H∞ Control with Transients for Singular Systems

In this paper, the problem of a generalized type of H_∞ control is investigated for continuous‐time singular systems, which treats a mixed attenuation of exogenous inputs and initial conditions. First, a performance measure that is essentially the worst‐case norm of the regulated outputs over all exogenous inputs and initial conditions is introduced. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained to ensure the singular system to be admissible and the performance measure to be less than a prescribed scalar. Based on the criterion a sufficient condition for the existence of a state‐feedback controller is established in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Moreover, the relationship between the performance measure and the standard H_∞ norm of the system is provided. Two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the properties of the obtained results.     

Bounds on the size of minimal nonnegative realizations for discrete-time LTI systems

Nonnegative linear time-invariant (LTI) state-space models are characterized by the property that their state variables and outputs remain nonnegative whenever the initial state and the inputs are nonnegative. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a nonnegative state-space realization of a given discrete-time (DT) impulse response were obtained recently. In this letter, we look at minimal nonnegative realizations of DT impulse responses and develop bounds on the number of state variables that are necessary.     

Necessary conditions for positive realizability of continuous-time linear systems

This paper deals with the positive realization problem. The problem is to find, from a given transfer function, a state equation in which state variables and the output take nonnegative values whenever initial states and inputs are nonnegative. Necessary conditions are investigated and a new one is given, together with some related results.     

On the existence of a positive realization

The positive realization problem for linear systems is to find conditions, for a given transfer function with nonnegative impulse response, to have a realization such that the resulting system is a positive system. Recently, it has been shown that, under a mild assumption on the long-term behaviour of the impulse response, this problem is related to the maximum modulus poles only. In this paper necessary and sufficient conditions for positive realizability of discrete-time systems are given. They show that also nondominant poles play a role in the most general case. Positive realizability conditions for the continuous-time case are also given.     

Equivalence of internal and external stability for a class of distributed systems

It is well known that for infinite-dimensional systems, exponential stability is not necessarily determined by the location of spectrum. Similarly, transfer functions in theH ^∞ space need not possess an exponentially stable realization. This paper addresses this problem for a class of impulse responses calledpseudorational. In this class, it is shown that the difficulty is related to classical complex analysis, especially that of entire functions of exponential type. The infinite-product representation for such entire functions makes it possible to prove that stability is indeed determined by the location of spectrum or by a modifiedH ^∞ condition. Examples are given to illustrate the theory. This research was supported in part by the Inamori Fourdation.     

关于约束方差控制器的评估问题的研究

本文研究当系统的性能指标表现为系统输入及输出的方差约束时一类随机控制器的评价问题，给出了系统反馈输入及输出的辨识算法，该算法可用来评价反馈控制器能否使反馈系统满足既定的方差约束，以便在对实际系统实施控制之前及时调整控制器，从而达到设计目的。     

基于矩阵方法的有界Petri网系统的能观性分析

Petri网和有限自动机是离散事件动态系统的两类主要研究内容.而Petri网系统的能观性分析与判别是基于Petri网的实际系统设计、优化、监测及控制的重要基础.以往关于Petri网能观测性的研究缺乏定量化的充要判别条件.本文利用代数矩阵方法研究了带有输出的有界Petri网系统的能观性问题.首先,基于矩阵的半张量积,将带有输出的有界Petri网系统的动态行为以线性方程组的形式建立了数学模型.然后,针对初始标识和当前标识,介绍了两种能观性定义.最后,基于矩阵运算建立了关于有界Petri网系统能观性的几个充分必要条件,并给出严格证明.数值算例验证了理论结果.本文提出的方法实现了有界Petri网系统能观性的矩阵运算,易于计算机实现.     

Finite-time stability analysis of impulsive discrete-time switched systems with nonlinear perturbation

The problem of finite-time stability for a class of discrete-time switched systems in the presence of both non-Lipschitz perturbation and impulse effects is studied in this paper. Based on the average dwell-time approach, a criterion is proposed which ensures that the system’s state trajectory remains in a bounded region of the state space over a pre-specified finite-time interval if we impose a bound on the initial condition. It is shown that the finite-time stability degree could be greater than one, which is quite different from the existing results for asymptotic stability. Moreover, the total activation time of the Schur stable subsystems does not need to be greater than that of the unstable subsystems. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.     

