Thermomechanical processing of 42CrMoS4 steel

Abstract

Billets of 42CrMoS4 steel were subjected to a programme including forging and rolling to different reduction ratios, followed by quenching and tempering to simulate online thermomechanical treatment (TMT) during rolling. The mechanical properties obtained were compared with those obtained by conventional heat treatment (CHT) (quenching from 860°C and tempering). It was found that increasing the hot reduction ratio from 18 to 60%, accompanied by a decrease in the finish rolling temperature from 900 to 750°C, enhances strength only at the expense of elongation, while rapid quenching instead of air cooling from the same finish rolling temperature yields improvements in both strength and ductility. It was also found that CHT provides higher hardness, whereas TMT provides higher impact toughness. TMT will confer major economic savings since the heat treatment is achieved online.     

Improvement of the High-Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment of Rolled Bars from Titanium Alloy VT3-1

Variation of mechanical properties and structure of bars from alloy VT3-1 obtained with the use of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTTMT) due to their heating and straightening in a stretcher and due to preliminary hot deformation of preforms in a helical rolling mill is described. It is shown that straightening at 550 – 700°C with an elongation of about 2% causes a certain decrease in the ultimate rupture strength and a substantial increase in the ductility and impact toughness. Preliminary rolling in a helical rolling mill affects the properties of the bars after final heat treatment in a similar manner. The suggested process is shown to raise the quality of the bars and is realizable in the production of rolled bars from alloy VT3-1 with the use of HTTMT.     

ON THE STICKING OF THIN STEEL SHEETS DURING PACK ROLLING

本文叙述关于热叠轧薄板粘结的研究结果。比较全面和深入的研究说明,薄板粘结与许多因素有关,因此必须较全面地控制轨料、工具和加热情况以及轧制条件,才能较有效地减少粘结。 实验结果指出,温度为影响粘结的主要因素之一,粘结随温度升高而增加。粘结随压下率的增加亦有增加。轧制速度适当地提高可以减少粘结。辊面光洁度对粘结亦有一定的影响,经常保持辊面的光洁度可以减少粘结。薄板轨后的冷却速度和方式,对粘结也有很大影响,故板堆不宜过高,且应使之加速冷却。 氧化铁皮亦为影响粘结的主要因素之一,毫无氧化铁皮的表面可以在轧制过程中结为牢固的整体。加热和轧制均能改变薄板内磷的分布’而使薄板表面层的磷含量增加,因此少量的磷对减少粘结可以起显著的作用。 粘结区的显微结构表现有五种不同的特征,足以说明造成粘结的多种原因。     

Effect of austenite-decomposition temperature on bainite morphology and properties of low-carbon steel after thermomechanical treatment

Peculiarities of the bainite structure formed in low-carbon steel 07G2NDMBT during isothermal austenite decomposition, namely, the sizes of crystallites, their mutual orientation, and the presence of cementite precipitates, are considered. The temperature range of the formation of bainite with the subgrain structure was determined. The size of the austenite grain and degree of hot deformation were found to affect the transformation of bainite that occurs upon subsequent cooling and the submicrocrystalline bainite structure. We studied the structure and mechanical properties of a rolled sheet 16 mm thick, which was subjected to thermomechanical treatment (TMT) under plant conditions in accordance with optimum regimes. It was shown that the high structure dispersion of the steel subjected to TMT is due to not only the formation of bainite with the subgrain structure, but also the partial transfer of crystal-structure defects from hot-rolled austenite to the final bainite structure.     

轧制工艺对AZ31B镁合金薄板组织与性能的影响

研究了轧制温度和轧制速度对AZ31B镁合金薄板微观组织演变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,轧辊加热有利于镁合金薄板成型;AZ31B镁合金在低温或低速轧制时薄板纵向组织为大量的切变带,切变带区域包含大量孪晶组织,横向组织为含极少量孪晶的等轴晶组织;在轧制温度为400℃和轧制速度为16m/min轧制时,由于动态再结晶,横纵截面组织均为等轴晶。AZ31镁合金薄板的最佳轧制制度为轧辊温度为70℃、轧制温度为400℃、轧制速度为6m/min,此工艺轧制的薄板横向抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为350MPa、300MPa和12%,纵向为345MPa、290MPa和11.2%,纵向与横向性能差别明显减小。     

