秦皇岛海域食用贝类重金属污染情况分析

为了解秦皇岛海域食用贝类中重金属的污染水平及其存在的健康风险。采用电感耦合等离子体发射质谱法(ICP-MS)和原子荧光光谱法测定了该地区15种常见贝类肌肉和内脏中As(无机砷和总砷)、Pb(铅)、Cr(铬)、Cd(镉)、Hg(甲基汞)的含量,并采用污染指数法、系统聚类法评价了各重金属的污染特征和分类。结果表明:海虹(贻贝,Mytilus edulis)、栉孔贝(Chlamys farreri)、生蚝(Ostrea gigas thunberg)和毛蚶子(Scapharca subcrenata)等的重金属综合污染(MPI)较高。根据NY 5073-2006 无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准进行重金属评价。秦皇岛海域食用贝类六种重金属含量最高为Cd,均值为1.129 mg/kg,超出NY 5073-2006 无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准,污染较严重,总As和无机As均值分别为0.161、0.021 mg/kg。Cr和Hg均值分别为0.107和0.013 mg/kg,均未受污染,Pb均值为0.188 mg/kg,污染较轻。但部分贝类Cd污染比较严重。其中内脏污染比肌肉部分严重,尤其是大小海螺(Busycon canaliculatu)。因此,需进一步研究秦皇岛海域可食用贝类中Pb和Cd的污染来源并进行有效防治。     

稀酸浸提水产品中重金属铜、铅和镉

以常见的易受重金属污染的水产品 （近江牡蛎、翡翠贻贝和基围虾）为对象,研究稀盐酸、稀硫酸和稀硝酸浸提其重金属铜、铅和镉的效果。研究表明,盐酸、硫酸和硝酸的最佳浸提浓度均为2 mol/L,浸提时间分别为10、10、15 min,浸提温度分别为20～90、10～90、10～90 ℃。与微波消解法相比,3 种稀酸浸提水产品中重金属铜、铅和镉的效果为稀硝酸＞稀硫酸＞稀盐酸。稀盐酸、稀硫酸和稀硝酸浸提的加标回收率分别为69%～97%、97%～116%、98%～111%。综合3 种稀酸浸提所需的时长、温度及回收率等因素,稀硫酸和稀硝酸浸提法的操作可行性较高。利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪和酶联免疫法分别检测稀酸浸提液的镉,并对两种检测方法的结果进行线性回归,显示两种检测方法的结果具有显著的线性相关（P＜0.01）,表明稀酸浸提法可高效快速提取样品中的重金属,满足酶联免疫法检测水产品中重金属的样品前处理要求。     

烟台市海域水产品中重金属和砷污染状况调查

目的了解烟台市黄、渤海海域常见海产品中重金属含量状况。方法利用原子荧光法及原子吸收分光光度法测定海产品中Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Sb的含量,采用方差分析、单因子污染指数法、金属污染指数法对测定结果进行分析与评价,并将测定结果与其他地区进行比较。结果海产品样品均检出重金属,各类海产品之间重金属含量差异显著;笔管蛸、桃花蛸、扇贝丁、爬虾、螃蟹5种海产品Cd超标,蛏子As超标,其余未超标;螃蟹、爬虾、桃花蛸、笔管蛸及蛏子对重金属富集能力较强。结论烟台市海域海产品中Hg、Cd、Pb、Sb几种金属及砷的含量有差异,其中Cd、As、Pb污染状况较为严重,提示应高度重视近海海域环境污染问题。     

Human exposure to lead,cadmium and mercury through fish and seafood product consumption in Italy: a pilot evaluation

The presence of selected toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), was investigated in fish and seafood products, namely, blue mussel, carpet shell clam, European squid, veined squid, deep-water rose shrimp, red mullet, European seabass, gilthead seabream, Atlantic cod, European hake, Atlantic bluefin tuna and swordfish so as to assess their human exposure through diet. Metals were detected by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS) and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (Hg-AAS). Measurements of Cd, Pb and Hg were performed by means of analytical methods validated in compliance with UNI CEI EN ISO/IEC 17025 [2005. General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. Milano (Italy): UNI Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione]. The exposure assessment was undertaken matching the levels of Cd, Pb and total Hg with consumption data related to fish and seafood products selected for this purpose. In order to establish human health implications, the estimated weekly intakes (EWIs) for Cd, Pb and Hg were compared with the standard tolerable weekly intakes (TWI) for Cd and provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWIs) for Pb and Hg stipulated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The found metal concentrations were largely below the maximum levels (MLs) established at the European Union level with the exception of Cd. This metal exceeded the MLs in squid, red mullet, European hake and Atlantic cod. Squid and blue mussel showed the highest Pb concentrations which accounted for 60% and 10% of the MLs, respectively. Highest Hg levels were found in predatory fish. The concentrations of Hg in swordfish, Atlantic bluefin tuna and red mullet accounted for 50%, 30% and 30% of the MLs, respectively. The EWIs for Cd, Pb and Hg related to the consumption of fish and seafood products by the median of the Italian total population accounted for 20%, 1.5% and 10% of the standard TWI for Cd as well as PTWIs for Pb and Hg, respectively. Furthermore, the EWIs estimated using consumption data concerning Italian consumers did not exceed the standard TWI and PTWIs, except for Cd at 95th percentile.     

