固体废弃物助烧的多孔SiC陶瓷膜支撑体研究进展

反应烧结可以有效降低多孔SiC陶瓷膜支撑体的烧结温度并调控其性能。本文概述了多孔SiC陶瓷膜支撑体的反应烧结原理、烧结助剂的种类及其作用机理，讨论了固体废弃物的种类及其作为烧结助剂在多孔陶瓷制备的应用，最终综述了固体废弃物助烧的多孔SiC陶瓷膜支撑体的研究进展，并对当前存在的问题及未来发展方向进行了总结与展望，为降低多孔SiC陶瓷膜支撑体的烧结温度和成本以及固体废弃物资源化利用提供参考。     

烧结温度对黄土陶瓷膜支撑体性能的影响

实验以洛川黄土为骨料,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为烧结助剂.利用滚压成型法、固态离子烧结法来制备黄土陶瓷膜支撑体,并对制备的支撑体的性能影响因素进行了探究.通过压汞法、三点弯曲法、X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及自制装置对支撑体试样进行测试.分别研究孔径分布、孔隙率、抗折强度、晶相变化、表面形貌、酸碱腐蚀率以及纯水通量等对黄土陶瓷膜支撑体性能的影响.研究结果表明:十二烷基苯磺酸钠能显著降低黄土陶瓷膜烧结时候的温度.当烧结温度小于1000℃时,支撑体中没有新物质生成;当烧结温度大于1090℃时,纯水通量随烧结温度的升高呈现出下降趋势;当烧结温度恰好达到1070℃,此时制得的支撑体性能良好,中值孔径为6975.9 nm、抗折强度37.83 MPa、孔隙率20.65％、纯水通量1943.70 L/(m2·h·MPa)、酸/碱腐蚀率0.340％/0.195％.     

黄土-粉煤灰陶瓷膜支撑体的制备及表征

以洛川黄土为主要原料,粉煤灰为添加剂,通过滚压成型法和固态粒子烧结法制备黄土基陶瓷膜支撑体。研究了烧结温度及粉煤灰添加量对陶瓷膜支撑体纯水通量、酸碱腐蚀率、孔径分布、晶相组成的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰可以促进支撑体内部孔隙的形成,从而有效增加支撑体孔隙率,在烧结温度为1110℃,粉煤灰添加量为15%时,可制得纯水通量为5365 L/m2·h,孔隙率为32.1%,平均孔喉半径为1.32μm,酸碱腐蚀后质量损失率仅为0.04%、0.06%的黄土基陶瓷膜支撑体。以粉煤灰作为添加剂可生产出成本较低,性能优良的黄土基多孔陶瓷支撑体。     

快速升温法制备陶瓷超滤膜的研究

无机陶瓷膜的低成本化日益受到重视。以降低陶瓷膜制备成本为出发点，采用在支撑体生坯上浸涂勃姆石溶胶，经干燥快速烧结后制备了具有不对称结构的无机陶瓷超滤膜。考察了更具成本优势的常温水解氯化铝制勃姆石溶胶和传统异丙醇铝制勃姆石溶胶两种溶胶在涂膜时缺陷控制的方法。溶胶中添加PVA可以有效降低溶胶涂层缺陷。在支撑体生坯上浸涂勃姆石溶胶，支撵体与涂层一次烧结制备的不对称结构的陶瓷膜孔隙率与未涂膜支撑体相同，对PVA1750的截留率为90．7％。相对于传统烧成支撑体涂膜的多次烧结工艺，烧结成本下降75％，表现出了更低成本优势。     

烧结温度对氧化铝陶瓷膜支撑体性能的影响

实验以α-Al_2O_3为骨料,TiO_2-MnO_2-MgO为复相烧结助剂,采用挤压成型法和固态粒子烧结法制备Al_2O_3陶瓷膜支撑体,并探究烧结温度对陶瓷膜支撑体性能的影响。通过压汞法、自制纯水通量测定装置、三点弯曲法、质量损失法、X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等方法对α-Al_2O_3陶瓷支撑体的孔隙率、纯水通量、抗折强度、酸碱腐蚀率、晶相变化以及表面形貌等微观结构进行分析表征。研究结果表明:TiO_2-MnO_2-MgO能显著降低α-Al_2O_3陶瓷支撑体的烧结温度,烧结温度低于800℃,无法提供足够的激活能,支撑体没有新相生成;超过1 300℃时,支撑体纯水通量随着烧结温度升高而急剧下降。当烧结温度为1 300℃时,制得的支撑体性能良好,孔隙率达到了44.84%、抗折强度为80.21 MPa、纯水通量为8 979.37 L/(m~2·h·MPa)、酸/碱腐蚀质量损失率为0.87%/1.09%。     