温轧细化亚晶7475铝合金板材的力学性能

研究了温轧下过渡元素对7475铝合金板材晶粒细化的影响。经350℃温轧、480℃固溶热处理后,用Zr代替Cr的7475铝合金具有稳定亚晶超细组织;平均亚晶直径接近3μm。结果表明,溶液中的Zr能稳定亚晶是因为温轧中析出了细小的Al3Zr粒子;另一方面,含Cr粒子化合物在温轧之前析出,并且在温轧过程中会变粗大。与传统冷轧7475铝合金板材相比,温轧细化亚晶板材具有独特的性能。固溶处理后的温轧板材,在厚度截面的亚晶组织具有高比例小于150的小角度晶界;温轧T6态合金板材的强度高于传统7475铝合金板材强度10％。温轧铝合金板材最显著的特点是,在与轧制方向呈45°时高Lankford（r）值为3．5,而其平均Lankford（r）值为2．2。高Lankford（r）值有利于组织演变为β-fiber织构,特别是强{011}（211）黄铜部分。同时,温轧板材也具有高的抗应力腐蚀开裂性能（SCC）。根据Kikuchi线和透射电镜分析,温轧T6板材形成的小角度晶界导致无沉淀析出带（PFZs）难以形成,这是导致抗应力腐蚀开裂性能提高的重要因素,其原因是晶界和晶内的电化学性能存在差异。     

Effect of thermomechanical treatment on microstructure and hardness behavior of AZ63 magnesium alloy

Due to their high specifc strength and low density, magnesium alloys are widely used in many weight-saving applications. This research is aimed at investigating the microstructure and hardness of commercial AZ63 alloy specimens subjected to two diferent thermomechanical treatments (TMTs). For the first TMT, after solution treated at the temperature of 380 ℃ for 20 h, AZ63 alloy specimens were 5% cold worked by rolling process followed by ageing at the temperatures of 150 ℃ and 250 ℃ for 3, 9 and 25 h. In the second TMT, the specimens were solution treated at the temperature of 380 ℃ for 20 h, underwent 2% cold worked and quenched in water of 0 ℃. Half of the specimens were then 2% cold worked whilst the rest were rolled to 8% cold worked. All the specimens were then aged at the temperatures of 150 ℃ and 250 ℃ for 3, 9 and 25 h. Optical microscope was used to analyze the microstructures of the specimens. Hardness test was too conducted to measure the effect of the treatments on the specimens. Results show that two-step aging enhances the hardness of the specimens due to the distribution of the Beta-phase (Mg₁₇Al₁₂) in the alloy matrix. The results also reveal that, the best hardness from the first TMT was produced by specimen that was pre-aged at 150 ℃ whereas, in the second TMT, aging at 250 ℃　exhibited the best hardness values.     

Obtaining high-strength weldable steels with bainite structure using thermomechanical treatment

In this paper, we present the results of investigations which form the basis for development of high-strength weldable bainite steels obtained using in-line thermomechanical treatment in the rolling mill and not requiring heat treatment with special heating. The thennomechanical treatment involves controlled rolling followed by regulated cooling. In order to achieve high strength properties than in steels with ferrite—pearlite structure, the alloying and cooling conditions for rolling in the thermomechanical treatment cycle must ensure that lowtemperature austenite transformation products be obtained with a fine original austenite grain.I. P. Bardin Central Scientific-Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 10, pp. 28–33, October, 1994.     

Texture and mechanical properties of Al-0.5Mg-1.0Si-0.5Cu alloy sheets manufactured via a cross rolling method

The relationship between the texture and mechanical properties of 6xxx aluminum alloy sheets processed via cross rolling was investigated. The microstructures of the conventional rolled and cross rolled sheets after annealing were analyzed using optical micrographs (OM). The texture distribution across the thickness in the Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy, conventional rolled sheets, and cross rolled sheets both before and after annealing was investigated via X-ray texture measurements. The texture was analyzed in three layers from the surface to the center of the sheet. The β-fiber texture of the conventional rolled sheet was typical of the texture obtained using aluminumoll ring. After annealing, the typical β-fiber orientations were changed to recrystallization textures: cube{001}〈100〉 and normal direction (ND)-rotated cubes. However, the texture of the cross rolled sheet was composed of an asymmetrical, rolling direction (RD)-rotated cubes. After annealing, the asymmetrical orientations in the cross rolled sheet were changed to a randomized texture. The average R-value of the annealed cross rolled sheets was higher than that of the conventional rolled sheets. The limit dome height (LDH) test results demonstrated that cross rolling is effective in improving the formability of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy sheets.     