楚雄州常见食用菌重金属污染及安全评价

目的调查楚雄州常见食用菌重金属含量水平,评估食用菌中重金属污染程度及健康相关风险。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法对汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)的含量进行测定。单因子污染指数法进行污染评价。结果 86份食用菌样品中重金属检出率为100.00%,重金属总体超标率为44.19%,Hg超标率高于Cd、As、Pb(P0.01);同一种重金属在不同品种以及不同地区采集的食用菌样品中含量存在显著差异。食用菌样品质量评价为三级;干食用菌和新鲜野生牛肝菌的食品安全指数(international food standard,IFS)大于1。结论食用菌中的Hg、Cd、Pb、As等4种重金属污染现状不容乐观,野生牛肝菌重金属污染程度和食品安全风险等级均较高,对人体有一定的健康危害,应高度关注并进行风险管理。     

蔬菜水果重金属膳食暴露评估中风险权重的确定方法

以天津塘沽地区居民日常食用的蔬菜和水果为研究对象,使用微波消解对样品进行消化,用电感耦合等离 子体质谱对样品中Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb 5 种重金属含量进行检测,结果表明蔬菜和水果部分样品存在重金属含量 超标情况,其中蔬菜Pb和水果Pb超标率均高于10%。为精确评估各种重金属对于膳食风险的贡献率,引入层次分析 法确定各元素的风险权重。应用暴露评估法和目标风险系数（target hazard quotient,THQ）将风险量化,结合THQ 值和各元素超标情况使用层次分析法计算各重金属元素风险权重。结果表明,平均暴露水平下5 种元素的风险权重 为Cr 0.141 1、As 0.157 0、Cd 0.341 1、Hg 0.040 4、Pb 0.320 4,风险等级Cd、Pb＞As、Cr＞Hg,确定了不同重金 属基于摄入量和超标情况的膳食风险贡献率,为食品中多元危害物风险评价提供了一种方法。     

4 种太湖水产品体内重金属富集特征及食用安全性评价

为研究太湖水产品重金属污染现状和食用安全性,采用原子吸收分光光度法对人工饲养和野生放养的4?种太湖水产品的头部、肌肉和内脏中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn?4?种重金属的含量进行测定。结果表明：同种重金属在4?种水产品体内不同部位中的分布不同,除野生鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）外,4?种重金属在头部和内脏含量较高,在肌肉中含量较低;不同水产品同一部位重金属含量由高到低大致趋势为Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd。此外,人工饲养和野生放养太湖水产品肌肉组织重金属污染程度不同,野生放养水产品的肌肉组织污染程度较高;同种重金属在不同种类水产品肌肉组织中含量存在差异,其中人工饲养和野生放养条件下刀额新对虾（Metapenaeus ensis）对Cu的富集能力最强,野生放养条件下鲫鱼对Zn的富集能力最强。太湖水产品肌肉组织重金属污染大多属于未污染到微污染级别,个别属于严重污染级别,主要污染因子为Pb和Zn。     

Occurrence of patulin and its dietary intake through pear,peach, and apricot juices in Italy

Pb, Cd and Hg in muscles of flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus), collected from Bocca di Magra, La Spezia (Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy), were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion for Pb and Cd and direct mercury analyser for Hg. Average Pb concentrations varied in the range 0.20–0.24 mg/kg, whereas Cd and Hg levels were negligible. None of the tested 200 samples exceeded the European regulatory limits as set by EC 1881/2006 and 420/2011. Metal concentrations in fish muscles were assessed for human consumption according to provisional tolerable weekly intake. The estimated values of Pb, Cd and Hg in M. cephalus’s edible parts in this study were below the values established by the Joint WHO/FAO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no health problem in human consumption.     

