上海区管备份系统中期冲突告警功能的设计与实现

随着上海区管中心管辖范围内的航班流量不断增加,通过飞机实时位置信息和当前速度实现的短期冲突告警（2min以内）也越来越多,管制指挥调配的难度变难,管制员的工作强度变大,容易造成人为失误引起的安全隐患。因此,为了保证更加安全的航空飞行,在上海区管自动化备份系统中,设计了中期冲突告警功能（2～8min）,结合管制意图数据、实时航迹信息以及飞行计划信息进行实时的告警计算,给管制员提供足够的航班冲突调整空间,有效提升了管制指挥效率,保障了航班的飞行间隔安全。     

基于多数据源的管制员工作负荷自动统计与分析系统

随着青岛空域飞行流量的不断增加,管制员的工作负荷不断增大.管制员工作负荷的量化及班组资源的合理分配已经成为制约扇区容量的重要因素之一.本文结合民航青岛空管站在实际运行和新增扇区工作中遇到的问题,讨论影响管制员工作负荷的复杂性因素,提出管制负荷计算模型.通过充分利用现有的航班、通话等客观数据,依据客观反映我站管制员工作负荷的计算模型,由计算机生成不同扇区的工作负荷指数,并根据电子值班日志岗位计时数据对每一位管制员的工作负荷进行量化与统计,从而为我站关于扇区容量评估、运行分析、班组资源分配、人员绩效等问题提供决策支持.文章最后对计算结果进行了分析验证,进一步讨论该模型的可行性和存在的问题,并对论文的成果进行总结和展望.     

协同决策起飞排序系统

为弥补目前国内民航空中交通运输自动化系统相对缺失的状态,实现空中交通运输参与部门协同决策航班数据,完成自动化航班起飞排序,协助管制员进行起飞调度决策,提出了协同决策起飞排序系统的总体框架.阐述了该系统的工作流程、核心模块结构设计、航班起飞约束条件和自动化起飞排序调度算法.根据用户角色职责制定用户权限,参与信息共享和航班数据协同决策.设计基于滚动时域方法的航班起飞协调调度算法,加以尾流和空中流量控制等安全约束,得到优化的待起飞航班序列,并采用时隙表方式直观的将航班序列展示给用户.最后,介绍了该系统的实际运行状况,结果表明,系统可以完成多用户协同决策、实现航班起飞管理自动化、为管制员决策提供依据.     

语音集中监控系统在中南地区的应用

中南语音集中监控系统属于三中心项目其中一项工程,旨在将中南地区所有对空席位的语音信号加以处理,并送到运行管理中心进行统计分析。进而帮助管制运行管理合理调配管制资源和管制员的工作时间,使航班流量与管制员工作达到平衡,为管制运行工作提供量化的、科学的辅助决策手段。     

融合回溯算法在离场航班排序问题中的应用

在离场航班优化排序问题的研究中,针对特定的情况,塔台管制员需要提高机场容量或者减少航班延误时间,要求管制员给出一个理想的离场航班排序方式。鉴于以上两种情况,首先根据ICAO规定的的起飞飞机间雷达间隔要求(尾流间隔和非尾流间隔),建立了飞机离场排序问题的数学模型。然后融合位置约束交换算法,并考虑航路流控的影响,设计融合回溯算法。采用以重庆江北机场为例进行仿真验证,结果显示,在不存在航路流控和存在航路流控两种情况下,都可以得到大大减少航班延误时间的排列和提高机场容量的排列,证明运用回溯算法可解决离场排序问题的高效性。     

基于仿真优化的临时航线动态规划北大核心

为实现空域的灵活使用,对目标空域内军方允许使用的临时航线的动态规划与优化方法进行研究,提出全空域与机场模型(TAAM)和改进离散粒子群优化算法(DPSO)相结合的仿真优化方法。首先,利用TAAM模型构建以最小管制员工作负荷和最低飞行成本为目标的临时航线规划模型;采用组合赋权法和规范化处理确定多目标函数的权重;重新定义DPSO算法的运算规则实现算法改进。以上海部分扇区航路航线的仿真运行数据为例,管制员工作负荷和飞行成本分别下降了13.64%和9.08%。结果表明,上述方法能够有效降低管制员工作负荷和飞行成本,为航班计划的编订提供参考。     