1580mm热连轧机精轧支承辊新材料研制

研制出一种热连轧机精轧支承辊用新材料,通过试验测定了该材料的CCT曲线、淬火和回火加热温度,并测试了该钢种的各项性能。结果表明,通过强化淬火热处理冷却工艺方法,获得(马氏体+下贝氏体)基体+(M7C3+MC)型碳化物的金相组织,提高了支承辊耐磨性和抗接触疲劳强度,达到支承辊轧制周期延长一倍的目标。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a basal textured AZ31 magnesium alloy cryorolled at liquid-nitrogen temperature

A strongly basal textured AZ31 magnesium alloy were cryorolled at liquid-nitrogen temperature at various strains. The microstructure and texture of the rolled sheets have been investigated using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction. The microstructural and textural evolutions of the AZ31 magnesium alloy during cryorolling have been discussed. A lot of twins were observed in the rolled sheets. The influence of strain on the twin types and variant selection during cryorolling for the magnesium alloy has been discussed quantitatively based on the orientation data collected using EBSD. The influence of the twins on the microstructural and textural evolutions for the AZ31 magnesium alloy during cryorolling has also been discussed. The mechanical properties of the cryorolled sheets were tested by uniaxial tensile tests at the ambient temperature with a strain rate 10^-3s^-1 in the tensile direction respectively along the rolling and transverse directions of the rolled sheets. The relationships between the mechanical properties and microstructure of the cryorolled sheets have been discussed in the present work. The active twinning during rolling at that cryogenic temperature has been found to play an important role in influencing the microstructure, texture, as well as the mechanical properties of the AZ31 magnesium alloy.     

Thermomechanically treated type 18-10 steels: Structure, properties, and corrosion resistance

The strength characteristics of stainless steels can be enhanced by a form of alloying (in particular, with nitrogen) that hardens the solid solution, by dispersion hardening, and by the formation of an austenitic-ferritic or martensitic structure. All of such methods, except solid-solution hardening, entail the formation of a heterogeneous structure and will sometimes reduce the corrosion resistance of the steel. On the other hand, austenitic stainless steel can be strengthened without polymorphic transformations by thermomechanical treatment (TMT). As applied to stainless steels, this involves controlled rolling with precisely specified temperature range, strain rate, amount of strain, and cooling rate at the end of deformation. This study was concerned with the influence of various TMT schedules on the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, structure, and weldability of 08Kh18N10T and 03Kh18N11 steels produced in the laboratory and commercially. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 10, pp. 13–19, October, 1997.     

Hardenability of austenite in a dual-phase steel

A low-carbon, low-alloy steel was intercritically heat treated and thermomechanically processed to study the martensitic hardenability of austenite present. Rolling of the two-phase (α+γ) microstructure elongated austenite particles and reduced their martensitic hardenability because the α/γ interface where new ferrite forms during cooling was increased by the particle elongation. The martensite particles obtained in rolled material were also elongated or fibered in the rolling direction. Therefore, the thermomechanical processing of a two-phase (α+γ) mixture has the detrimental effect of increasing the quenching power needed to yield a specific amount of martensite.     

轧制温度对AZ31镁合金轧制板材中的{1011}-{1012}双孪生行为的影响

在150-350℃温区内不同温度下轧制AZ31镁合金板,观察了不同温度下轧制变形量为9%的AZ31镁合金板材的显微组织,研究分析了轧制温度对轧制板材中{1011}-{1012}双孪晶的含量、类型以及高温轧制过程中双孪晶中的动态再结晶行为的影响,讨论了板材中的孪晶对其力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:在150-300℃温区内轧制时,板材组织中均有含量不等的{1011}-{1012}双孪晶,随着轧制温度的升高,孪晶含量下降.250℃以上轧制的板材中单片一次孪晶中出现的双孪晶类型较为单一,仅出现共面型双孪晶.在250℃以上轧制板材中的双孪晶晶界处中可以观察到明显的动态再结晶现象,这些动态再结晶晶粒对孪晶界和孪晶起到消除和吞噬的作用.350℃下轧制的AZ31镁合金板材中未观察到{1011}-{1012}双孪晶.随着轧制温度的升高,镁合金轧制板材的强度减弱而塑性增强.     

Hot rolling behaviour of stir-cast Al 6061 and Al 6082 alloys - SiC fine particulates reinforced composites

Rolling of wrought aluminium matrix composites with hard phase-reinforcements such as SiC, is interesting to produce sheets for engineering constructions due to their light weight combined with good strength and wear resistance. In this work, the hot rolling behaviour is studied for stir-cast composites with matrix of Al 6061 and Al 6082 alloys and fine SiCp particulates with size of 15 μm and 8 μm and volume fraction up to 30%. For composite casting, optimum casting procedures and materials pre-treatment has been applied for successful insertion of particles into the melt, better particles/matrix wetting and particles distribution, minimized SiC/Al reaction. From thermomechanical simulation, step rolling is defined to be suitable at a strain rate of 1 s⁻¹ rate for each step, using intermediate heat treatment at 450 °C for a period of 10 s to 1 h. Generally, the quality of rolled product was improved with improving casting quality. Successive hot rolling resulted in decreasing void and the agglomeration clusters and hence enhanced mechanical properties are achieved. The flow behaviour under rolling of Al-particulate metal matrix composites, PMMCs, is analysed and the product is characterised for its mechanical properties.     