An eigenstructure assignment approach for constrained linear continuous-time singular systems

This paper establishes necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions for positive invariance of convex polyhedra with respect to some linear continuous-time singular systems. They can be considered as an extension for linear singular systems of the classical positive invariance relations for regular linear systems. For a stabilizable and impulse controllable singular system with constrained inputs, a stabilizing state feedback control guaranteeing the closed-loop positive invariance of some polyhedral sets determined from the feedback matrix is studied. An analysis of the closed-loop positive invariance relations is thus presented in terms of eigenstructure and stability properties. An eigenstructure assignment technique is proposed depending on the number of stable finite poles of the singular system.     

Liapunov and lagrange stability: Inverse theorems for discontinuous systems

The main result of this paper is a converse Liapunov theorem which applies to systems of ordinary differential equations with a discontinuous righthand side. We treat both the problem of local stability of an equilibrium position and the problem of boundedness of solutions. In particular, we show that in order to achieve a necessary and sufficient condition in terms of continuous Liapunov functions, the classical definitions need to be strengthened in a convenient way. This work was motivated by the recently renewed interest in stabilization by discontinuous feedback and analysis of the state evolution with respect to bounded inputs. To achieve a more general treatment, the exposition is developed in the framework of differential inclusions theory.     

Output integral sliding mode control based on algebraic hierarchical observer

The problem of the realization of integral sliding mode controllers based only on output information is discussed. The implementation of an output integral sliding mode controller ensures insensitivity of the state trajectory with respect to the matched uncertainties from the initial time moment. In the case when the number of inputs is more than or equal to the number of outputs, the closed loop system, describing the output integral sliding mode dynamics, is shown to lose observability. For the case when the number of inputs is less than the number of outputs, a hierarchical sliding mode observer is proposed. The realization of the proposed observer requires a filtration to obtain the equivalent output injections. Assigning the first order low-pass filter parameter small enough (during this filter realization), the convergence time and the observation error can be made arbitrarily small. The results obtained are illustrated by simulations.     

Robust integral control of port-Hamiltonian systems: The case of non-passive outputs with unmatched disturbances

Regulation of passive outputs of nonlinear systems can be easily achieved with an integral control (IC). In many applications, however, the signal of interest is not a passive output and ensuring its regulation remains an open problem. Also, IC of passive systems rejects constant input disturbances, but no similar property can be ensured if the disturbance is not matched. In this paper we address the aforementioned problems and propose a procedure to design robust ICs for port-Hamiltonian models, that characterize the behavior of a large class of physical systems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the problem, in terms of some rank and controllability properties of the linearized system, are provided. For a class of fully actuated mechanical systems, a globally asymptotically stabilizing solution is given. Simulations of the classical pendulum system illustrate the good performance of the scheme.     

广义离散系统的状态反馈鲁棒H∞控制及仿真

针对一类范数有界参数不确定性的广义离散线性系统,研究了该系统的状态反馈鲁棒H∞控制问题.利用线性矩阵不等式(LMI)的方法,得到了问题可解的条件,并给出了相应的状态反馈控制律.在一定条件下,所得的状态反馈鲁棒H∞控制律使广义离散线性系统对所有容许的不确定性参数,能够保证闭环系统正则、具有因果关系并且渐进稳定,同时其传递函数矩阵能够满足给定的H∞性能指标.正常离散线性系统的相对应结果可作为论文结果的特殊形式.仿真例子验证了该方法的正确性.     

