低温制备金红石型纳米TiO2粉体

利用TiCl4低温水解法,添加TiO2溶胶制备了纳米TiO2粉体.用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜和激光粒度仪研究了制备的纳米TiO2粉体的晶型、形貌、晶粒尺寸及粒径分布.结果表明:所得纳米TiO2粉体原始沉淀为金红石型,其粒径为10 nm左右的棒状粒子,经500℃煅烧2h,获得结晶完整、球形、粒径分布很窄的纳米TiO2粉体,其平均粒径为34 nm,粒径分布范围为20～50 nm.     

纳米TiO_2的水解法制备及吸附性能

以硫酸钛为前驱体,水解法制备纳米TiO2,用XRD、SEM、BET手段进行表征。考察了制备方法、硫酸钛浓度、水解温度、干燥温度、分散剂PVA浓度及搅拌作用对纳米二氧化钛吸附As(Ⅴ)的影响,得到水解法制备纳米TiO2的最佳条件,并进一步考察了As(Ⅴ)溶液pH、吸附动力学和初始浓度对纳米TiO2吸附性能的影响。结果表明,水解温度为80℃、煅烧温度100℃、硫酸钛浓度为0.2 mol/L,pH 6.0,初始As(Ⅴ)100 mg/L时纳米TiO2颗粒物对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量可达到89.28 mg/g。XRD衍射表明,所制备的TiO2为锐钛矿型,SEM表明其平均粒径小于20 nm,BET表明比表面积为167 m2/g。     

不同粒度纳米TiO2的制备

不同粒度的纳米TiO2具有不同的用途。文章以硫酸钛为原料,尿素作沉淀剂,采用均匀沉淀法,研究了不同平均粒径纳米二氧化钛的制备工艺,讨论了工艺条件对其粒径的影响。研究结果表明：通过改变工艺条件,采用均匀沉淀法可制备出平均粒径范围为8～40nm的锐钛矿型纳米TiO2;在制备过程中,反应物浓度及配比、反应温度、煅烧温度等工艺参数对所制备粉体粒度都有不同程度的影响;纳米二氧化钛的粒度随反应物浓度的增加或反应温度的升高而减小,随煅烧温度的升高而增大。     

Al_2O_3/TiO_2纳米抗菌剂的制备及性能

以TiC l4、A l2(SO4)3为原料,控制n(A l2O3)/n(TiO2)=0.2,采用液相共沉淀法制备了A l2O3/TiO2纳米抗菌剂,并用DSC-TG、XRD、UV-vis等手段研究了A l2O3复合对TiO2抗菌性能的影响。结果表明,复合A l2O3后,TiO2纳米抗菌剂经900℃煅烧后完全是锐钛矿结构;950~1 050℃为良好的混晶结构,其中,经950℃煅烧后,混晶结构中锐钛矿相质量分数约占77%,平均粒径约20 nm,可见光吸收带边红移显著,光吸收阈值由纯TiO2的380 nm红移至430 nm左右,抗菌性能好,在荧光灯下对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径达15mm左右。     

TiO2纳米复合抗菌剂粉体的制备及耐热性

以TiCl4,Al2(SO4)3为原料,采用液相共沉淀法制备了TiO2纳米复合抗菌剂,并对其耐热性能及抗菌性能进行了研究,同时对其复合结构进行了初步分析.结果表明:复合Al2O3后的TiO2纳米抗菌剂在900℃煅烧后完全为锐钛矿;950℃煅烧后为锐钛矿(相对质量含量为77%)占主要含量的混晶结构,平均粒径为20～30 nm.在950℃时,其紫外-可见光吸收特性较纯纳米TiO2在700℃有较大提高,且抗菌效果优于纯TiO2纳米抗菌剂的.Al2O3在TiO2表面形成的均匀包覆和键合约束机制是抑制纳米TiO2晶型转化和晶粒生长原因.     

