts Rh/Al₂O₃ and Rh–Na/Al₂O₃ were prepared for NO removal and tested their practical performances in a laboratory-scale waste incineration system. The effects of particulates, heavy metals, and acid gases on the catalysts were evaluated and investigated through several characterization techniques, such as SEM, EA, XRPD, ESCA, and FTIR. The results indicated that the NO conversions were increased with the accumulation of particulates on the surface of catalysts, which was attributed to the increase in carbon content. However, the increase in heavy metals Cd and Pb contents on the surface of catalysts decreased the activity of catalyst for NO removal but did not change the chemical state of Rh and Na. The Rh/Al₂O₃ catalysts were poisoned when the acid gases SO₂ and HCl were present in the flue gas, because Rh and Al reacted with S and Cl to form inactive products. Adding Na to Rh/Al₂O₃ catalysts produced a promoting effect for SO₂ removal due to the formation of Na₂SO₄. The influence levels of different pollutants on the performances of Rh/Al₂O₃ and Rh–Na/Al₂O₃ catalysts for NO removal followed the sequence of HCl > heavy metals > SO₂ > particles.