影响评酒准确性的因素探讨

评酒是通过感觉器官来判断酒质的重要手段，评酒的准确性受诸多因素的影响，包括：情绪因素，情绪稳定，注意力集中，味觉嗅觉细胞较活跃，品评正确性高，感情因素，评酒员应克服感情因素，做到公平，公正；基本素质，要熟悉各种酒及其香味成分，掌握评分标准，提高自身素质；身体健康状况，身体不适，品评准确性将大打折扣，保持身体健康，是评酒的基本条件；品酒顺序，要克服品评的效应影响，反复对比，品评环境，应保持安静，光线柔和，气温宜人，此外，生活环境，消费观念，学术水平等对评酒准确性都有一定影响。     

浓香型白酒生产评酒的探讨

利用人的感觉器官，即视觉、嗅觉、味觉，鉴别新酒质量的一门技术，简称生产评酒。生产评酒的要领包括眼观其色、鼻闻其香、口尝其味和了解酒的风格；同时生产评酒还必须与生产工艺相结合、与勾兑相结合、与化验分析相结合。     

五味调与营养平衡及其信号传导

“五味调”是中国餐和烹饪的基本理论和原则。一直以来,很多人认为中国餐虽然讲究色、香、味,但是不讲究营养,而有关味觉和嗅觉受体与相应的配体相互作用研究表明,味觉和嗅觉所传感的正是机体所需要的营养成分,并构成营养体内平衡的分子结构识别机制和生理调节与代谢基础,五味调和在机体生命活动和营养体内平衡中具有重要作用。味觉和嗅觉受体以G蛋白偶联受体超家族为主体,构成机体对营养物质的结构与功能、定量与定性的传感系统。该传感系统不仅分布在舌和鼻咽部的味蕾处,而且遍布整个消化道系统,以及神经信号传导系统,在外周系统和大脑之间构建起通讯联系和“编码系统”。大量研究表明,在漫长的进化中,人和动物已经形成了一个从看到食物开始,一直到食入、咀嚼、消化、吸收、排泄等各个关键环节的时序控制及其复杂的信号级联激活和传递系统。机体通过味觉和嗅觉系统从饮食的形态、质构到分子结构与功能等进行严格的识别和筛选,系统地控制各种营养成分的消化和吸收,并同时以严格的时序性信号传递与级联,从神经信号的快速传递到神经和体液混合传递,再到体液传递相互配合,构成食品营养与安全的交响乐式的信号传递与控制过程,决定了机体的营养吸收、防御、体内平衡、生理活动、代谢与健康。本文在综述这些进展的基础上提出：五味调和是健康饮食的基础,通过味觉和嗅觉受体及其与配体的相互作用的研究,不仅可以为嗅觉和味觉测定开辟新的方法和途径,而且为调味品的研究和健康饮食,控制现代文明病的发生和发展提供科学依据。     

Unexpected Moments and the Wine Experience

This article uses ethnographic case studies to show how wine connoisseurs learn to appreciate wine. I argue for disaggregating the wine experience between sampling and tasting, and suggest that tasting is a cumulative form of sensorial engagement where connoisseurs build their knowledge to help them understand future wines. I focus on two variables that wine connoisseurs need to master—getting a sense for terroir and learning to name smells—and offer ethnographic data to illustrate how connoisseurs go through this process. I conclude the article by looking at the moments when wine experiences are not easily rendered into wine terminology and suggest that these instances help constitute connoisseurs into drinkers with individual trajectories. Looking at experience brings further clarity to how connoisseurs engage food commodities as objects to be studied and mastered via the senses.     

