Functionalized activated carbon for the adsorptive removal of perchlorate from water solutions

Two types of activated carbon, namely, Filtrasorb 400 and Nuchar SA, were functionalized by quaternary ammonium salts (quats), as to enhance perchlorate adsorption. Results showed that the adsorption of quats on Nuchar SA increased with increase in chain length (hydrophobicity) of quats. Filtrasorb 400, however, had limited uptake of long-chain quats such as dodecyltrimethylammonium and hexadecyltrimethylammoium (HDTMA). Results indicated that perchlorate removal by the functionalized activated carbon was directly related to the chain length of the modifying quats. Perchlorate removal by functionalized activated carbon increased with increase in chain length of the modifying quats and became less pH-dependent. Modified Nuchar SA had higher overall perchlorate removal capacity than the modified Filtrasorb F400, but was more strongly affected by pH than Filtrasorb 400. Activated carbon treated with HDTMA exhibited the best perchlorate removal capacity among all quats studied. Results indicated that tailoring the activated carbon surface with HDTMA rendered the activated carbon surface positively charged, which resulted in substantial increase in perchlorate removal compared to unfunctionalized activated carbons.     

Preparation of microporous activated carbon and its modification for arsenic removal from water

Arsenic removal from water was investigated using activated carbon. The chemical activated carbon (CAC) prepared using H₃PO₄ from jute stick largely featured micropore structure with surface functional groups, while meso- and macropore structures were mainly developed in physical activated carbon (PAC). The CAC and PAC reduced arsenic concentration to 45 and 55 μg L⁻¹, respectively, from 100 μg L⁻¹ while iron-loaded CAC reduced to 3 μg L⁻¹, which is lower than the upper permissible limit (10 μg L⁻¹). The micropore structure of CAC along with complexation affinity of iron species towards arsenic species attributed to enhanced separation of arsenic.     

污泥活性炭的制备及其在环境治理方面的应用

主要介绍了污泥活性炭的制备及在污染治理中的应用。着重讨论了油泥、市政污泥等不同污泥来源、微波热解、水热炭化等不同热解工艺、活化剂种类与添加剂对污泥活性炭性能的影响。简述了污泥活性炭在污染治理中的应用,分析了其在不同废水、废气的处理及土壤改良中的应用。同时,对污泥活性炭的制备及应用作出展望,即应解决化学活化带来的高成本和二次污染问题;在应用方面,应多开展不同污染物同时吸附的研究。     

Preparation and adsorptive properties of cellulose-based activated carbon tows from cellulose filaments

A series of cellulose-based activated carbon tows were prepared in a vertical tube furnace in the presence of reactive mixed gases after pretreatment with complex inorganic flame-retarding reagents under different burn temperatures and delivery speeds. The cross and vertical sectional surface states of activated carbon tows were observed with a SEM instrument. The surface characteristic, BET surface area, pore volume and pore radius of activated carbon tows were measured with N₂ at 77 K with a Quantachrome Autosorb-6 Sorption System. The adsorptive properties of gases and organic solvents on activated carbon tows (ACT) and granular activated carbon (GAC) were also determined.     

超声波强化活性炭颗粒吸附PFOA和PFOS

研究了20 kHz超声波强化活性炭颗粒吸附不同种类水溶液中全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）的动力学。结果表明：平衡吸附被证实符合BET多层等温吸附,最大单层吸附容量为qmPFOS>qmPFOA;在PFOS和PFOA初始浓度为50 mg/L时超声波辐照下活性炭颗粒吸附符合表观拟二级动力学关系,平衡吸附容量和起始吸附速率分别为qePFOS>qePFOA和 hPFOS> hPFOA;在去离子水（MQ）中的PFOS和PFOA 最大单层吸附平衡容量qm和平衡吸附容量qe及起始吸附速率h和吸附动力学常数K均大于预处理或未预处理后的垃圾渗滤地表水（Pre-GW和GW）中对PFOS和PFOA的平衡吸附量和吸附动力学常数;20 kHz超声波强化活性炭颗粒吸附PFOS和PFOA效果明显,其吸附动力学常数增强因子为7.7和4.4。     

法国梧桐枯叶基活性炭的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用

以生物质法国梧桐枯叶为原料,将炭化的枯叶通过KOH化学活化处理,制备法国梧桐枯叶基活性炭（PLAC）。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线能量色散谱（EDS）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、氮气吸脱附对法国梧桐基枯叶活性炭的形貌、成分、比表面积、孔径分布等进行表征;运用三电极电化学体系,通过循环伏安,恒流充放电,循环稳定性测试,电化学阻抗谱分析法国梧桐枯叶基活性炭的超级电容器电极性能。结果显示,在800℃下碳化,通过KOH活化处理的法国梧桐基活性炭制备的电极,在1 A·g^-1电流密度下,比电容达到266 F·g^-1。电极在5 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环2000次后,比容量仍保留 97.0%,展示出良好的电极性能。     