Residues of lead,cadmium, mercury and tin in canned meat products from Egypt: an emphasis on permissible limits and sources of contamination

In an attempt to determine the residual levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and tin (Sn) in canned meat products marketed in Egypt, a total number of 160 random samples (40 each) of canned chicken luncheon (CCL), canned beef luncheon (CBL), canned frankfurter (CF) and canned corned beef (CCB) were randomly collected from different supermarkets in Egypt to be analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From the obtained results, it was found that the mean values of residual levels of Pb in examined CCL, CBL, CF and CCB samples were 0.330, 0.224, 0.206 and 0.334 mg/kg, respectively, while those of Cd were 0.057, 0.053, 0.039 and 0.042 mg/kg, those of Hg were 0.387, 0.450, 0.402 and 0.332 mg/kg, and finally those of Sn were 2.061, 2.308, 0.755 and 1.997 mg/kg. The obtained results were compared with the permissible limits of heavy metals recommended by international and national authorities. In addition, the public health significance as well as the sources of contamination of canned meat products by heavy metals were addressed.     

中国居民水产品中四种常见重金属暴露评估

目的评估中国居民水产品中铅、镉、汞、砷四种重金属的暴露水平和健康风险。方法利用2013—2017年水产品中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量监测数据和相应食物消费量数据,采用简单分布评估方法,计算中国居民水产品中四种重金属的摄入情况,依据相应健康指导值或基准剂量评估其潜在危险。结果各性别-年龄组人群镉、甲基汞的暴露量均低于其相应健康指导值,但除66岁以上女性组镉平均暴露量外,平均暴露量均在相应健康指导值的5%以上,高端暴露量(P95)超过健康指导值的20%。各人群铅、无机砷的暴露限值(MOE)均高于1。2～6岁性别-年龄组除无机砷外,另三种重金属平均暴露量和P95在各性别-年龄组中均最高。水产品中四种重金属贡献率最高的为海蟹和鱼类。结论中国居民通过水产品的铅、镉、汞、砷暴露量总体上低于相应的健康指导值或基准剂量,但达到通过制定限量标准进行管理的水平。鱼类和海蟹是对四种重金属暴露贡献率最高的水产品,高消费人群的重金属暴露需要加以关注,建议进一步开展重金属的累积暴露评估研究,明确水产品中重金属的累积暴露风险。     

北京市部分市售儿童小食品重金属污染分析

为了解北京市中小学周边食品店中出售的儿童小食品中重金属污染情况,采用原子吸收光谱法,测定了31种儿童小食品中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr的含量。结果显示,儿童小食品中对人体有害的铅、镉检出率分别为95%和60%～75%,除镉、铬的合格率分别为75%～87.5%和75%～100%,其他元素合格率均为100%。其中镉污染较重,大于1/2标准值及超标的样品比例占45%～75%,儿童小食品在一定程度上受到了重金属的污染,除镉元素外,大部分元素含量在国家标准值内,以低于1/2国家标准值为多。这些小食品受镉、铅、铬污染虽不严重,但普遍存在。镉污染较铅、铬污染相对严重,应给予一定重视。     

Total dietary intake of mercury in the Canary Islands, Spain

Estimating the risk associated with dietary intake of heavy metals by consumers is a vital and integral part of regulatory processes. The assessment of exposure to mercury shown in this paper has been performed by means of a study on the whole diet. Total mercury (Hg) levels were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in 420 samples of regularly consumed food and drink. The total Hg concentrations measured in the different groups of food ranged from non-detectable to 119 microg kg(-1) w/w. The fish group had the highest concentrations of total Hg. All groups of food with regulated Hg content showed levels that were lower than the legally set values. The food consumption data used in the analysis were taken from the latest nutritional survey made in the Canary Islands, Spain. The estimated total Hg intake of local population (5.7 microg/person day(-1)) did not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) limit of 0.3 mg week(-1) of total mercury (43 microg/person day(-1)) fixed by the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives. Fishery products contributed 96% of the total Hg intake. The mean Hg intake for each island in this archipelago, formed by seven, has also been calculated. Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and El Hierro are the islands with the highest level of Hg intake (7.0, 7,0 and 6.1 microg/person day(-1), respectively). La Palma Island, due to its low fish consumption, had the lowest level of Hg intake (4.5 microg/person day(-1)), followed by La Gomera (5.4 microg/person day(-1)), Tenerife (5.5 microg/person day(-1)) and Gran Canaria (5.6 microg/person day(-1)). A comparison has been made of the results obtained in this study with those found for other national and international communities.     

