水量水质联合配置方案评价指标体系研究

在阐述水量水质联合配置方案评价内涵基础上,给出了水量水质联合配置方案评价操作流程。利用层次分析法构建以经济社会、生态环境、水资源系统为评价准则,以流域缺水率、新增投资额、水功能区个数达标率、生态用水比例、人均水资源量、水资源开发利用程度和万元GDP耗水量为具体指标的方案评价体系。以分区协调性指标和方案公平性指标为核心,在合理确定指标权重的基础上,选取浑太河流域进行评价体系的可行性验证,结果表明,构建的水量水质联合配置方案评价指标体系切实可行。     

Catchment Phosphorous Losses: An Export Coefficient Modelling Approach with Scenario Analysis for Water Management

This paper presents the development of an export coefficient model to characterise the rates and sources of P export from land to water in four reservoir systems located in a semi-arid rural region in southern of Portugal. The model was developed to enable effective management of these important water resource systems under the EU Water Framework Directive. This is the first time such an approach has been fully adapted for the semi-arid systems typical of Mediterranean Europe. The sources of P loading delivered to each reservoir from its catchment were determined and scenario analysis was undertaken to predict the likely impact of catchment management strategies on the scale of rate of P loading delivered to each water body from its catchment. The results indicate the importance of farming and sewage treatment works/collective septic tanks discharges as the main contributors to the total diffuse and point source P loading delivered to the reservoirs, respectively. A reduction in the total P loading for all study areas would require control of farming practices and more efficient removal of P from human wastes prior to discharge to surface waters. The scenario analysis indicates a strategy based solely on reducing the agricultural P surplus may result in only a slow improvement in water quality, which would be unlikely to support the generation of good ecological status in reservoirs. The model application indicates that a reduction of P-inputs to the reservoirs should first focus on reducing P loading from sewage effluent discharges through the introduction of tertiary treatment (P-stripping) in all major residential areas. The fully calibrated export coefficient modelling approach transferred well to semi-arid regions, with the only significant limitation being the availability of suitable input data to drive the model. Further studies using this approach in semi-arid catchments are now needed to increase the knowledge of nutrient export behaviours in semi-arid regions.     

Water Variability and the Economic Impacts on Small-Scale Farmers. A Farm Risk-Based Integrated Modelling Approach

Strengthening the planning of hydrological resources to optimize the use of water in agriculture is a key adaptation measure of the Chilean agricultural sector to cope with future climate change. To address this challenge, decision-makers call for tools capable of representing farmers’ behaviours under the likely stresses generated by future climate conditions. In this context, of special concern are the effects of water variability on small-scale farmers, who commonly operate with narrow profit margins and who lack access to financial resources and technological knowledge. This paper sheds light on the economic impacts of changes in water availability on small-scale agriculture. We provide a hydro-economic modelling framework that captures the socio-economic effects of water shocks on smallholders in the Vergara River Basin, Chile. This approach links a farm risk-based economic optimization model to a hydrologic simulation model adjusted for the basin. Our results indicate that at the aggregated level, there will be minor economic impacts of climate change on the basin’s small-scale agriculture, with small decreases in both expected utility and wealth. However, large differences in the economic impacts of wealthy and poor small-scale farmers are found. Changes in water availability, reduce the options of land reallocation to increase farmer’s expected utility, being the poor small-scale farmers the most negatively affected.     

Inter-Basin Water Transfer Public Agreements: A Decision Approach to Quantity and Price

Water transfers from regions with high rainfall and large reservoirs toregions with scarcity are currently viewed as necessary projects to assure supply and increase efficiency. In countries where most surface water is controlled by public agencies, the transfer requires a politically feasible agreement between them. Among the multiple subjects of the agreement, the present study only deals with the commercial problem of deciding the water transferable quantity and price in an equitable rational way, the decision to be agreed by the public agencies being recommended by independent experts. Aimed at the work of such experts, the paper proposes a decision stochastic approach to determine quantity and price by simulating the recipient's demand curve and the donor's supply curve for transferable water. This approach can be easily implemented using numerical tables containing geographical and economic data on the basins, which appear generally published in government surveys. A case study on the Tajo-Segura aqueduct in Spain and the recipient area of Lorca is developed.     