Impact of crema on expected and actual espresso coffee experience

The formation and stabilization of crema on espresso coffee are areas that have been well studied during the last 2 decades. In contrast, the contribution of the sensory perception of crema in the coffee consumption experience has not received a lot of attention. Crema being a key visual differentiator between espresso coffees, it may influence the overall sensory and hedonic experiences through the process of assimilation or contrast of visually induced expectations. The objective of this research was therefore to investigate the role of the expectation generated by crema visual cues on actual sensory and hedonic espresso coffee consumption experience. The study was designed to measure the impact of absence, presence and amount of crema on expectation for espresso coffee in liking, quality, overall taste intensity, bitterness and smoothness. Four espresso coffees with different amounts of crema were rated on each characteristic by espresso coffee consumers in three evaluation conditions: visual condition (expectation induced by crema visual cues), in-mouth condition (espresso coffee tasting while participants were blindfolded), full condition (standard tasting). The aim of this procedure was to quantify the respective contribution of crema visual cues and in-mouth espresso coffee tasting to the overall espresso coffee experience. Results showed that espresso coffee without crema was expected to be moderately liked, low in quality and weakly smooth as compared to espresso coffee with crema. Such expectations negatively impacted hedonic and sensory in-mouth experience through assimilation effect. Change in crema amount also impacted consumers' expectation which in turn modulated hedonic and sensory experience for espresso coffee. For the first time, this study highlighted the key role of crema visual cues on espresso coffee consumption experience.     

不同催陈方法对清香型小曲酒品质及微量成分的影响

考察5种不同催陈方法对清香型小曲酒品质的影响,采用气相色谱对其微量成分进行分析.研究结果表明:(1)新酒在香气及口感上整体变化较大,脱新、去杂效果较为明显,以间歇搅拌方法的效果最佳,添加陶片方法酒体醇厚感好,有老酒香;(2)超声处理方法对酒体风格的影响较大,一年陈和两年陈原酒出现偏格现象,香气不正,有铁腥味;(3)整体...     

电子鼻和电子舌在果酒风味分析中的应用

采用电子鼻嗅觉指纹分析系统、电子舌味觉指纹分析系统及人工感官评价对不同品种樱桃酒(中樱狄墨尔干红和干白)和不同品种葡萄酒(张裕干白和长城干红)的香气和口感进行了检测,并采用主成分分析(PCA)和判别因子分析法(DFA)对传感器响应信号进行了分析。经模式识别分析得到:在香气上,樱桃干白与葡萄干白的差异最小,其次是樱桃干红和葡萄干红,干白和干红之间的差异最大;在口感上,樱桃酒(干红和干白)与葡萄酒(干红和干白)的差异较大。电子鼻和电子舌分析结果与人工感官评价结果一致。研究表明,电子鼻和电子舌结合模式识别方法可用于果酒的风味评价。     

糯米与糯玉米发酵酒品质的比较

为研究糯米和糯玉米对发酵酒品质的影响,本实验选取籼糯米、粳糯米和糯玉米三种原料,测定它们的水分、蛋白质、灰分、淀粉和脂肪含量以及三种原料发酵酒的还原糖、可溶性固形物、酒精度及总酸的含量,并通过感官评定、电子舌、电子鼻进行发酵酒感官品质分析。结果表明,籼糯米、粳糯米和糯玉米中蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪含量具有显著差异（P<0.05）,糯玉米发酵酒还原糖（12.69 g/100 g）、可溶性固形物（12.89%）、酒精度（2.0%）及总酸（13.06 g/L）的含量最低,感官评分低于籼糯米、粳糯米发酵酒,但是尚在可接受范围（感官评分≥60）,显示糯玉米作为原料酿造发酵酒具有可行性。     

Dynamic changes of taste experiences in wine and cheese combinations

The ideal cheese and wine combination might be relatively subjective, depending on personal preference, context factors, previous knowledge and experience of food and wine. The aim of this study was to (I) explore consumer liking for wine and cheese pairs; to (II) explore whether either wine or cheese dominates a combination and to (III) understand the relationship between consumer liking and the dynamic taste experience. Consumer testing was performed in a restaurant setting where 45 consumers evaluated liking and dominance of combinations of cheese and wine as a part of a conference lunch. In a laboratory, Temporal Dominance of Sensation (TDS) was used to analyse the dynamic responses of five wines and Roquefort Société tasted in a mixed tasting. Results show significant differences between the wines for dominance and liking for the wines and cheese. A sweet and fruity dessert wine together with the cheese scored high for liking and no dominance was indicated of either wine or cheese. TDS is found to be a useful method to provide additional information about sensory attributes that give a high liking score, showing the dynamic in the eating process.     