Probabilistic reachability and safety for controlled discrete time stochastic hybrid systems

In this work, probabilistic reachability over a finite horizon is investigated for a class of discrete time stochastic hybrid systems with control inputs. A suitable embedding of the reachability problem in a stochastic control framework reveals that it is amenable to two complementary interpretations, leading to dual algorithms for reachability computations. In particular, the set of initial conditions providing a certain probabilistic guarantee that the system will keep evolving within a desired ‘safe’ region of the state space is characterized in terms of a value function, and ‘maximally safe’ Markov policies are determined via dynamic programming. These results are of interest not only for safety analysis and design, but also for solving those regulation and stabilization problems that can be reinterpreted as safety problems. The temperature regulation problem presented in the paper as a case study is one such case.     

On finite volterra series which admit hamiltonian realizations

In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a stationary finite Volterra series to have a linear (in the controls) analytic realization, which at the same time has a Hamiltonian structure. The result generalizes that for linear systems, where the condition is that the impulse response should be an odd function, and is expressed as a particular symmetry condition on the Volterra kernals. The relation between this problem and that of the inverse problem in Newtonian mechanics is explored. The finiteness of the Volterra series implies a nilpotence condition on a certain Lie algebra defined by the realization. The additional requirement that the system be Hamiltonian adds further structure to the classical representation of a nilpotent Lie algebra by lower triangular matrices.Work supported in part by the Office of Naval Research, Grant No. N00014-75-C-0648 while the author was on leave in the Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. U.S.A.Work supported in part by S.E.R.C. Grant No. GR/B/9116.7.     

Linear dynamic filtering with noisy input and output

State estimation problems for linear time-invariant systems with noisy inputs and outputs are considered. An efficient recursive algorithm for the smoothing problem is presented. The equivalence between the optimal filter and an appropriately modified Kalman filter is established. The optimal estimate of the input signal is derived from the optimal state estimate. The result shows that the noisy input/output filtering problem is not fundamentally different from the classical Kalman filtering problem.     

Reachable set estimation for discrete‐time linear systems with time delays

This paper is concerned with the reachable set estimation problem for discrete‐time linear systems with multiple constant delays and bounded peak inputs. The objective is to check whether there exists a bounded set that contains all the system states under zero initial conditions. First, delay‐dependent conditions for the solvability of the addressed problem are derived by employing a novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. The obtained conditions are expressed in terms of matrix inequalities, which are linear when only one scalar variable is fixed. On the basis of these conditions, an ellipsoid containing the reachable set of the considered system is obtained. An approach for determining the smallest ellipsoid is also provided. Second, the approach and results developed in the first stage are generalized to the case of systems with polytopic parameter uncertainties, and delay‐dependent conditions are given in the form of relaxed matrix inequalities. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CLUSTERED BASED TAKAGI‐SUGENO NEURO‐FUZZY MODELING OF A MULTIVARIABLE NONLINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEM

This research frame work investigates the application of a clustered based Neuro‐fuzzy system to nonlinear dynamic system modeling from a set of input‐output training patterns. It is concentrated on the modeling via Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) modeling technique and the employment of fuzzy clustering to generate suitable initial membership functions. Hence, such created initial memberships are then employed to construct suitable T‐S sub‐models. Furthermore, the T‐S fuzzy models have been validated and checked through the use of some standard model validation techniques (like the correlation functions). Compared to other well‐known approximation techniques such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy systems provide a more transparent representation of the system under study, which is mainly due to the possible linguistic interpretation in the form of rules. Such intelligent modeling scheme is very useful once making complicated systems linguistically transparent in terms of fuzzy if‐then rules. The developed T‐S Fuzzy modeling system has been then applied to model a nonlinear antenna dynamic system with two coupled inputs and outputs. Validation results have resulted in a very close antenna sub‐models of the original nonlinear antenna system. The suggested technique is very useful for development transparent linear control systems even for highly nonlinear dynamic systems.     

Determining the characteristics of systems with multiple inputs and multiple outputs

A simple and computationally efficient method of determining the transfer function and other characteristics of systems with multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO systems) described by autoregression equations is proposed. The method is based on the use of the discrete Fourier transformation. The algorithm is highly suitable for computer implementation. The efficiency and simplicity of the method are illustrated using the example of a system with three inputs and three outputs. The proposed concept may be applied to systems described by the autoregression sliding mean.