活性炭在水处理中的应用方法研究与进展

对活性炭(AC)的基本结构与性质及其在水处理中的用途进行了简要介绍，重点综述了水处理中活性炭的几种最新应用方法(包括活性炭改性以及活性炭与膜、微生物、氧化剂、微波、电、TiO2等材料或技术联用)，并列出了各种方法处理的结果，表明活性炭经过一定的物化处理或与不同的材料联合应用，可以大大提高活性炭的处理效率。而且，联合应用一般比各种材料单独使用处理效果好。同时还阐述了活性炭在水处理中的研究方向，对活性炭的后续研究有参考价值。     

活性炭纤维的结构调控及其在水处理中的应用

介绍了活性炭纤维的孔结构、表面化学性质及吸附性能,在此基础上阐述了化学气相炭沉积、电极氧化、溶液浸渍、等离子体改性等8种活性炭纤维的结构调控方法,并展望了活性炭纤维在水体净化、有机废水处理和含重金属废水处理中的应用前景.     

活性炭去除水体中微囊藻毒素的研究进展

对国内外活性炭去除水体中微囊藻毒素的研究进展进行了综述。详细阐述了活性炭对微囊藻毒素的吸附去除机理及水体中天然有机物、pH、氯等外界因素对活性炭吸附性能的影响,认为物理扩散、静电引力和降解作用是活性炭吸附去除藻毒素的主要机理。通过改性和生物再生能够有效提高活性炭对微囊藻毒素的去除率并延长其运行周期。     

Anthracene removal from water onto activated carbon derived from vehicular tyre

The present study focuses on adsorptive removal of anthracene by application of activated carbon developed from waste vehicular tyres (VTAC). Different experimental parameters were varied to examine their influence on anthracene adsorption. The results reveal that concentration of anthracene in aqueous phase reduces continuously with enhancement in shaking time. After a period of 75 min, the adsorption of anthracene on VTAC was observed to be in equilibrium. The adsorption of anthracene was >99% in presence of 14–20 mg and an adsorbent dose of 8 mg was used to analyse the effect of other parameters in the present study. As pH of solution is lowered, rise in adsorption capacity of VTAC was observed. The obtained data were applied to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for studied PAH adsorption. The second order kinetics was suggested to be better fitted with R² values >0.95. Intra-particle diffusion and Boyd-Reichenberg model were applied for investigating the mechanism of adsorption.     

柚皮活性炭对氨氮吸附性能研究

采用氯化锌活化法制备柚皮活性炭,探讨其对废水中氨氮的吸附性能。结果表明,在pH为2～12,温度为30～50℃条件下,柚皮活性炭对氨氮均能取得较好的吸附效果;相同氨氮初始浓度条件下,随着投加量增加,单位质量柚皮活性炭对氨氮的吸附量明显减少;初始氨氮浓度越大,氨氮吸附量也越大。吸附数值遵循Henry及Freundlich等温吸附模型,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。     

活性碳纤维的新进展及在水处理中的应用

本文综述了活性碳纤维(ACF)在结构特征、吸附性能和生产原理方面与传统的活性炭存在的本质差别，介绍了ACF的再生方法和目前国内的工业化生产状况，着重阐述了ACF在有机废水、重金属废水、炼油废水和饮用水的深度处理中的应用．     

生物活性炭技术在水处理中的应用与发展

总结了国内外用生物活性炭(BAC)系统处理微污染水源水、生活污水、工业废水的工艺路线、技术参数以及取得的研究成果,并归纳出与其他废水处理系统相比,BAC系统所具有的优越性,即对水质变化的抵抗力、可处理低浓度有机废水、活性炭使用寿命的延长以及可作为细胞固定化的手段.最后简要介绍了现阶段对BAC系统研究中存在的不足、争议及今后的研究方向.     

负载铁离子活性炭除砷的研究进展

砷污染是一个严重的世界问题,在其诸多的去除方法中,负载铁离子活性炭兼顾了活性炭和混凝沉淀的优势,可高效去除砷离子.作者对负载铁离子活性炭的制备方法、影响砷去除率的主要因素和吸附模型的研究现状进行了详细评述,其中负载铁离子活性炭的孔径结构、表面性质,负载铁离子的形貌、分布、种类和质量等决定着其吸附容量;通过调节搅拌时间、...     