Effect of thermomechanical processing in the intercritical region on hardenability of austenite of a dual-phase steel

Steels slabs containing different percentages of C, Mn, and Cr were intercritically heat treated and rolled at 780 and 790 °C; they were then quenched to produce dual-phase microstructure in order to study the martensitic hardenability of austenite present in them. It was found that rolling of the two-phase (α+γ) microstructure elongated austenite particles and also reduced the martensitic hardenability of austenite particles, probably because the rolling increased the α/γ interfacial area, thus promoting the formation of ferrite during cooling. The martensite particles obtained in the rolled material were also elongated or “fibered” in the rolling direction. It was observed that the thermomechanical processing of a two-phase (α+γ) mixture has the detrimental effect of increasing the quenching power needed to yield a specific amount of martensite.     

冷轧薄板再结晶温度研究

在冷轧薄板的生产过程中,金属晶粒将沿着变形方向被拉长。这种变化将导致力学性能等的变化。再结晶退火是冷轧薄板生产过程中的一个重要过程。因此研究冷轧薄板再结晶温度以及压下率对再结晶温度的影响,对冷轧薄板生产具有重要的实际意义,能够为冷轧薄板生产时退火工艺制度的制定提供理论依据。     

Microstructure and properties of thermomechanically strengthened reinforcement bars: a comparative assessment of plain-carbon and low-alloy steel grades

An extensive investigation has been carried out to study structure-property characteristics and corrosion behavior in three varieties of thermomechanically treated (TMT) reinforcement bars (rebars) produced in an integrated steel plant under the Steel Authority of India Limited. Three experimental steel heats–one of plain-carbon and two of low-alloy chemistry-were chosen for the study. Of the two lowalloy heats, one was copper-bearing and the other contained both copper and chromium for improved corrosion resistance. Hot-rolled bars for each specific chemistry were subjected to in-line thermomechanical treatment, where quenching parameters were altered to achieve different yield strength levels. All the TMT rebars, regardless of chemistry and strength level, exhibited a composite microstructure consisting of ferrite-pearlite at the core and tempered martensite at the rim. Although a tendency toward formation of Widmanstätten ferrite was evident in bars of 500 and 550 MPa yield strength levels, no adverse effect on their strength and ductility was observed. From the standpoint of mechanical properties, the rebars not only conformed to minimum yield strength requirements, but also exhibited high elongation values (21 to 28%) and excellent bendability. Corrosion studies of both TMT and cold-twisted and deformed (CTD) rebars subjected to different laboratory tests indicated that corrosion resistance increased in this order: CTD, plain-carbon TMT, copper-bearing TMT, and copper/chromium-bearing TMT.     

亚温淬火低碳钢的组织特性及冷轧后的再结晶

用扫描电子显微镜对14MnNb钢不同工艺亚温淬火试样的组织进行了比较研究,并用残留硬度法对亚温淬火组织80%变形量冷轧后再结晶动力学进行了研究.结果表明,直接加热到亚温区淬火试样中铁素体为块状;淬火后重新加热到亚温区淬火试样中铁素体为细小均匀分布条状;完全奥氏体化后炉冷到亚温区淬火试样中铁索体为不规则的多边形.950℃×20min淬火和950℃×20min炉冷到830℃×20min淬火试样80%变形量冷轧后再结晶激活能分别为163.9和187.9 kJ·mol~(-1).     

Warm deep drawing of wrought magnesium alloy sheets produced by semi-solid roll strip-casting process

This paper is concerned with the development of a continuous strip-casting technology to facilitate the manufacture of magnesium sheet alloys economically whilst maintaining high quality. Established in the paper is warm formability of cast magnesium alloy sheets after being hot rolled by semi-solid roll strip-casting process. It has been found that magnesium sheet with 2.0–4.0 mm thickness could be produced at a speed of 25 m/min. Hot rolling and annealing temperatures during hot rolling were also changed to examine which condition would be appropriate for producing wrought magnesium alloys with good formability. Microstructures of the crystals of the manufactured wrought magnesium alloys were observed. It has been found that a limiting drawing ratio of 2.7 was possible in a warm deep-drawing test of the cast magnesium alloy sheets after being hot rolled.