基于模糊控制的进场飞机排序

针对日益增长的空中交通需求所带来的严重航班延误,利用模糊控制理论设计对终端区进场飞机的调度排序算法。把管制员调度航班考虑的主要因素作为输入,制定模糊规则,建立模糊控制器,输出比较合理的飞机排定着陆顺序。     

浅谈天津机场基于区域导航的进离场分离程序

随着近年来天津经济的高速发展,天津机场的飞行流量快速增长。鉴于天津机场目前运行情况,基于区域导航,管制员可以将进离场程序更为清晰地进行划分,以期飞行效率的提高,以及切实减轻管制人员以及飞行员的工作压力。与此同时,基于区域导航进行的进离场分离程序可以使得临时绕飞、偏航飞行的指挥以及等待航线的使用更为便捷。该项目将利用现有的区域导航技术对飞行程序进行科学设计,对进离场航班进行分流,以便于解决天津管制区的飞行冲突造成的安全压力,提高飞行效率和飞行安全水平;提高空域利用率,使协调变得更为简单,减少管制指令,减轻管制员工作压力。     

基于免疫粒子群优化算法的航班着陆调度研究

为解决机场在交通高峰期的航班着陆动态调度问题,提出一种结合免疫思想的离散粒子群优化算法。将免疫系统多样性保持能力和粒子群优化算法明确方向性搜索的优势相结合,避免在待调度航班队列更新时,由于动态调用排序算法很难获得稳定排序结果而造成的额外开销。实验结果表明,该算法具备高效的全局搜索能力,能在一个雷达扫描周期内,为管制员提供一个稳定的调度方案。     

驾着梦想飞行

这是两岸直航后的一个普通航班,台湾长荣381次航班的机长正在与上海浦东国际机场的区调管制员对话。但通话双方都不是职业飞行员和管制员。他们只是CFSO连飞活动的参与者。这群执着的人怀揣飞行的梦想,通过互联网走到了一起,成为了一群模拟飞行者翱翔于天空,驾驶着各种“飞机”穿梭在世界各地。今天,《Geek》就带大家去了解这群热衷于飞行的人,以及他们的故事。     

Physical workload of flight attendants when pushing and pulling trolleys aboard aircraft

The musculoskeletal loads from moving trolleys aboard aircraft were assessed by observation of trolley handling on planes and by physical workload analyses of pushing and pulling of trolleys in a laboratory set up. Trolley handling by a total of 15 female flight attendants was observed on 10 short- and medium-distance flights in different types of aircraft. About 25 selected flight attendants (22 females; 3 males) of five German airlines took part in the laboratory study, which comprised three-dimensional (3D) measurements of posture and hand forces during pushing and pulling of trolleys in a variety of configurations. From the on-flight observations performed, between 150 and 250 trolley movements can be projected for a work shift. The greatest physical workload is to be expected at the beginning of service: The trolleys are fully laden then, and the cabin floor can still be inclined up to 8°, as the aircraft is still climbing, particularly on short-distance flights. The laboratory investigation revealed that the musculoskeletal workload from pushing and pulling depends essentially on the trolley load and on the gradient of the cabin floor. In addition, the degree of stressing depends significantly on the trolley type, mode of handling and personal dexterity. The up/down force component perpendicular to the direction of motion often achieved considerable amplitudes-in some cases equal to or exceeding the force in the direction of movement. The posture analysis demonstrated that pulling forced the flight attendants to adopt ergonomically unfavourable postures such as pronounced flexion of the back, particularly among female subjects. The highest values for flexion of the back occurred while pulling the half-size trolley. The results demonstrate that female flight attendants are likely to overload themselves if they frequently have to move heavily laden trolleys unaided on an inclined cabin floor.

Relevance to industry

On short distance flights, flight attendants have been complaining increasingly of high physical workload from manoeuvring trolleys. On the basis of the presented data airline companies may improve the trolley handling skills of their flight attendances by practical trainings and may ergonomically optimize the general service procedures aboard aircrafts.     