改性杏壳活性炭的制备及其在柴油脱硫中的应用

以杏壳活性炭为原料,分别经过10%和37%的硝酸以及盐酸改性后得到10%HNO_(3)-GAC、37%HNO_(3)-GAC、10%HCl-GAC、37%HCl-GAC;通过负载钴离子得到Co/GAC。采用SEM和FT-IR对改性活性炭的成分和结构进行分析表征,并以苯并噻吩为溶质、正己烷为溶剂配制硫质量分数为0.1%的模型油。将多种活性炭在相同的条件下对模型油进行脱硫并选取最佳脱除剂,结果表明,Co/GAC的脱硫效果最好。通过单因素分析得Co/GAC单变量情况下的最佳条件,选择Co/GAC作为脱除剂采用响应面法优化脱除柴油中的硫化物,在脱除时间、剂油比、pH值的单因素基础上,以响应面实验模型验证的方法,确定工艺优化参数。其最优条件是:脱除时间3.4 h,剂油比0.08,pH=3.5。在此条件下,脱硫率为55.4%。选取Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型两种吸附等温线对298 K条件下Co/GAC吸附模型油中硫过程中的数据进行拟合,拟合结果表明,Langmuir模型可以更好的描述Co/GAC吸附模型油脱硫过程。     

Immobilized titanium dioxide/powdered activated carbon system for the photocatalytic adsorptive removal of phenol

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) were fabricated via a layer by layer arrangement on a glass plate using a dip-coating technique for the photocatalytic-adsorptive removal of phenol. Thinner TiO₂ layer coated on PAC sub-layer has larger surface area and better phenol removal than the thicker TiO₂ layer. The system obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model, which exhibited a homogeneous and monolayer adsorption with a maximum capacity of 27.8 mg g^-1. The intra-particle diffusion was the rate-limiting step as the linear plot crossed the origin, while the adsorption was unfavorable at elevated temperature. Under light irradiation, the TiO₂/PAC system removed phenol two-times more effectively than the TiO₂ monolayer due to the synergistic effect of photocatalysis by TiO₂ top layer and adsorption by PAC sub-layer. The COD removal of phenol was rapid for 10mg L^-1 of concentration and under solar light irradiation. It was shown that the PAC sub-layer plays a significant role in the total removal of phenol by providing the adsorption sites and slowing down the recombination rate of charge carriers to improve the TiO₂ photocatalytic oxidation performance.     

制备高吸附性无烟煤活性炭的试验研究

采用正交试验研究晋城无烟煤制备高吸附性活性炭的试验条件,得出最优的水平组合为炭化温度600℃,炭化时间1.5 h,活化时间4 h,添加剂采用质量分数为8%的硝酸钠,在此最佳水平组合下,通过酸洗脱灰,可制得吸附性较高的活性炭产品。     

Application of TiO2-mounted activated carbon to the removal of phenol from water

TiO₂-mounted activated carbon was prepared through hydrolytic precipitation of TiO₂ from teraisopropyl orthotitanate and following heat treatment at 650–900 °C for 1 h under a flow of nitrogen. The removal of phenol from its aqueous solution under UV irradiation was measured on TiO₂-mounted activated carbons thus prepared. Although BET surface area of TiO₂-mounted activated carbons decreased drastically in comparison with the original activated carbon, the efficiency of phenol removal under UV irradiation was high. The sample heated at 900 °C, which consisted mainly of rutile phase, showed the highest total removal of phenol. Efficiency of phenol degradation is reduced because of phenol adsorption on the catalyst.     

生物活性炭技术在水处理中的研究应用进展

生物活性炭技术是一种有效的水处理方法.作者介绍了生物活性炭技术在饮用水、生活污水及工业印染废水、含油废水、制药废水、微污染水、含酚废水、垃圾渗滤液等领域的研究和应用情况,分析了生物活性炭技术在水处理中的应用前景和发展方向.     

Preparation of adsorptive nanoporous membrane using powder activated carbon: Isotherm and thermodynamic studies

Adsorptive polyethesulfone (PES) membranes were prepared by intercalation of powder activated carbon (PAC) with and without functionalization. Accordingly, PAC was aminated with 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane, and the physicochemical properties of the functionalized PAC were analyzed. Intercalation of PAC within the PES scaffold changed the porosity and mean pore size of the aminated membrane (AC-NH₂) from 52.6% to 92.5% and from 22.6 nm to 3.5 nm, respectively. The effect of temperature on the performance of the modified membranes was monitored by the flux and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of leachate. At ambient temperature, the COD removal of the neat, AC-containing, and AC-NH₂ membranes was 47%, 52%, and 58.5%, respectively. A similar increment was obtained for the membrane flux, which was due to the synergistic effect of the high porosity and large number of hydrophilic functional groups. The experimental leachate adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin- Radushkevich isotherm models. For all membranes, the significant thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG) were calculated and compared. The isosteric heat of adsorption was lower than 80 kJ∙mol⁻¹, indicating that the interaction between the membranes and the leachate is mainly physical, involving weak van der Waals forces.