Pipelined RLS adaptive filtering using scaled tangent rotations(STAR)

The QR decomposition-based recursive least-squares (RLS) adaptive filtering algorithm (referred to as QRD-RLS) is very popular because it has good numerical properties and can be mapped onto a systolic array. However, in this architecture, pipelining of the operations within the systolic array cells is difficult. Pipelining would be necessary to operate at high speeds or to reduce the power dissipation in a VLSI implementation. Pipelining QRD-RLS using look-ahead techniques leads to a large hardware overhead. The square-root free forms of QRD-RLS are also difficult to pipeline. In this paper, a new scaled tangent rotation (STAR) is used instead of the Givens rotations used in QRD-RLS. The STAR-based RLS algorithm (referred to as STAR-RLS) is designed such that fine-grain pipelining can be accomplished with little hardware overhead The scaled tangent rotations are not exactly orthogonal transformations but tend to become orthogonal asymptotically. The STAR-RLS algorithm is square-root free and has less complexity and lower intercell communication than the QRD-RLS algorithm. The properties of the STAR-RLS algorithm, such as stability, numerical property, and dynamic range, are examined with and without pipelining and compared with those of QRD-RLS. Simulation results are presented to compare the performance of STAR-RLS and QRD-RLS algorithms     

快速时变信道中几种自适应信道估计算法的比较研究

主要研究了MIMO-OFDM系统中快速时变信道的信道估计问题,将3种自适应信道估计算法: RLS,QRD-RLS,IQRD-RLS,应用于快速时变信道进行比较研究,并对其进行计算机仿真。仿真结果表明,3种算法性能相似,其中,QRD-RLS和IQRD-RLS算法的收敛速度要快于RLS算法,对于实时系统而言,这两种算法的效率更高。因此,QRD-RLS和IQRD-RIS算法更适合于快速时变信道。     

Nonlinear Compensation of High Power Amplifier Distortion for Communication Using a Histogram-Based Method

A probabilistic approach to compensate the nonlinear distortion caused by a high power amplifier (HPA) in a communication system is proposed here. This is a nonparametric method that involves estimating two probabilistic cumulative distribution functions without any explicit parameter estimation as in the conventional compensation techniques. It is shown analytically that the maximum compensation error of the proposed method is bounded and small. An adaptive implementation is developed. Experiments are setup to collect the HPA data. Real data analysis shows that the proposed predistorter has an improved performance compared to the conventional polynomial and neural network predistortion techniques.     

Finite-precision error analysis of QRD-RLS and STAR-RLS adaptivefilters

The QR decomposition-based recursive least-squares (RLS) adaptive filtering (QRD-RLS) algorithm is suitable for VLSI implementation since it has good numerical properties and can be mapped onto a systolic array. A new fine-grain pipelinable STAR-RLS algorithm was developed. The pipelined STAR-RLS algorithm (PSTAR-RLS) is useful for high-speed applications. The stability of QRD-RLS, STAR-RLS, and PSTAR-RLS has been proved, but the performance of these algorithms in finite-precision arithmetic has not yet been analyzed. The authors determine expressions for the degradation in the performance of these algorithms due to finite precision. By exploiting the steady-state properties of these algorithms, simple expressions are obtained that depend only on known parameters. This analysis can be used to compare the algorithms and to decide the wordlength to be used in an implementation. Since floating- or fixed-point arithmetic representations may be used in practice, both representations are considered. The results show that the three algorithms have about the same finite-precision performance, with PSTAR-RLS performing better than STAR-RLS, which does better than QRD-RLS. These algorithms can be implemented with as few as 8 bits for the fractional part, depending on the filter size and the forgetting factor used. The theoretical expressions are found to be in good agreement with the simulation results     

Block coding scheme for reducing PAPR in OFDM systems with large number of subcarriers

The major drawback in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is due to the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), so the performance of the system is significantly degraded by the nonlinearity of a High Power Amplifier (HPA) in the transmitter. In order to mitigate distortion, a block coding scheme for reducing PAPR in OFDM systems with large number of subcarriers based on complementary sequences and predistortion is proposed, which is capable of both error correction and PAPR reduction. Computer simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly improves Bit Error Rate(BER) performance as compared to an uncoded system when an HPA is employed or a coded system without predistortion.     