Muscular capabilities and workload of flight attendants for pushing and pulling trolleys aboard aircraft

Increasingly in the recent years, passengers’ services are extended into the ascent and descent flight phases on short distance flights. Trolleys containing the required meal and beverage items are used for these service operations and pushed or pulled along the aisles of the aircraft. Flight attendants reported about increased musculo-skeletal disorders and had been complaining about high physical workload from handling trolleys. In order to ensure acceptable load levels for pushing or pulling operations of trolleys, the physical capabilities of the collective “flight attendants” had been investigated by means of force measurements at maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) level and associated relevant anthropometrical and biometrical data. CEN and ISO standards as well as international and national German methods were used to derive recommended force limits for pushing/pulling operations with respect to the physical capabilities of the target group “flight attendants”. Comparing these recommended limits with the force requirements per shift under various conditions of trolley handlings (inclination of the floor, type and weight of trolley, mode of handling, frequency of operation) showed that especially for higher floor inclinations and trolley weights, flight attendants work (substantially) above recommended limits. It became also apparent that the handling of half-size trolleys is unexpectedly high demanding due to high vertical force components, caused by the unfavorable location of their center of gravity.

Relevance to industry

On short-distance flights, passengers’ services are performed by means of trolleys from the ascent to the descent flight phases. Flight attendants had been complaining about high physical workload. This study offers recommendations on maximum force limits for the handling of trolleys with respect to the muscular capacities and work situations of flight attendants on short-distance flights.     

考虑任务均衡的加油车动态调度问题

为了提高机场资源利用率以及航班的正点率,合理调度机场加油车为航班进行燃油加注服务势在必行。考虑到航班实际时刻的不可预知性,需建立动态规划时间窗,为窗口依据航班预计时刻捕捉到的航班构建机场车辆调度模型,利用自适应分支定价算法求解模型,从而配置车辆与人员,规划车辆的行驶路线,衔接任务,实现车辆行驶时间最短,加油员工作量均衡的目的。在华北某机场真实数据上进行仿真实验,结果表明,自适应分支定价算法优化下的车辆行驶时间与加油员工作量的标准差分较节约算法分别减小1.38%和7.47%,验证了算法的优势,且算法在机场其他地面服务规划问题中同样适用。     

Use of Highways in the Sky and a virtual pad for landing Head Up Display symbology to enable improved helicopter pilots situation awareness and workload in degraded visual conditions

Abstract

Flight within degraded visual conditions is a great challenge to pilots of rotary-wing craft. Environmental cues typically used to guide interpretation of speed, location and approach can become obscured, forcing the pilots to rely on data available from in-cockpit instrumentation. To ease the task of flight during degraded visual conditions, pilots require easy access to flight critical information. The current study examined the effect of ‘Highways in the Sky’ symbology and a conformal virtual pad for landing presented using a Head Up Display (HUD) on pilots’ workload and situation awareness for both clear and degraded conditions across a series of simulated rotary-wing approach and landings. Results suggest that access to the HUD lead to significant improvements to pilots’ situation awareness, especially within degraded visual conditions. Importantly, access to the HUD facilitated pilot awareness in all conditions. Results are discussed in terms of future HUD development.

Practitioner Summary: This paper explores the use of a novel Heads Up Display, to facilitate rotary-wing pilots’ situation awareness and workload for simulated flights in both clear and degraded visual conditions. Results suggest that access to HUD facilitated pilots’ situation awareness, especially when flying in degraded conditions.     

基于遗传算法组合预测模型的空域流量预测系统构建

航班总量的持续增长使得航班安全保障的压力不断加大。在空域资源有限、航空管制工作繁重的大型国际机场,航班动态信息的准确、可靠性将为制定有效地管制调配措施提供有力的依据。为了准确预测特定区域中某个航路点在某一时间段的航班流量,给管制人员提供参考,便于提前灵活、合理地制定管制策略,避免空域资源浪费,为各级决策部门制定发展战略与规划提供重要依据。基于不同航班流量信息源建立组合预测模型,通过遗传算法对组合模型的权重值进行优化,并根据西安管制区域构建出了空域流量预测系统的设计构架。     