微乳液结合Sol-Gel法制备纳米ZnTiO3及其表征

将溶胶-凝胶法与微乳液化学剪裁法相结合,以钛酸丁酯和氯化锌制备凝胶,在OP-10-SDS/正丁醇/环己烷/水复配微乳体系中进行化学剪裁制备前驱物,再经煅烧制备了组成单一的球状纳米ZnTiO3粉体,通过XRD、TEM、SEM、TG-DSC等方法对产物进行了表征,并讨论了凝胶的陈化时间、煅烧温度和煅烧时间对纳米ZnTiO3的组成、粒径和形貌的影响,提出了纳米ZnTiO3可能的形成机理。结果表明,在700℃煅烧2h制备的纳米ZnTiO3平均粒径为35nm,粒径分布比较均匀,基本呈单分散;适当延长陈化时间会减少ZnO及TiO2杂质;随着煅烧时间的延长,ZnTiO3晶体粒径开始增大;煅烧温度过高会使六方相ZnTiO3分解为立方相的Zn2TiO4和金红石型TiO2。     

微乳液结合Sol-Gel法制备纳米ZnTiO_3及其表征

将溶胶-凝胶法与微乳液化学剪裁法相结合,以钛酸丁酯和氯化锌制备凝胶,在OP-10-SDS/正丁醇/环己烷/水复配微乳体系中进行化学剪裁制备前驱物,再经煅烧制备了组成单一的球状纳米ZnTiO3粉体,通过XRD、TEM、SEM、TG-DSC等方法对产物进行了表征,并讨论了凝胶的陈化时间、煅烧温度和煅烧时间对纳米ZnTiO3的组成、粒径和形貌的影响,提出了纳米ZnTiO3可能的形成机理。结果表明,在700℃煅烧2h制备的纳米ZnTiO3平均粒径为35nm,粒径分布比较均匀,基本呈单分散;适当延长陈化时间会减少ZnO及TiO2杂质;随着煅烧时间的延长,ZnTiO3晶体粒径开始增大;煅烧温度过高会使六方相ZnTiO3分解为立方相的Zn2TiO4和金红石型TiO2。     

纳米TiO2的水解制备及吸附性能

以硫酸钛为前驱体,水解法制备纳米TiO2,用XRD、SEM、BET等手段进行表征。考察了制备方法、硫酸钛浓度、水解温度、干燥温度、分散剂PVA浓度及搅拌作用对纳米二氧化钛吸附As(Ⅴ)的影响,得到水解法制备纳米TiO2的最佳条件,并进一步考察了As(Ⅴ)溶液pH值、吸附动力学和初始浓度对纳米TiO2吸附性能的影响。结果表明,水解温度为80℃、煅烧温度100℃、硫酸钛浓度为0.2mol•L-1、pH 6.0,初始As(Ⅴ)100mg•L-1时纳米TiO2颗粒物对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量可达到89.28mg•g-1。XRD衍射表明所制备的TiO2为锐钛矿型,SEM表明其平均粒径小于20nm,BET表明比表面积为167 m2/g。     

利用工业钛液制备纳米二氧化钛

本文以工业钛液及尿素为原料,采用均匀沉淀法制备出高纯的球状单分散纳米TiO2超细粉。考察了制备工艺流程中的主要影响因素硫酸氧钛浓度、尿素配比、反应温度、表面活性剂等对粒径的影响,并利用TEM、XRD等手段对颗粒进行表征,得出了最佳制备条件。将前驱体微波干燥10min,在550℃下煅烧1h,得到平均粒径为26nm的锐钛矿型纳米二氧化钛。     

水热法制备电气石/TiO_2纳米管及光催化性能

采用溶胶–凝胶法和水热法相结合制备了直径为18.8nm,管径为4.7nm,管长数百纳米的锐钛矿型电气石/TiO2纳米管。研究了水热反应时间、煅烧温度和电气石的添加量对制备样品的相结构和形貌的影响,同时以甲基橙为目标降解物考察了电气石/TiO2纳米管的光催化性能。结果表明:水热处理后,经500℃煅烧可得到一维结构优良的锐钛矿型电气石/TiO2纳米管,并且电气石与TiO2以Ti―O―Si键结合,由于电气石具有永久电极性,与TiO2的协同作用可以有效提高纳米TiO2的光催化性能。当电气石含量为0.5%(质量分数),500℃下煅烧的样品,光照1h可达到最优降解率98.5%,比未经水热处理的纯纳米TiO2颗粒和经水热处理的纯纳米TiO2管分别提高了约44.9%和33.7%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.