无线OFDM系统自适应预失真器实现

本文深入研究了无线OFDM系统的预失真技术，针对OFDM信号的高峰平比特性及高功率放大器带来的非线性失真影响，提出了基于查表法的基带自适应预失真器解决方案，给出其自适应递归算法及查询表内容的更新策略：并利用计算机仿真对本方案的性能进行了分析，仿真结果表明：本方案可以有效改善放大器的非线性特性。     

基于小波神经网络的功放自适应数字预失真算法

在卫星通信中,高速数据传输系统要求使用频谱利用率高的高阶调制技术,但高阶调制对高功率放大器(HPA)的非线性非常敏感,会造成码间干扰和邻信道间干扰。提出一种基于小波神经网络的自适应预失真算法,以实现HPA的线性化,同时推导了自适应算法的迭代公式。仿真结果表明,该算法不仅能明显改善信号星座图,并与基于RBF神经网络的自适应预失真算法相比能提高收敛速度,同时HPA线性化性能也有所提高。     

Adaptive noncoherent linear minimum ISI equalization for MDPSK andMDAPSK signals

A novel noncoherent linear equalization scheme is introduced and analyzed. In contrast to previously proposed noncoherent equalization schemes, the proposed scheme is not only applicable for M-ary differential phase-shift keying (MDPSK) but also for M-ary differential amplitude/phase-shift keying (MDAPSK). The novel scheme minimizes the variance of intersymbol interference (ISI) in the equalizer output signal. The optimum equalizer coefficients may be calculated directly from an eigenvalue problem. For an efficient recursive adaptation of the equalizer coefficients, a modified least-mean-square (LMS) and a modified recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm are proposed. It is shown that the corresponding cost function has no spurious local minima that ensures global convergence of the adaptive algorithms. Simulations confirm the good performance of the proposed noncoherent equalization scheme and its robustness against frequency offset     

基于BPNN的OFDM系统的HPA预失真

本文针对高功率放大器(HPA)的非线性失真导致OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)系统传输性能下降问题,采用两个类似结构的单输入单输出BP神经网络串联后级联HPA实现其预失真,前一网络是HPA的AM-AM特性的逆模型,用来实现HPA的幅度预失真,后一网络是HPA的AM-PM特性模型,回避了其逆模型的建立,实现了HPA更高精度的相位预失真,提高了整体预失真效果。仿真结果显示了即使输入回退只有2.93dB,带外谱增长仍能降低约10dB,表明该方案能够方便高效地实现OFDM系统中HPA的自适应预失真,大大提高OFDM系统的传输性能。     

Piecewise Pre-Equalized Linearization of the Wireless Transmitter With a Doherty Amplifier

This paper describes a predistorter (PD) based on piecewise pre-equalizers for use in multichannel wideband applications. The predistortion linearizer consists of piecewise pre-equalizers along with a look-up-table-based digital PD that together compensate for nonlinearities, as well as memory effects of power amplifiers (PAs). It takes advantage of multiple finite-impulse-response filters that significantly reduce the complexity when compared to memory polynomial methods. The proposed method was also compared with the conventional Hammerstein structure. A 300-W peak envelope power Doherty PA was first modeled by measured time-based samples in order to verify the adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) performance in simulation using a multitone and single wideband code-division multiple-access (W-CDMA) carrier. Furthermore, the experimental results applying two W-CDMA carriers verify that the proposed method provided similar improvement to that of the memory polynomial approach. The experimental results verified the complexity reduction and superior ACPR performance over the conventional Hammerstein structure.     

