发展溴化锂吸收式空调对热电企业的作用

世界工业发达国家已经从热电联产(CHP)向冷热电联产(CCHP)发展,以提高能源利用效率来减轻环境污染和温室效应。我国在着手发展冷热电联产的同时,应将已建成的热电厂根据需要利用溴化锂吸收式空调改造成为冷热电联产,以提高热电厂的经济效益。     

大力发展溴化锂吸收式空调努力拓宽热电企业生存空间

从热电联产向冷热电联产发展，减轻环境污染和温室效应，提高能源利用率，热电企业根据需要利用溴化锂吸收式空调改造成冷热电联产，以提高热电厂经济效益。     

发展溴化锂吸收式空调对热电企业的作用

世界工业发达国家已经从热电联产（CHP）向冷热电联产（CCHP）发展,以提高能源利用效率来减轻环境污染和温室效应。我国在着手发展冷热电联产的同时,应将已建成的热电厂根据需要利用溴化锂吸收式空调改造成为冷热电联产,以提高热电厂的经济效益。     

吸收式热泵技术的新发展

目前,电动的蒸汽压缩式制冷方式占据着主导地住.在我国,随着制冷和空调的迅速发展,不仅加剧了电力供应紧张的局面,而且面对着环境污染的严峻课题.本文综述我国溴化锂吸收式热泵技术发展概况,以及有关企业和地区推广应用溴化锂制冷技术于热电冷联产的情况,并作了能源利用和环境污染的分析,指出推广应用溴化锂制冷技术于热电冷联产是我国能源利用和制冷空调的一个发展方向.     

带吸收式制冷的汽轮机热电联产

<正> 许多工业部门或其他部门既需要一定电力,也需要一部分热能。有些单位设置了背压式汽轮机进行热电联产以满足热和电这两方面的需求。为了提高热电联产的效率,足够的热负荷是很重要的。通常热负荷是用于干燥、蒸煮以及冬季供暖等等。在某种条件下,热电联产的热负荷往往不足。近年来,利用低品位蒸汽作为热源的吸收式制冷机在国外已得到普及,在我国的应用也越来越多。今后不但工业部门或者其他部门(如大型宾馆等)有条件的均可采用带吸收式制冷的热电联产,冷天可利用余热进行供暖,热天则由吸收式制冷机利用余热供空调,以及日常过程冷却和冷藏等用。这样就可以大大节省电力,使背压式汽轮机进     

应用溴化锂制冷技术发展热电冷联合生产

对低位热能作为采暖空调的动力─—吸收式制冷的机理、特点、效益等作了简略的介绍，认为溴化锂吸收式制冷技术是实现城市热电冷三联供的有效途径，热电冷联合生产是节电、节能、节省投资、减少环境污染的最佳方法。     

发展溴化锂吸心式制冷 提高热电厂的热经济性

本文指出了我国热电联产的现状及存在的问题,分析了热负荷对热电厂热经济性的影响,指出了发展溴化锂吸收式制冷,实现热电冷三联产,不仅是提高热电厂热经济性的有效途径,也是降低电网峰谷差,提高电网经济性,达到节电,节能,减少环境污染的有效途径。     

热电冷联产的节能分析

随着节能的不断深入发展 ,在热电联产的基础上发展了一种新的形式———热电冷联产联供。本文从火用的角度出发 ,比较了热电冷联产和热电联产电动制冷两种方式的能源利用率 ,指出热电冷联产节能的条件。     

热电联产机组集成吸收式热泵的热电解耦与能耗特性理论研究

以某330MW热电联产机组为例,对于集成吸收式热泵的热电解耦性能及能耗特性展开了理论研究。结果表明:耦合吸收式热泵扩大了热电联产机组的安全运行范围,提高了热电联产机组的最大热电比,降低了热电联产机组的最低电负荷率。当供热量为300MW时,热电联产机组电功率上调与下调能力分别增加40.53%、84.76%,最低电负荷率降低16.24%。当发电量为200MW时,其最大热电比提高了0.56。最后,对集成吸收式热泵的节能潜力进行了计算和分析。     

溴化锂吸收式制冷机的应用分析

概述了溴化锂吸收式制冷的原理，分析了溴化锂吸收式制冷机的综合效益及其一次能源利用率，以热电厂热电冷三联供系统为例分析了溴化锂吸收式制冷机的节能效益，并指出了溴化锂吸收式制冷机在工程应用中应注意的问题。     