石英微滤陶瓷膜的制备研究

以石英砂陶瓷支撑体为基体，SiO₂粉体为固相，聚乙烯醇(PVA)为黏结剂，聚丙烯酸和丙三醇为分散相制备涂膜液，采用浸渍提拉法进行微滤膜层的涂覆制备，考察黏结剂添加量、涂膜时间、烧结温度等制备条件对石英微滤陶瓷膜性能的影响，通过孔隙率、纯水通量、SEM等方法对其进行测试和表征。结果表明：石英微滤陶瓷膜涂膜液聚乙烯醇含量为10%,涂膜时间60 s、烧结温度850℃时制备的石英微滤陶瓷膜性能较好，孔径均匀，平均孔径为1.90μm,纯水通量为9.20 m³·m^-2·h^-1·bar^-1,孔隙率为35.58%。     

多孔陶瓷膜支撑体在HNO_3溶液中的腐蚀性能研究

为了考察陶瓷膜在苛刻体系中的应用性能,研究了管式多孔陶瓷膜支撑体(质量分数99%Al2O3)在硝酸溶液(温度20—90℃,浓度1—10 mol/L)中的微观结构演变、质量损失率、腐蚀掉的元素成分随时间的关系,以及支撑体的孔结构、纯水通量和机械强度随其质量损失率的变化关系。结果表明主要在支撑体颗粒间的烧结颈部发生了选择性的腐蚀,在腐蚀初期其质量损失主要是由于烧结颈部中Na,Ca,Al等元素的溶解。支撑体的耐腐蚀性能与其烧结颈部的杂质含量密切相关。多孔支撑体的机械强度随支撑体在HNO3溶液中的质量损失率增大而逐渐降低。所用的多孔陶瓷膜支撑体具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。该研究为进一步提高支撑体的耐腐蚀性能及预测陶瓷膜在酸性环境中的使用性能奠定了基础。     

多孔氧化铝陶瓷膜支撑体的制备与表征

以粒径为0.5μm的超细氧化铝粉为原料,加入成孔剂和粘接剂,经干压成型及高温烧结制备出多孔氧化铝陶瓷膜支撑体。制备过程中,以纯水通量为实验指标进行正交试验,分别研究烧结温度、粘结剂含量、成型压力以及聚乙烯醇(PVA)浓度对膜性能的影响程度,并确定制备氧化铝支撑体的最佳工艺条件。使用扫描电镜(SEM)和聚乙二醇(PEG)截留实验对支撑体的微观结构和性能进行表征。实验结果表明:烧结温度和粘接剂含量对支撑体的纯水通量影响高度显著,成型压力和PVA浓度几乎无影响;加入1.75%(w)的粘接剂,80mg/mlPVA溶液2ml,采用9MPa的成型压力和1535℃的烧结温度制备的氧化铝超滤膜支撑体的纯水通量为60kg/(m2h),截留分子量(MWCO)为8 500。     

泥料含水量对粉煤灰陶瓷膜支撑体性能的影响

泥料含水量是陶瓷生产中的重要参数,会影响陶瓷的收缩率、抗弯强度等性能。以电厂粉煤灰为主要原材料、糊精为造孔剂、羧甲基纤维素为黏结剂,采用挤出成型法制备了管状多孔陶瓷膜支撑体。通过控制陶瓷泥料用水量和烧结保温时间制备了不同支撑体,并对支撑体进行性能表征,考察了泥料含水量和烧结保温时间对支撑体微观结构、收缩率、孔隙率、孔径以及机械强度等性能的影响。结果表明：在水/固质量比质量为0.19时,1 150℃保温烧结2 h获得孔隙率40.5%、抗弯强度23.6 MPa、平均孔径0.41μm的支撑体。制备的支撑体应用于脱硫废水微滤处理,固体悬浮物截留率99.98%。为制备低成本粉煤灰陶瓷膜支撑体提供研究基础,有利于膜法水处理的扩大化应用。     

支撑体生坯浸涂溶胶（一步法）制备不对称结构陶瓷超滤膜的研究

无机陶瓷膜的低成本化日益受到重视。在此以降低陶瓷膜制备成本为出发点,采用在支撑体生坯上浸涂勃姆石溶胶,经干燥烧结后制备具有不对称结构的无机陶瓷超滤膜。考察了更具成本优势的常温水解氯化铝制勃姆石溶胶和传统异丙醇铝制勃姆石溶胶两种溶胶在涂膜时缺陷控制的方法。溶胶中添加PVA可以有效降低溶胶涂层缺陷。在支撑体生坯上浸涂勃姆石溶胶,支撑体与涂层一次烧结制备的不对称结构的陶瓷膜孔隙率与未涂膜支撑体相同,对PVA1750的截留率为90.7%。相对于传统烧成支撑体涂膜的多次烧结工艺,表现出了更低成本优势。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。