引滦入津输水水质水量联合管理信息系统开发

在对引滦入津沿线历年水情、工情数据整理分析的基础上,采用DHI MIKE11模型系统,建立引滦入津输水沿线河道水动力、水质扩散模型,同时开展水质水量联合管理研究,在此基础上建立引滦入津输水水质水量管理信息系统,实现对水质水量数据的信息化管理。     

Water Quality Sensor Placement: A Multi-Objective and Multi-Criteria Approach

To satisfy their main goal, namely providing quality water to consumers, water distribution networks (WDNs) need to be suitably monitored. Only well designed and reliable monitoring data enables WDN managers to make sound decisions on their systems. In this belief, water utilities worldwide have invested in monitoring and data acquisition systems. However, good monitoring needs optimal sensor placement and presents a multi-objective problem where cost and quality are conflicting objectives (among others). In this paper, we address the solution to this multi-objective problem by integrating quality simulations using EPANET-MSX, with two optimization techniques. First, multi-objective optimization is used to build a Pareto front of non-dominated solutions relating contamination detection time and detection probability with cost. To assist decision makers with the selection of an optimal solution that provides the best trade-off for their utility, a multi-criteria decision-making technique is then used with a twofold objective: 1) to cluster Pareto solutions according to network sensitivity and entropy as evaluation parameters; and 2) to rank the solutions within each cluster to provide deeper insight into the problem when considering the utility perspectives.The clustering process, which considers features related to water utility needs and available information, helps decision makers select reliable and useful solutions from the Pareto front. Thus, while several works on sensor placement stop at multi-objective optimization, this work goes a step further and provides a reduced and simplified Pareto front where optimal solutions are highlighted. The proposed methodology uses the NSGA-II algorithm to solve the optimization problem, and clustering is performed through ELECTRE TRI. The developed methodology is applied to a very well-known benchmarking WDN, for which the usefulness of the approach is shown. The final results, which correspond to four optimal solution clusters, are useful for decision makers during the planning and development of projects on networks of quality sensors. The obtained clusters exhibit distinctive features, opening ways for a final project to prioritize the most convenient solution, with the assurance of implementing a Pareto-optimal solution.

     

Establishing Reference Conditions for Lake Water Quality: A Novel Extrapolation Approach

The serious lake eutrophication has drawn increasingly attention, requiring further and deeper knowledge to understand its restriction factors of pre-disturbance conditions or historical reference conditions. In the meanwhile, Lake Nutrient Reference Conditions (LNRCs) are important indicators of eutrophication but hardly determined in the presence of eutrophication. In this research, a novel extrapolation approach was raised to determine LNRCs and its impacts on eutrophication, with the integral model of Optimal Map Recognition (OMR) and Pattern Recognition Inverse Mapping (PRIM). Validated with public data and experimental simulation, the approach was suggested as a reliable extrapolation for LNRCs determination. Further case study on Dianshan Lake and Chenghai Lake applied the novel extrapolation model in real eutrophication estimation and prediction, the results of which were in good agreement with those deduced by other techniques.     

A Daily Water Balance Modelling Approach for Simulating Performance of Tank-Based Irrigation Systems

Tanks are small reservoirs, which are widely distributed in South India and Sri Lanka, where they represent an important water resource for people, crops, livestock and fish. Considerable efforts have been made to rehabilitate tank irrigation systems in recent decades, but there have been few studies carried out to improve understanding of their hydrology. This paper presents a daily water balance approach, which aims to simulate the dynamic behaviour of tank storage. The model was validated over four seasons for two representative tanks within Mahaweli System H, a major irrigation system in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Use of the model to evaluate current performance and scope for improvement is demonstrated.     

