Heavy Metal Pollution Along the Yangtze River Stretches of Urban Area in Major Cities

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The Management of Urban Water Conflicts in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo

Abstract

In Latin America, after the democratization process in the 1980s, public pressure imposed new models of management in the water sector. These new models have been extremely successful in making the political class more aware of the water problem, as illustrated by the Brazilian example. Public pressure forced congressmen to propose a new Federal Constitution in 1988 in which environmental and water issues are explicitly considered. This paper discusses the technical, legal, and institutional aspects of integrated water management in the Upper Tiet[etilde] basin in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, with 16.5 million inhabitants and the largest industrial complex in Latin America. Emphasis is placed on the conflicting interests of upstream and downstream groups in the basin. A successful experiment of integrated water resources planning on a watershed basis is described, where modern decision support systems technology is combined with effective public participation.     

洪水分析软件IFMS/Urban特点及应用

<正>当前,国内的洪水分析软件研发存在实用性、通用性较差等问题。为弥补行业短板,中国水利水电科学研究院依托全国重点地区洪水风险图编制项目,联合南京水利科学研究院、河海大学、山东大学及大连理工大学等单位的专家学者,并与北京航天宏图信息技术股份有限公司和南京慧水软件科技有限公司合作,联合研发了自主知识产权的国产洪水分析软件     

Total Urban Water Cycle Models in Semiarid Environments��Quantitative Scenario Analysis at the Area of San Luis Potosi, Mexico

Systems view thinking and holistic urban water cycle concepts are increasingly called upon for integrated analysis of urban water systems to mitigate water stress in large urban agglomerations. However, integrated analysis is frequently not applied due to the inherent complexity, limitations in data availability and especially the lack of guidelines and suitable software tools. The paper presents the application of the total urban water balance model UVQ to the City of San Luis Potosi (1.2 Mio inhabitants) under the arid conditions of Northern Mexico. UVQ is a lumped parameter model which describes water and contaminant flows from source to sink in urban areas and includes all water types such as rainwater, imported water, surface runoff, wastewater and groundwater. The results were especially useful for spatially explicit groundwater recharge calculation in urban areas. A range of urban water scenarios, including different supply strategies and the effect of externalities such as demand change, were simulated and compared to a calibrated baseline scenario. The analysis demonstrated that shallow urban groundwater resources can substantially mitigate problems of water scarcity and overexploitation of deep aquifers if appropriate water quality protection or fit-for-use paradigms are put into place. The modelling exercise delivers relevant information for the decision making process and identifies the most relevant shortcomings in current monitoring systems. This represents a key step on the path to water sensitive and sustainable urban development, including the urban aquifers which have been neglected in the management policy of most cities of the Mexican arid zone.     

基于Mike Urban模型的排涝模数复核计算分析

洪涝灾害是人类社会发展的重大威胁。在社会经济快速发展的城市地区,暴雨径流难以自排,往往需要修建排涝泵站辅助排涝。排涝模数是确定排涝流量的主要因素,因此,合理确定排涝模数对于降低涝灾损失有重要意义。以江西省景德镇市新厂排涝泵站为例,先用逐时水量平衡法计算该泵站的排涝流量,再应用城市管网模型Mike Urban对其进行复核,两种方法计算所得到的排涝模数非常接近,可以相互佐证,工程最终采用了Mike Urban模型计算结果。采用的计算方法可为城市地区排涝泵站排涝模数的计算提供参考。     

Reusing Urban Wastewater—An Alternative and a Reliable Water Resource

ABSTRACT

Fundamental concepts of reusing urban wastewater as an alternative and a reliable source of water supply are discussed, along with the categories for water reuse, planning methodologies, wastewater reclamation technologies, and economics. The rational basis for integration of urban reclaimed water into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is evaluated. Special attention is paid to tertiary or advanced wastewater treatment systems that are capable of producing essentially pathogen-free effluent for a variety of uses such as irrigation of urban landscape, flushing of toilets served by dual plumbing systems in large commercial buildings, and groundwater recharge for eventual potable reuse. The motivating factors for wastewater reclamation and reuse are summarized and the costs of water reclamation projects are discussed with several examples. The integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is emphasized.     

IFMS Urban软件在城市洪水风险图编制中的应用

依托全国重点地区洪水风险图编制项目,开展了通用洪水分析软件研发,形成了两个软件产品,即IFMS(Integrated Flood Modeling System)和IFMS Urban(Integrated Urban Flood Modeling System)。IFMS Urban开发了高分辨率二维地表洪水分析计算引擎、快速非结构网格生成模块,集成国内外广泛使用的SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)管网模型,并基于自主研发的GIS平台,完成了模型的前后处理功能研发,实现城市管网与二维模型耦合。介绍了IFMS Urban在成都市、呼和浩特市和太原市等城市典型应用示例,表明其完全具备处理复杂的城市洪水问题的能力。     

Effects of Urban Sprawl on Riparian Vegetation: Is Compact or Dispersed Urbanization Better for Biodiversity?