UFMC系统中基于Volterra滤波器的非线性失真补偿方案

为实现通用滤波多载波(UFMC)通信系统高效、可靠的通信性能,需在最大程度上补偿由记忆型高功率放大器(HPA)引起的非线性失真.为解决HPA造成的失真问题,本文提出了一种基于Volterra滤波器的非线性失真补偿(V-NLDC)技术.该技术利用了Volterra级数的稀疏特性和能够模拟任意精度非线性系统的性质以逐次逼近的方式对信号进行预失真.将预失真后的信号传送至HPA,然后采用噪声消除器做进一步噪声消除处理,以达到更小失真度的目的.同时,本研究采用收敛速度快、性能稳定的自适应最小二乘法(RLS),可根据环境变化自适应地计算Volterra滤波器和噪声消除器的系数.通过大量蒙特卡罗仿真实验证实了所提出的非线性失真补偿技术可以很好的补偿由记忆型HPA非线性失真所造成的影响,从而优化系统性能.     

New predistorter using triangular memory polynomial for power amplifier of OFDM-based wireless broadband communication system

A triangular memory polynomial (TMP) predistorter is presented in this paper to linearize a power amplifier's nonlinear with memory effects.Compared with the traditional memory polynomial (MP) predisto...     

Joint estimation of carrier offset and code timing for DS-CDMA with performance analysis

This paper considers the problem of joint carrier offset and code timing estimation for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. In contrast to existing schemes that require nonlinear iterative searches over the multidimensional parameter space, this paper proposes a blind estimator that provides an algebraic solution to the joint parameter estimation problem. By exploiting the subspace structure of the observed signal, the multiuser estimation is first decoupled into a series of single-user estimation problems, and then analytical tools of polynomial matrices are invoked for joint carrier and code timing estimation of a single user. The proposed estimator is near-far resistant. It can deal with frequency-selective and time-varying channels. The performance of the proposed scheme is examined analytically by a first-order perturbation analysis. The authors also derive an unconditional Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bound (CRB) that is conditioned neither on fading coefficients nor information symbols; as such, the CRB is considered a suitable lower bound for blind methods. Numerical examples are presented to evaluate and compare the proposed and a multidimensional search (MD-search)-based scheme.     

Parametric Fault Testing of Non-Linear Analog Circuits Based on Polynomial and V-Transform Coefficients

This paper is an exposition of recent advances made in polynomial coefficient and V-transform coefficient based testing of parametric faults in linear and non-linear analog circuits. V-transform is a non-linear transform that increases the sensitivity of polynomial coefficients with respect to circuit component variations by three to five times. In addition, it makes the original polynomial coefficients monotonic. Using simulation, the proposed test method is shown to uncover most parametric faults in the range of 5–15?% on a low noise amplifier (LNA) and an elliptic filter benchmark. Diagnosis of parametric faults clearly illustrates the effect of enhanced sensitivity through V-transform. Finally, we report an experimental validation of the polynomial coefficient based test scheme, with and without V-transform, using the National Instruments’ ELVIS bench-top testbed. The result demonstrates the benefit of V-transform.     

An adaptive pre-distorter for the compensation of HPA nonlinearity

A high power amplifier (HPA) is used for the amplification of transmitting communication signals. However, it produces distortions by creating AM/AM and AM/PM modulations in the transmitting signal, Accordingly, this nonlinearity results in bandwidth expansion and nonlinear distortion in the in-band signal. This paper proposes an algorithm for the operation of a pre-distorter, which is composed of a look-up table (LUT), that can compensate for the distortion produced by an HPA. For the fast initialization of the LUT, an estimation algorithm is also proposed for the HPA characteristics. Furthermore, an adaptive algorithm based on the minimization of the mean square error is proposed to compensate for the time-varying property of an HPA. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed by applying the algorithm to an 8-level vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation to be used in the ATSC terrestrial digital TV system     

Instantaneous frequency estimation of polynomial FM signals usingthe peak of the PWVD: statistical performance in the presence ofadditive gaussian noise