Environmental impact analysis of BCHP system in different climate zones in China

The operation performance of building cooling, heating and power (BCHP) system is dependent on the seasonal atmospheric conditions. This paper presents the environmental impact models of separation production (SP) system and BCHP system respectively. Three most important energy-related environmental issues, global warming, acid precipitation and stratospheric ozone depletion, are considered to evaluate the environmental impact of BCHP system for a commercial building located in five climate zones, China. Because the global emissions of BCHP system are related to the central power plant that provides the additional electricity to building, the environmental impacts by coal-fired and gas-fired power plants are compared and discussed. The results indicate that the emission reduction potential of BCHP system over SP system in hot summer zone and mild zone is larger than in severe cold zone when the coal-fired power plant is used. Contrarily, BCHP system in severe cold zone reduces more emissions than in hot summer zone when the gas-fired power plant provides the additional electricity.     

Particle swarm optimization for redundant building cooling heating and power system

An optimal and redundant building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system can yield economical savings, but more importantly can save energy as well as reduce the emission of pollutants. This paper presents the energy flow analysis of the conventional separation production (SP) system and the redundant BCHP system. Four decision variables (the capacity of power generation unit (PGU), the capacity of heat storage tank, the on–off coefficient of PGU and the ratio of electric cooling to cool load) to be optimized are selected in consideration of the design and the operation strategy of BCHP system. An objective function to simultaneously measure the energetic, economical and environmental benefits achieved by BCHP system in comparison to SP system is constructed and maximized. Particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA) is employed to search the optimal solutions. A case study of BCHP system with thermal storage unit and hybrid cooling system is presented to ascertain the feasibility and validity of the optimization method.     

Multi-objective optimization design and operation strategy analysis of BCHP system based on life cycle assessment

The promising energetic and environmental benefits of building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system are greatly dependent upon its design and operation strategy. In this paper, the energy and emission flows and different operation strategies of a BCHP system driven by gas engine are analyzed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is employed to assess and compare the whole life energy saving potentials and pollutant emission reductions of BCHP system with the traditional energy system. Furthermore, energy consumption and three pollutant-related impacts, global warming, acid precipitation and respiratory effects, are selected as objective functions to optimize the gas engine capacity of BCHP system in different operation strategies. A numerical case of BCHP system for a commercial office building in Beijing, China is applied to obtain the optimum BCHP alternative in terms of the comprehensive energy and environment performance. The uncertainty of different evaluation criteria weights is also analyzed to show their influences on the optimal design and operation strategy. The results show that a reasonably sized BCHP system with an electric load-following strategy has the best performance under a wide interval of criteria weights, when the energetic and environmental benefits of producing excess electricity for nearby users are not considered.     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal model on building cooling heating and power system

The optimization of building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system is helpful to improve its comprehensive performance including energetic, economic and environmental aspects. However, the optimal results are closely dependent on the initial setting parameters. This paper deduces the energy consumption of BCHP system following the electrical load and presents the optimization problem of BCHP system that includes the decision variables, the objective function, the constraint conditions and the solution method. The influences of the initial parameters, which include the technical, economic and environmental parameters, the building loads and the optimization setting parameters, on the optimal decision variables and the performances of BCHP system are analyzed and compared. The contour curves of the performances of BCHP system in comparison to the conventional separation production (SP) system, and the sensitivity of the optimal decision variables to the initial parameters are obtained.     

Optimal option of distributed generation technologies for various commercial buildings

With the development of distributed generation (DG) technologies and the implementation of policies to encourage their applications, building combined heat and power (BCHP) is expected to play a greater role in the commercial buildings in the future. BCHP is a promising efficiency improvement and carbon mitigation strategy, but careful selection of technology and operation mode is required to achieve a reasonable system performance according to energy consumption characteristics of buildings and technical features of equipments. This paper analyzed energy consumption characteristics of four typical commercial buildings in Japan and simulated the energy system performances of four mostly widely adopted DG technologies under different operation mode conditions for the four buildings studied. Various scenarios were evaluated and compared regarding energy utilization efficiency, energy saving and environmental effects, as well as economic efficiency. Results show that the hotels and hospitals are more attractive for BCHP because of their stable thermal load demands and a favorable heat-to-power ratio, which is the most compatible match with available DG technologies. Furthermore, some DG technologies are more suitable for a certain type of building than others because of their technical features more matching with the building’s energy consumption characteristics, as well as the user’s motivation of selecting BCHP. In Japan, during selecting DG technologies, the prior order is gas turbines (GT), gas engines (GE), diesel engines (DE) and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) for the hotels, PAFC, GE and GT, DE for the hospitals, PAFC, DE, GE and GT for the stores, as well as DE, PAFC, GE and GT for the offices.     