Total dietary intake of mercury in the Canary Islands, Spain.

Estimating the risk associated with dietary intake of heavy metals by consumers is a vital and integral part of regulatory processes. The assessment of exposure to mercury shown in this paper has been performed by means of a study on the whole diet. Total mercury (Hg) levels were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in 420 samples of regularly consumed food and drink. The total Hg concentrations measured in the different groups of food ranged from non-detectable to 119 microg kg(-1) w/w. The fish group had the highest concentrations of total Hg. All groups of food with regulated Hg content showed levels that were lower than the legally set values. The food consumption data used in the analysis were taken from the latest nutritional survey made in the Canary Islands, Spain. The estimated total Hg intake of local population (5.7 microg/person day(-1)) did not exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) limit of 0.3 mg week(-1) of total mercury (43 microg/person day(-1)) fixed by the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives. Fishery products contributed 96% of the total Hg intake. The mean Hg intake for each island in this archipelago, formed by seven, has also been calculated. Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and El Hierro are the islands with the highest level of Hg intake (7.0, 7,0 and 6.1 microg/person day(-1), respectively). La Palma Island, due to its low fish consumption, had the lowest level of Hg intake (4.5 microg/person day(-1)), followed by La Gomera (5.4 microg/person day(-1)), Tenerife (5.5 microg/person day(-1)) and Gran Canaria (5.6 microg/person day(-1)). A comparison has been made of the results obtained in this study with those found for other national and international communities.     

Distribution pattern of eight heavy metals in the outer and inner tissues of ten commonly used vegetables

This study reports the distribution of eight heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, and Pb) in the outer and inner tissues of ten different vegetables from the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. The oven-dried (65°C, 48 h) vegetable samples were subjected to microwave acid digestion before heavy metals analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results showed that Co, Cd, and Pb were absent in the outer tissues of all the vegetables, whereas these elements were detected in the inner tissues of some vegetables in the ranges of 0.01–0.23 mg/kg wet weight, 0.03–0.42 mg/kg, and 0.02–3.44 mg/kg, respectively. The traces of Hg (1.83–3.59 μg/kg) were noticed in the outer tissues of all the samples; however, it was not detected in the inner tissues of vegetables. The variable distribution of heavy metals in different vegetables is influenced by several factors, including exposure route, physicochemical properties of heavy metals, species of crops, cultivation strategy, soil type, and growing conditions. In conclusion, although the representative samples of vegetables used in this study contained safe levels of Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb, higher than recommended upper limits of Cr, Cu, and Mn were observed in some vegetables. These findings suggested that regular monitoring of heavy metals in vegetables is important to safeguard consumers.     

Content of toxic and essential metals in canned mussels commonly consumed in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

Concentrations of three toxic heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) and six essential heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni) were determined in mussel conserves (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Bivalvia, Mollusca) consumed habitually by individuals in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). A total of 600 samples were analyzed, corresponding to six different commercial brands and four different processing types: pickled sauce (mixture of olive oil, vinegar, red pepper, laurel, and salt), coquille St. Jacques sauce (coquille St. Jacques broth), nature (water and salt), and bionature (water, salt, and soluble vegetal fiber). Samples were collected weekly from markets in Santa Cruz de Tenerife during a 12-month period. All values for toxic metals were lower than the permitted maximum for human consumption as proscribed in European Community Directive 2001/22/CE (1,000 microg/kg wet weight for Pb and Cd) and European Community Decision 93/351/EEC (500 microg/kg wet weight for Hg). For the six essential heavy metals, mussels are a very good source, contributing high percentages of the recommended daily allowance.     

双壳贝类养殖水体中Hg、Pb、Cd安全限量的研究

双壳贝类富集重金属会给消费者食用安全造成危害。本文以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)为研究对象,采用生物富集双箱动力学模型测定双壳贝类对3种重金属Hg、Pb、Cd的生物富集动力学参数。结果表明:贝类对重金属的生物富集和排出都较缓慢,经过30d生物富集未达到稳态平衡,Hg、Pb、Cd的生物富集系数BCF分别为1030、935和378,生物半衰期处在18～33d范围内。参考欧盟和我国菲律宾蛤仔标准中关于Hg、Pb、Cd的安全限量,通过BCF计算得到菲律宾蛤仔养殖水体中Hg、Pb、Cd的安全限量分别为0.0005、0.01和0.026mg/L。     