发酵条件对沙棘冰酒品质的影响

以沙棘汁为原料研究发酵工艺中各参数对沙棘冰酒品质的影响.通过L9(34)正交试验,得出制备沙棘冰酒的最佳发酵工艺参数为:发酵温度24℃,酵母接种量3%(V/V,106个/mL),PH 3.6,发酵时间20 d.在此条件下,沙棘冰酒的色泽、组织状态、滋味、口感均较理想,适合企业规模化生产.     

Comparative evaluation of malvasia wines: concordance and reliability of judgments

Judgments given by experts in wine-tasting competitions can be relevant in terms of the visible signs of quality they provide for consumers. Even though it is difficult to measure the quality of wines in absolute terms, sensorial analysis through tasting is the generally accepted way to assess it. In this paper, a statistical analysis is carried out of the results from the first competition of Malvasias of the World. The evaluations obtained according to wine type (dry or sweet), geographical location and judge are analyzed and compared. Additionally, possible differences between two Canarian varieties of malvasia (aromatic and volcanic malvasia) are analyzed. Finally, the internal consistency of two tastings using a range of statistical measures based on the judges’ scores is studied to show the degree of concordance and reliability among their wine judgments.     

Do facial reactions add new dimensions to measuring sensory responses to basic tastes?

Basic taste solutions induce sensory perceptions via taste receptors and give rise to specific facial reactions. Many of these have been shown to be innate. The aim of this study was to explore relationships between the sensory perception of basic taste solutions at different concentrations and facial reactions.Basic taste solutions each at three levels plus water were served to a panel. The assessors individually identified quality, intensity and pleasantness. They were recorded during tasting and their facial reactions (based on FACS) were coded and analysed.Facial reactions indicated both quality and concentration of the stimuli. The intensity of most facial reactions increased with increasing stimulus concentration, most pronounced for sourness (lips) and bitterness (eyes and forehead). Pleasantness ratings decreased with increasing concentrations of all basic tastes. Water and the lowest sucrose concentration were perceived as the most pleasant samples and gave rise to the lowest intensity of facial reactions. The study showed that a combination of sensory analyses and facial expressions was successful in adding further insight to the knowledge of perception of basic tastes.     

Perceived minerality in sauvignon blanc wine: Chemical reality or cultural construct?

The study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived mineral character in wine and wine chemical composition. We investigated the sensory properties and chemical composition of sauvignon blanc wines from two major sauvignon-producing countries, New Zealand and France. Sensory experiments employing 16 wines (8 French, 8 New Zealand) were conducted in Marlborough, New Zealand and in three regions of France, namely Bordeaux, Burgundy, and the Sancerre/Loire region. Wine professionals (31 New Zealanders and 32 French professionals) sensorially characterised the 16 wines under three conditions, bouquet only (ortho-nasal olfaction), palate only (nose clip condition), and full tasting (global condition: ortho-nasal olfaction, retronasal olfaction, taste, trigeminal stimulation). Sensory data from the global condition only are reported in this article. Physical and chemical analyses conducted on all wines included wine standard parameters, elemental composition, volatile aroma composition, and measures of organic acids. Major results demonstrate that (i) on average French and New Zealand wines were perceived similarly in intensity of mineral character, although judgments to individual wines differed as a function of participant culture; (ii) French and NZ participants drew on different information to make their sensory judgments; and (iii) several aspects of wine composition associated positively with perception of mineral character while others associated negatively, the significant associations differing as a function of participant culture.     

Off-flavours in wines through indirect transfer of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from coatings