Influence analysis of building types and climate zones on energetic,economic and environmental performances of BCHP systems

The performance of building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system is obviously dependent upon the seasonal atmospheric conditions and the building types. This paper presents the energy flow analysis and the evaluation criteria of the redundant BCHP system and describes the optimal design method. The BCHP systems for four building categories (Hotel, Office, Hospital and School) in five climate zones (Severe Cold Zone, Cold Zone, Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone, Mild Zone and Hot Summer and Warm Winter Zone) in China are compared and evaluated from energetic, economic and environmental aspects. The comparison results show that the BCHP system is generally suitable for the building, which operates for long time over the entire year, in the climate zone where buildings require more heat for space heating. Moreover, the influence analysis on BCHP capacity and operation strategy indicates that the capacity of power generation unit (PGU) is the most sensitive design parameter to influence the integrated performance of the BCHP system.     

Optimization design of BCHP system to maximize to save energy and reduce environmental impact

The energetic and environmental performances of building cooling heating and power (BCHP) system are closely dependent on its design and operation strategy. This paper analyzes the energy consumptions of a conventional separation production (SP) system and a BCHP system respectively and constructs their corresponding environmental impact models. Furthermore, three energy-related environmental issues, global warming, acid precipitation and stratospheric ozone depletion, are assessed in the proposed emission model. To maximize the benefits (energy-saving and emission-reducing) achieved by the BCHP system in comparison to the SP system, genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to optimize the capacity of BCHP system in consideration of its operation mode. A numerical case of BCHP system for a hotel building is applied to ascertain the effectiveness of the optimal method and demonstrate the performances of the optimal BCHP system.     

楼宇冷热电联供系统节能性研究

以济南地区一幢六层住宅楼冷、热、电负荷计算为基础,对基于小型燃气内燃机和微型燃气轮机的楼宇冷热电联供系统进行节能性研究。对系统余热利用情况和一次能耗率PER值进行计算,并将计算结果与分供式能量系统进行了比较,得出楼宇冷热电联供系统的节能性。研究结果表明,系统余热利用情况和主要设备运行效率是影响楼宇冷热电联供系统节能性的主要因素,系统方案选择应兼顾考虑应用场合冷、热、电负荷需求比例情况。     

压水堆核电厂二回路系统管道热效率的影响因素分析

在压水堆核电厂热经济性分析中,管道热效率的分析往往不被研究者所重视。首先从管道热效率的定义出发,给出了管道热效率的计算表达式,以及各种管道损失的计算方法。然后针对某些影响管道热效率的因素,同时也对蒸汽动力转换系统循环热效率产生影响的问题,分析了影响管道热效率的因素变化对蒸汽动力转换系统循环热效率和压水堆核电厂全厂热效率的影响。最后,以某990MW核电机组为例,通过计算分析了如主蒸汽管道疏水门泄漏蒸汽、厂用蒸汽、主蒸汽管道散热、蒸汽发生器排污等对管道热效率、蒸汽动力转换系统循环热效率及全厂热效率的影响。结果表明,上述因素变化均导致管道热效率降低和全厂热效率的降低,但不同因素变化对全厂热效率的影响机理却存在较大的差别。     

Role of BCHP in energy and environmental sustainable development and its prospects in China

During last century, worldwide environment degradation gets more and more serious, and achieving environmental sustainable development is desirable. As many environmental issues are directly or indirectly energy related, energy sustainable development is one of the most important prerequisites for environmental sustainable development. Renewable energy technologies and energy conservation are two solutions for energy sustainable development. At present, energy-saving technology is a feasible and an effective way to achieve energy and environmental sustainable development, although renewable energy may be final solution to environmental issues. Building cooling, heating, and power (BCHP) technology, which usually use natural gas as primary energy, has high efficiency of energy utilization due to the utilization of distributed power generation and heat recovery, and thus is a promising energy conservation technology. BCHP can reduce pollutants emission and thus protects the environment besides improving IAQ and increasing reliability of building energy supply. As the largest developing country, China is just in the process of adjusting energy structure and improving energy efficiency. Because of its significant role in energy and environmental sustainable development, developing BCHP in China will help the country in optimizing energy proportion, increasing energy efficiency, and protecting environment. Therefore, BCHP technology will have broad prospects in China and it will promote the country's energy and environmental sustainable development.