基于功能核酸的食品重金属污染快速检测进展

食品安全与人类健康息息相关。重金属污染已成为食品安全领域的突出问题,为保证食品安全,构建快速、廉价和可推广的食品重金属污染检测方法显得尤为重要。近年来,以功能核酸为基础的生物传感及分析技术引起了广泛关注。核酶和核酸适配体等功能核酸作为一种新型的生物识别分子,可实现对金属离子的特异性识别,在构建高灵敏、高选择性的食品重金属分析检测平台方面具有巨大的应用潜力。本文综述了功能核酸在重金属(铅、汞和镉)污染检测领域的应用进展,重点介绍了由功能核酸构建的荧光传感器和比色传感器,及功能核酸与纳米粒子复合构建的核酸纳米传感器。此外,考虑到食品重金属离子检测所涉及的区域范围广、样品数量多等问题,本文突出了功能核酸与微流控技术及便携检测设备整合的检测平台,为临场的食品重金属污染分析提供思路。     

佛山市禅城区食用鱼中重金属含量现状调查与健康风险评价

目的 测定佛山市禅城区食用鱼中重金属含量,分析平均含量特征,进行健康风险评价。方法 采用直接测汞仪测定食用鱼中Hg含量；使用微波消解法进行前处理,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定食用鱼中的As、Cd、Cr和Pb等13种重金属含量；用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用法(high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, HPLC-ICP-MS)测无机砷含量。采用营养质量指数法对不同鱼类进行营养价值评价；根据GB 2762-2017 《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》采用目标危险系数法对不同鱼类进行单一及复合重金属摄入健康风险评价。结果 禅城区常见食用鱼中有害重金属As和Hg检出率高均为99.4%；As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb平均含量分别为1.312、0.048、0.010、0.030、0.015 mg/kg；无机砷平均含量0.003 mg/kg；鱼肉中Se、K和Mg的成人营养质量指数INQ均大于1；成人因食用鱼而摄入重金属的单一健康风险指数和复合健康风险指数均小于1。结论 禅城区食用鱼肌肉中5种有害重金属As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb平均含量均低于标准限值,符合国家食品安全标准；鱼肉中Se、K和Mg等元素营养价值丰富；人群因食用鱼摄入有害重金属的健康风险不明显,安全性较好。     

栽培食用菌重金属含量的测定及健康风险评价

目的研究某省栽培食用菌中重金属污染情况,评价经食用菌膳食途径摄入重金属的人体健康风险。方法采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定4种食用菌样品中Pb、Cd、As、Hg含量,并与中国食品中污染物限量标准进行比较;采用美国环保署(USEPA)2000年提出的健康风险模型,通过计算目标危害系数(THQ、TTHQ)的方法预测食用菌中重金属产生的健康风险。结果 151份食用菌样品中,1.45%香菇中的Pb,10.14%香菇和1.82%平菇中的Cd,5.80%香菇、3.64%平菇和11.11%黑木耳中的As,1.45%香菇中的Hg含量超过国家标准限量值,金针菇中的4种重金属均不超标;从单一重金属风险来看,成人摄入所调查的4种栽培食用菌虽然尚属安全,但As应引起重视,尤其是香菇和黑木耳,儿童经膳食途径摄入所调查的4种栽培食用菌可能存在As的膳食摄入潜在风险,尤其是香菇、平菇和黑木耳。此外,香菇中的Cd也应引起重视;从多种重金属复合风险来看,成人和儿童摄入所调查的4种栽培食用菌可能存在潜在健康风险,成人和儿童的潜在复合健康风险主要由As、Cd引起。结论 As和Cd是该省4种栽培食用菌中的主要重金属污染物,成人和儿童摄入香菇、平菇和黑木耳可能存在潜在健康风险,儿童因摄食食用菌导致的重金属潜在健康风险高于成人。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食品用纸制品中6种重金属的含量

目的 了解2018年云南省部分地州市售食品用纸制品中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、锑(Sb)、铬(Cr)6种重金属污染情况。方法 采集云南省10个地州接触食品的纸袋、纸盒、纸桶、纸杯、纸碗、纸碟、纸盘、包装纸、垫纸、食品加工纸等样品共100件, 称取经粉碎样品0.1 g于微波消解罐中, 加入5 mL硝酸, 0.5 mL氢氟酸, 放置过夜, 消解赶酸后, 使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪检测。结果 检出率最高的是Cr和Pb, 分别为100%和97%, Hg检出率为92%, Sb检出率为88%, Cd检出率为72%, As检出率为23%, 且As超标1件, Pb超标3件。结论 云南省市售食品用纸制品中重金属Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Sb、Cr检出率较高, 存在安全隐患, 相关部门应高度重视并加强监管。