The peak of the polynomial Wigner-Ville distribution (PWVD) has been previously proposed as an estimator of the instantaneous frequency (IF) for a monocomponent polynomial frequency modulated (FM) signal. In this paper, we evaluate the statistical performance of this estimator in the case of additive white Gaussian noise and provide an analytical expression for the variance. We show that for a given PWVD order, the estimator performance can be improved by a proper choice of the kernel coefficients in the PWVD. A performance comparison between the PWVD based IF estimator and another previously proposed one based on the high-order ambiguity function (HAF) is also provided, Simulation results show that for a signal-to-noise ratio larger than 3 dB, the proposed sixth-order PWVD outperforms the HAF in estimating the IF of a third- or fourth-order polynomial phase signal, evaluated at the central point of the observation interval     

Analysis of stochastic gradient tracking of time-varying polynomialWiener systems

This paper presents analytical and Monte Carlo results for a stochastic gradient adaptive scheme that tracks a time-varying polynomial Wiener (1958) system [i.e., a linear time-invariant (LTI) filter with memory followed by a time-varying memoryless polynomial nonlinearity]. The adaptive scheme consists of two phases: (1) estimation of the LTI memory using the LMS algorithm and (2) tracking the time-varying polynomial-type nonlinearity using a second coupled gradient search for the polynomial coefficients. The time-varying polynomial nonlinearity causes a time-varying scaling for the optimum Wiener filter for Phase 1. These time variations are removed for Phase 2 using a novel coupling scheme to Phase 1. The analysis for Gaussian data includes recursions for the mean behavior of the LMS algorithm for estimating and tracking the optimum Wiener filter for Phase 1 for several different time-varying polynomial nonlinearities and recursions for the mean behavior of the stochastic gradient algorithm for Phase 2. The polynomial coefficients are shown to be accurately tracked. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the theoretical predictions and support the underlying statistical assumptions     

Blind downlink channel estimation for TDD‐based multiuser massive MIMO in the presence of nonlinear HPA

In time division duplex (TDD)‐based multiuser massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, the uplink channel is estimated and the results are used in downlink for signal detection. Owing to noisy uplink channel estimation, the downlink channel should also be estimated for accurate signal detection. Therefore, recently, a blind method was developed, which assumes the use of a linear high‐power amplifier (HPA) in the base station (BS). In this study, we extend this method to a scenario with a nonlinear HPA in the BS, where the Bussgang decomposition is used for HPA modeling. In the proposed method, the average power of the received signal for each user is a function of channel gain, large‐scale fading, and nonlinear distortion variance. Therefore, the channel gain is estimated, which is required for signal detection. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed theoretically. The simulation results show superior performance of the proposed method compared to that of the other methods in the literature.     

The Impact of Nonlinear HPA on the Determination of the Impulse Sample Power in IP-OFDM Systems

The recently introduced impulse postfix OFDM (IP-OFDM) system, which performs channel estimation in time-domain by exploiting the IP instead of pilot tones, can achieve the enhanced bit error rate (BER) performance compared to that of conventional OFDM systems. Since there is a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) issue of using the IP, however, the decision criteria for determining the power boosting factor (PBF) of IP were proposed to resolve the PAPR issue while achieving the optimum BER performance in the IP-OFDM system with an ideal high power amplifier (HPA). In this paper, a practical IP-OFDM system with a nonlinear HPA is considered and the impact of nonlinear HPA on the determination of the PBF of IP as well as the BER performance are analyzed. The BER lower bound is also derived in the case of QPSK and 16QAM. It is shown that the approximated lower bound approaches to the simulation results as the PBF is increased. According to the analytical results, due to the nonlinearity of the HPA, 1–3dB increased PBF than the ideal PBF is required to achieve the optimum BER performance, which is even deteriorated compared to that of IP-OFDM with an ideal soft envelope limiter.     

一种高效的LFM信号参数估计方法及性能分析

该文从最大似然估计出发,得出了一种LFM信号参数估计方法,并采用一阶扰动模型分析其统计性能.该方法涵盖经典的多项相位变换法,将最大似然估计的多维搜索转化为一维搜索,但性能较多项相位变换法更优,低信噪比时仍可接近Cramer-Rao界.另外,结合基于傅里叶系数内插的快速高精度测频算法,该方法运算量与多项相位变换法相当,便于实现.仿真验证了其有效性及性能分析.