基于ACS的水质水量联合调度

为了满足各行业对水资源数量及质量的需求,使水资源调度更加科学、有效,开展基于改进布谷鸟算法(ACS)的水质水量联合调度研究。根据水库实际供需水关系建立水资源优化调度模型,在考虑经济目标与社会需求的同时,加入水质因子来体现环境目标;引入边界变异策略和自适应步长调整策略,提出ACS,并将其应用于水质水量联合调度模型的求解中。以乌鲁木齐乌拉泊水库为例,验证了该联合调度模型的可行性。     

水资源水质水量联合调度研究进展

在我国水资源严重短缺和水资源压力不断加重的背景下,水资源的水质水量联合调度成为了解决我国水资源问题的重要途径,并凸显出相较于单方面水量配置或是水质配置的优越性。总结了国内外在水资源水质水量联合调度方面的研究成果,分析了我国水资源水质水量联合调度现状,针对水质水量联合调度模型进行了研究,提出了水质水量联合调度中存在的水质水量相互影响考虑不足、缺少统一有效的模型、空间分配模型欠缺等问题,并针对存在问题提出了时间与空间分配问题综合研究以及数学模型多元化发展等解决的途径和方法。     

中小型水库水量水质监控系统设计与实践

本文从中小型水库水资源监控能力薄弱现状出发,通过需求梳理和分析,对中小型水库水量水质监控系统进行了总体设计、数据库设计、水量水质在线监测站点及入河排污口图像监控站设计、水量水质监控软件平台功能设计,并应用于中型水库水量水质监控和水资源管理实际工作中。通过系统建设,提升了水资源监测能力和水平,为水资源管理提供了信息化手段,具有一定的推广价值。     

坪上应急引水工程水资源量与水质分析

坪上应急引水工程的建成,加大优质地表水利用量,彻底解决忻州市忻府区、定襄县和原平市三地的生产、生活用水困难问题和生活用水水质问题,以此保护并恢复这些区域的地下水资源。文中对坪上泉水源地径流量,泉水出流量、水质进行分析计算,指出径流量稳定、水质优良(达到芋类水质标准)、出流量较大、开采便利,具备了兴建引水工程的水源条件。     

水利信息化工程建设质量管理的途径和重点

分析现阶段水利信息化质量管理存在的主要问题,针对这些问题,论述准确界定信息化的功能与发展方向,充分认识质量管理的意义和特殊性,在规划和设计阶段为质量奠定基础,建立健全标准和质量管理制度,进一步落实质量管理责任,加强信息化工程验收管理等提升信息化工程质量管理能力的途径,提出保证施工图设计文件、设备采购、安装调试、软件功能开发等的质量,以及保证质量检验与评定严格规范、保修期和初期运行阶段的质量管理是保证信息化工程施工质量的重点。     

Evaluating Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Potable Water Quality and Quantity

The present research is about water supply shortages and low drinking water quality in the Municipality of Rethymno during peak water demand periods. More specifically, the aim of this work is to elicit Rethymno residents’ willingness to pay (WTP), by applying the CVM methodology, as the percent over their water bill, for the completion of future projects that the Municipal Enterprise for Water Supply and Sewerage (MEWSS) of Rethymno intends to implement to avoid shortages and improve tap water quality. The current contingent valuation study is performed based on data collected through personal interviews where respondents are asked about their WTP for a given improvement in the water supply. The results point out that female respondents, households with high income, with children, and households which do not use tap water for drinking, are on average willing to pay more. The mean WTP for these future projects was estimated to be 10.64 € (17.67% of the average bill). The mean WTP amount can be useful to decision makers undertaking an environmental cost benefit analysis, where full cost should be recovered. Interviewing people in the context of a valuation scenario, informs them for improvements that will be undertaken from the new projects under consideration and at the same time involves them as users in the decision making process.     