Compact urbanization is the main strategy for sustainable urban development. However, it is yet unclear whether compact urban forms are ecologically more favourable than dispersed ones. In this paper, we studied the effects of urban sprawl on the riparian vegetation condition in one of the most degraded watersheds in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, Argentina. We conducted random sampling of the riparian vegetation at sites along streams in the basin and assessed urban indicators at the reach and sub‐watershed scales for each of those sites in a geographic information system: urban area, impervious surface, population density and two landscape metrics of dispersion. The indicators assessed explained a high proportion of the variability of the vegetation response variables, thereby confirming the importance of urban sprawl pressure in shaping riparian communities in fluvial ecosystems. Dispersed urbanization had more positive than negative effects on the vegetation in the study area. Riverbanks associated with dispersed urbanization had more plant species, including exotics, when urban sprawl was assessed at the local scale. At the sub‐watershed scale, dispersed urbanized areas were richer in native plants and most of the functional groups, and poorer in exotic species. The model of the compact city, including bio‐corridors along watercourses, has been proposed for the Buenos Aires conurbation process for the next decades. Our results showed that the quality of existing river corridors across the compact matrix was not desirable and best practices for redesigning a more sustainable landscape structure are necessary, including the restoration of habitats for wetland species. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling Interactions Between Lot-Scale Decentralised Water Infrastructure and Urban Form – a Case Study on Infiltration Systems

Modelling the design and implementation of urban water infrastructure (particularly decentralised systems) for strategic planning and policymaking requires detailed information of the spatial environment and quantitative knowledge of social preferences. Currently available models, however, mostly use land use, population and impervious cover data without much regard for detailed urban form or society. This study develops an algorithm for determining urban form from minimal spatial data input by incorporating local planning regulations. The interaction between urban form and implementation of lot-scale infiltration systems under different social, biophysical and climate constraints is then investigated, firstly by looking at how this varies in different residential land uses and subsequently in a case study of a typical Melbourne residential subdivision of mixed land uses. Feasibility of infiltration and its downstream impact (runoff volume, frequency and pollution) were assessed for a range of social preferences (quantified as allowable garden space) and climate scenarios (30 % increase/decrease in rainfall and evapotranspiration). Performance indicators were determined through long-term simulation with the MUSIC software. Results show how different biophysical, planning, social and climate conditions affect infiltration feasibility as well as system performance. High infiltrating soils, for example, allow smaller, well-performing and socially less-imposing systems. Low infiltrating soils lead to larger system sizes, occupy much of the allotment’s garden space, but nevertheless provide the benefit of runoff frequency reduction. Overall, climate impact was not significant except for areas with poorly infiltrating soils. Joint consideration of social, planning, climate and water management aspects potentially allows more efficient policymaking, as an array of system configurations can be tested against different multi-faceted scenarios. Such models can help facilitate better participatory planning and policymaking.     

Progress in Pakistan

The government of Pakistan has announced a new hydro power policy which aims to meet the future electricity demands of the country at reasonable rated. The Ministry of Water Power Resources has organised a committee to prepare its recommendations for the new policy.The committee will also identify new projects.     

Small Hydropower in Nigeria

Nigeria is the most populaous black nation in the world. It has an area of 913,072 square kilometres. The country population is about 120 million. There are three major languages, Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo, although there is still more than 380 dialects in local languages. There are large number of household on the African continent that are unelectrified.In Nigeria about 70 million people remain literally in the dark without access to electricity. The majority of these numbers are in the rural areas. This workshop is apt in a number of ways. It is a joint effort between government, private sector, the academic and other practitioners in small hydro power station, it is also a promotion of business and industrial activities as well as development of renewable energy resources. I wish to commend the organizers of this workshop. The focus of the workshop is relevant to the agenda of the Federal Ministry of Power and Steel and aspirations of the Federal Government of Nigeria to provide regular and steady electricity to majority of Nigerians before the end of year 2001.     

Drying Urban lakes: A consequence of climate change,urbanization or other anthropogenic causes? An insight from northern India

Urban lakes in many places around the world are rapidly becoming vulnerable because of such factors as urbanization, climate change, anthropogenic pollutant inputs, etc. The influence of such forcing factors on lakes hydrology must be correctly recognized and addressed in order to protect them over the long term. Facing similar challenges, Sukhna Lake, an urban lake in northern India, has apparently dried up frequently in the recent past. Numerous hypotheses were subsequently proposed to isolate the possible factors affecting the lake and its water budget, including the potential impacts of land use changes, climate change, anthropogenic activities and other natural processes. Using meteorological data, lake‐catchment information and a hydrologic model, these hypotheses were comprehensively analysed. Relevant data on rainfall, wind, temperature, lake inflows, groundwater, lake physical characteristics, catchment land uses, soil texture, etc., were gathered for the analysis. A temporal trend analysis of factors relevant to these hypotheses was undertaken to identify critical drivers of hydrological changes. A sensitivity analysis also was performed, using the lake water budget, to determine and prioritize the predominant factors affecting the lake, leading to the creation of an annual lake water budget for the period from 1971 to 2013, highlighting the lake inflows and outflows. The lake annual inflow (catchment run‐off) was computed by adopting a rainfall–run‐off model based on the SCS‐curve number. Lacking any anthropogenic water withdrawals, the outflow was quantified by estimating the evaporation loss (using the FAO‐based Penman–Monteith Equation). The results of the present study  indicate that the process of siltation and the construction of check dams in the catchment, rather than urbanization and climate change, were the dominating reasons contributing to changes in the lake hydrology, and affecting the lake most in recent years.     