This paper assesses the impact of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the drying of coatings on the sensory characters of corks and wines. According to Italian National Standard Method 11021:2002, a small-scale chamber was used (1) to expose wines to the drying of coatings with both low and high VOCs, and (2) to expose corks to the same coatings. After exposure to the coatings, the corks were then placed in direct contact with wine. Different styles of white, red and rosé wines were tested. In both directly exposed wines and in wines after contact with the exposed cork, the taste and smell off-flavour perception and intensity were assessed by a panel of eight experienced wine tasters using a five-point numerical scale according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard methods. The results showed that the sensory characters of wines, especially taste, were influenced by the VOC content of the coatings. The taste off-flavour perception was found to be higher than the smell in wines exposed to coatings with either high or low VOCs contents. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan analysis prove that: (1) panellist's answers were significantly different, (2) it was difficult to differentiate the off-flavour perception on the high-level scale, and (3) the panellist off-flavour perceptions versus wine style discriminated the wines into two groups (red and white/rosé). For all the wine styles, Pearson's test showed no significant correlation between off-flavour perception levels and the main chemical characters of the wines. For the wines that were in direct contact with the exposed corks, the panellists detect the off-flavours according to the levels of VOCs in the coating and wine styles and they assessed the highest levels of alteration were to the taste.     

不同甜酒曲对甜酒酿品质和滋味的影响

甜酒酿为我国传统的发酵食品,其品质和滋味与酒曲种类有直接的关系。该实验以糯米为原料,考察7种甜酒曲对甜酒酿品质和滋味的影响。结果表明,各种甜酒酿在感官特性、糖度、酸度、色度、滋味等各方面均有明显差异。7种甜酒酿的8种味觉指标差异均极显著（P＜0.01）,各酒样都得到了很好地区分辨识,其中安琪、双龙和太白3种甜酒曲制作的甜酒酿滋味相近,农家自酿、川竹和蜜蜂3种甜酒曲制作的甜酒酿滋味相近。     

甘蔗果酒澄清剂的筛选

用新鲜甘蔗汁发酵生产甘蔗果酒,发酵液分别添加果胶酶、壳聚糖和硅藻土三种澄清剂进行澄清处理,对滤液的透光率、抗氧化物质和感官指标进行测定和分析。实验结果表明,果胶酶,壳聚糖和硅藻土对甘蔗果酒均有澄清助滤效果。其中壳聚糖和硅藻土的澄清效果较为理想,澄清度达到了69.4%和65.5%。利用澄清剂处理果酒发酵液,果酒中的总酚和总黄酮含量均显著下降（P＜0.01）,尤其是壳聚糖的添加对总酚和总黄酮含量影响最大。以硅藻土处理甘蔗果酒的感官指标结果最佳,其色香味都较好。综合三个方面的影响,选择硅藻土作为甘蔗果酒的最佳澄清剂,且最佳添加量为0.6 g/100 mL。     

Sensory evaluation of wine through correspondence analysis: a theoretical and empirical rationale

Sensory evaluation in wine research focuses on understanding wine preference and choice within a holistic framework. This study offers a theoretical and empirical rationale for the sensory evaluation of wine. A precondition for sustainability and success in the market arena is a clear understanding of potential interaction of sensory evaluation properties and other factors affecting consumer choice. New approaches and methodologies for preference matching and assessment of sensory properties and information queues on overall liking are of fundamental importance for wine makers. The aim of this study is to advance the understanding of sensory evaluations affecting consumer both on empirical and theoretical grounds. For the implementation of this aim, an empirical research with real wine tasting data was conducted and analyzed through the use of Correspondence Analysis (CA). The findings of this study demonstrate that this method is more appropriate in wine sensory data analysis due to their categorical and non-parametric nature. CA is a very useful technique to establish a solid knowledge for the identification of the wines based on evidence and facts of their aromatic characteristics.     

食品感官评价技术在茶叶品质评价中的 应用研究进展

食品感官评价是用于唤起、测量、分析和解释通过视觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉以及听觉而感知到的食品及其他物质的特征或者性质的一种科学方法,已经建立了科学的评价程序与方法,已广泛应用于产品的感官特征评价及产品鉴别、产品开发、市场调查等方面的研究。我国茶叶品类多样,产品风味独具特色。我国茶叶感官质量评价方法仍然是定级评价,采用食品感官评价技术建立更客观、更有效的产品感官质量评价体系十分必要。本文介绍了食品感官评价定义、方法及其在茶叶风味化合物研究,对典型茶叶(绿茶、红茶和乌龙茶)感官描述分析、典型茶叶感官术语及参考物、茶叶及茶产品消费者测试中的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了食品感官评价技术在茶叶感官品质评价研究发展方向。