沿河水源地吸夺河水量的推求方法

沿河水源地吸夺河水量推求问题，一直是水学界讨论的焦点，在对海城水源地的计算中，采用水源地吸夺河水量W河比上水源地开采量W开与式X0^2／4at建立相关图的方法，很好地解决了这一问题。     

A Comparison of Modelling Systems for the Development and Revision of Water Resources Management Plans

In this paper, two modelling systems used for the simulation of water resources management are compared. These modelling systems can be used in the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive or to perform any other kind of integrated assessment with regard to water resources management. In such investigations the use of models is inevitable, as integrated water resources management demands the survey of large areas as well as the inclusion of the different functions of the water cycle and water utilisation processes. Water quantity data provides important input for hydro-chemical, hydro-ecological or hydro-economic models. If no significant water resources management activities are realised in the basin under study, these data can be provided by simple rainfall-runoff models. If significant water resources management activities are realised or planned, the effects of these water resources management activities must be taken into consideration. Then, however, the use of water resources management models becomes necessary. Two such modelling systems, WRAP and WBalMo, are compared. Both have been designed for the development and revision of water resources management plans. Due to different approaches regarding the modelling routines the models lead to different results in the calculation of water quantities. By tracking the simulation algorithms, an understanding of the detected differences becomes possible. By adapting the spatial configuration of the modelled system, equivalent results can be obtained.     

Season Algorithm-Multigene Genetic Programming: A New Approach for Rainfall-Runoff Modelling

Genetic programming (GP) is recognized as a robust machine learning method for rainfall-runoff modelling. However, it may produce lagged forecasts if autocorrelation feature of runoff series is not taken carefully into account. To enhance timing accuracy of GP-based rainfall-runoff models, the paper proposes a new rainfall-runoff model that integrates season algorithm (SA) with multigene-GP (MGGP). The proposed SA-MGGP model was trained and validated for single- and two- and three-day ahead streamflow forecasts at Haldizen Catchment, Trabzon, Turkey. Timing and prediction accuracy of the proposed model were assessed in terms of different efficiency criteria. In addition, the efficiency results were compared to those of monolithic GP, MGGP, and SA-GP forecasting models developed in the present study as the benchmarks. The outcomes indicated that SA augments timing accuracy of GP-based models in the range 250% to 500%. It is also found that MGGP may identify underlying structure of the rainfall-runoff process slightly better than monolithic GP at the study catchment.     

基于量与质的多目标水资源配置模型

根据水资源配置的目标建立了水量分析、水质分析、经济分析、生态环境分析等子模型，并在此基础上，根据大系统理论和多目标决策理论建立了基于量与质的面向经济发展和生态环境保护的多目标协调配置模型，用以解决目前水资源短缺和用水竞争性的问题，从而为流域或区域的水资源可持续开发与社会经济的协调发展提供参考。     

Integration of Hydraulic and Water Quality Modelling in Distribution Networks: EPANET-PMX

Simulation models for water distribution networks are used routinely for many purposes. Some examples are planning, design, monitoring and control. However, under conditions of low pressure, the conventional models that employ demand-driven analysis often provide misleading results. On the other hand, almost all the models that employ pressure-driven analysis do not perform dynamic and/or water quality simulations seamlessly. Typically, they exclude key elements such as pumps, control devices and tanks. EPANET-PDX is a pressure-driven extension of the EPANET 2 simulation model that preserved the capabilities of EPANET 2 including water quality modelling. However, it cannot simulate multiple chemical substances at once. The single-species approach to water quality modelling is inefficient and somewhat unrealistic. The reason is that different chemical substances may co-exist in water distribution networks. This article proposes a fully integrated network analysis model (EPANET-PMX) (pressure-dependent multi-species extension) that addresses these weaknesses. The model performs both steady state and dynamic simulations. It is applicable to any network with various combinations of chemical reactions and reaction kinetics. Examples that demonstrate its effectiveness are included.