Lost in transition? The introduction of water users associations in Uzbekistan

A “policy as process” perspective is adopted to analyze the early period of water users associations (WUAs) in Uzbekistan (2000–2006). The article is based on extensive fieldwork (in 2005–2006) and analysis of policy and other relevant documents. It is shown that WUAs have a role and logic beyond water management and are used by the state as instruments with which to monitor and regulate “state-ordered” agricultural production. Through a state-centric policy process with room for local experimentation, the WUA was fit into the socio-political landscape of continued state control and the increased role of individualized risks and benefits.     

Environmentally Adapted Hydropower in Sweden

Introduction The alteration of watercourses has been extensive in Sweden as well as in other industrialised countries. Since the end of the last century the water table of about 2500 lakes have been lowered in order to reclaim farmland. More than 600 of these have been completely drained. This particular activity came to a halt at the end of the 1950s whereas the ditching of wetlands and dredging and channelisation of watercourses for the benefit of forestry are still ongoing activities. The regulation of rivers for the purpose of meeting differential needs of hydroelectric power commenced in the beginning of this century, At that time, the floating of timber constituted the economically most important profit from exploitation of northern Swedish rivers.     

Small Hydropower Development in Ghana

Introduction The Power Sector in Ghana is vested in the Ministry of Energy which sets out the policy and guidelines for power generation, transmission and distribution for the sector.     

Small hydro Power in Burundi

BURUNDI has very good cooperation with CHINA especially in technique and Economy.From 1972, CHINA has promised to construct thefirst national SHP plant on the MUGERE river near Bujumbura (8 MW). In 1982, this SHP began to output electricity.Actually CHINA has accepted to finance the MPANDA SHP project (10.4MW).CHINA has also accepted to build a technical university at Bujumbura to increase technical engineer staff. There is manv other works: health, textile industry, roads construction. This good and effective cooperation has been especially confirmed through the two last regular complete revisions of the MUGERE SHP even if some times the security on the field was disturbed. The last one has been supported by the CHINA Government (more than 400,000 US $). Also, two Chinese staffs assisted by three Burundian operators are going on with preventive and curative maintenance of the equipments of this SHP plant. Burundi geographic in formations and economic situation informations are shown in table 1 and table 2.     

Water Consumption in the Kitchen – A Case Study in Four European Countries

As there is a limited availability of information on the domestic water consumption through kitchen taps, data collected in a study on dishwashing habits in four European countries has been analysed to gather common habits in the water end-use of households. This paper provides empirical data based on water consumption measurements in 81 households. With the help of a simultaneous webcam observation of the kitchen sink, it was possible to assign the metered consumption data to a specific water use, such as cleaning, drinking or cooking. Water end-use has been analysed with this approach at a very deep level. The study shows that there are, in some measure, large country-specific differences in diurnal water use, as well as in the composition of kitchen activities. Furthermore, the research findings indicate that small households use much more water per person and day than bigger households. This is rather important as demographic shifts are causing a decreased average household size - particularly in urban areas - and, therewith, a growing demand. Water-saving measures at the household and individual level should meet this trend. This paper, therefore, also provides information on to what extent particular kitchen tasks are influential for water consumption in the kitchen, respectively, which activities are important to concentrate on for consumer advice regarding water conservation.     

Hydropeaking in small hydropower in Norway—Compliance with license conditions?

Hydropeaking involves rapid changes in water flow, causing negative effects on aquatic organisms. To reduce these effects, hydropower licenses contain restrictions on hydropeaking. The owners of a hydropower plant are obliged to follow the requirements in the license. This study was conducted to understand the effect of environmental policies in small hydro licenses. We studied the occurrence of hydropeaking by analysing 256 high‐head, small Norwegian hydropower plants in relation to a set of characteristics that define each plant. We selected plants that were online during 2005–2014 and chose 2015 as a year for hourly production patterns. We counted the number of starts, that is, the moment when the hydro facility starts to produce energy, as an indicator of hydropeaking. Among the analysed plants, 75.8% had restrictions to practice hydropeaking. Production typically showed daily, weekly, and annual cycles though shapes varied depending on turbine type and location. The number of starts was independent on having or not having a license to practice hydropeaking. The average duration of periods with production and the average production in these periods were higher for plants without restrictions. The number of starts varied widely among plants. The number of starts was lower for installed Pelton turbines than for Francis and Kaplan turbines, which was in agreement with the characteristics of the turbines. Overall, these results show that hydropeaking restrictions given in the licenses are rarely followed. The high number of starts may be explained by failure in the grid system, improper maintenance, and financial interests. Their relative importance should be subject to further investigation.