航班过站地面服务的优化调度算法

航班过站服务流程是定位型和零工型的混合流程，其调度问题是一个有时间窗和作业调整时间的多目标多设备并行作业动态排序问题．在分析其区别于一般制造业生产作业排序特点的基础上，给出一个考虑了不同设备加工能力的新的启发式算法——设备能力差分配法．通过对服务作业分类，将多目标优化问题转化为服务类作业排序最优化问题．算例分析显示，能力差分配算法在减少航班延误数量、时间上以及平衡设备生产能力上均优于现有的先到先服务和最小负荷调度算法．     

航班备降概率分布预测模型研究

对航班备降问题的小样本特点进行了分析,提出了基于观察学习的航班备降概率分布预测模型。该模型利用松弛属性约束思想抽取数据子集,三次样条插值方法构建基学习器,并结合虚拟数据生成策略促使各基学习器达成一致。并在此基础上,对信任度参数进行优化,进一步完善了预测模型。在航班备降数据集的实验表明,在大样本下,该预测模型的预测精度高于朴素贝叶斯方法和贝叶斯网方法;在小样本数据集上分析了航班不同备降次数下的置信度,为相关部门提供决策支持。     

基于贝叶斯网络的航班延误波及研究

在民航业内,航班延误波及问题一直是影响航班延误的一个主要因素。基于贝叶斯网络（BN）,讨论了在繁忙的枢纽机场,其航班延误的波及问题。在实验中使用的数据,皆来自国内某大型航空公司的真实记录。通过建立延误波及模型和贝叶斯网络模型,探讨了相关航班中,进港延误和航班取消对离港延误的影响。学习的结果显示了进港延误（Arrival-delay）对离港延误（Departure-Delay）的波及现象的存在;以及波及现象在不同情况下的程度不同;相应的可采取的应对方式亦不相同。其中航班取消是一种釜底抽薪的应对方法,可以在一定程度上削弱上述条件下的延误波及,其削弱程度与航班取消的架次有关。基于该研究可以在机场发生大规模延误时,提供一个基本的参考。     

Workload management: a technology perspective with respect to self-* characteristics

Rapid growth in data, maximum functionality requirements and changing behavior in the database workload tends the workload management to be more complex. Organizations have complex type of workloads that are very difficult to manage by humans and even in some cases this management becomes impossible. Human experts take long time to get sufficient experience so that they can manage the workload efficiently. The versatility in workload due to huge data size and user requirements leads us towards the new challenges. One of the challenges is the identification of the problematic queries and the decision about these, i.e. whether to continue their execution or stop. The other challenge is how to characterize the workload, as the tasks such as configuration, prediction and adoption are fully dependent on the workload characterization. Correct and timely characterization leads managing the workload in an efficient manner and vice versa. In this scenario, our objective is to produce a workload management strategy or framework that is fully adoptive. The paper provides a summary of the structure and achievements of the database tools that exhibit Autonomic Computing or self-* characteristics in workload management. We have categorized the database workload tools to these self-* characteristics and identified their limitations. Finally the paper presents the research done in the database workload management tools with respect to the workload type and Autonomic Computing.     

A comparative evaluation of the wearable augmented reality-based data presentation interface and traditional methods for data entry tasks

Data entry is a ubiquitous task performed in today's offices. Persistent data entry is linked with high workload and fatigue due to poor ergonomic workplace design and poor posture. This study aims to alleviate data entry operators' workload and improve data entry performance by applying wearable augmented reality (AR) technology to data entry tasks. An AR-based interface was developed and used to present data to the participants, who entered the data in web-based data entry forms. A total of eighteen participants performed data entry tasks to evaluate the AR interface with traditional methods – extra desktop monitor and paper-based data presentation methods. Each method's performance was judged on the task completion time, typing error rate, workload, and usability. The usability and overall perceived workload while using an AR interface for data entry were similar to the traditional way of using paper, despite the additional burden due to the weight of the AR headset. AR interface did not perform better than the extra desktop monitor interface for usability and overall perceived workload. The results from this study can be utilized to design AR devices that are suited for data entry tasks.