Coriolis mass flow measurement of gas under normal conditions

This paper presents a new method of directly measuring the mass flow of gas using the well-known Coriolis principle, which has proved successful for mass flow measurement of liquids. The prototype consists of two U-shaped tubes, forming a device resembling very much a tuning fork, which is stimulated by electromagnetic actuators to perform autonomous bending oscillations. By this means the fluid is subjected to a radial velocity that, in combination with the axial velocity of the flow, induces harmonic Coriolis forces of the same frequency. This causes the U-shaped tube to perform torsional oscillations that superimpose on the bending oscillations. Both oscillations can be detected via electromagnetic transducers.

The amplitude of the torsional oscillation induced by the Coriolis forces is very small as the density of gas is very low. It can be amplified by tuning the eigenfrequencies of torsion and bending in a control loop. This results in an amplification of the torsional amplitude by a factor of 10², allowing the mass flow of gas to be measured under normal conditions.     

Radial nanofretting behavior of four typical structural materials in MEMS under high loads

Nanofretting refers to a cyclic movement of contact surfaces with the relative displacement amplitude in nanometer scale, where the contact area and normal load are usually much smaller than those in fretting. To understand the radial nanofretting behaviors under high loads, the nanofretting tests of a Berkovich diamond tip against typical structural materials in MEMS (polycrystalline copper, monocrystal silicon, and nickel titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloys) were performed with a nanoindenter. The experimental results indicate that: (i) the residual deformation depth in a nanofretting cycle quickly decreases to zero with the increase in the number of cycles; (ii) both the contact stiffness and the projected area of the indents on four materials attain to constants after the initial increase; (iii) the force vs. displacement curve exhibits a hysteresis loop due to the energy dissipation in nanofretting cycle. The energy can be dissipated in nanofretting by different ways corresponding to various materials, such as plastic deformation, interface friction, as well as the stress-induced phase transition. Under high loads, the main nanofretting damage of materials is plastic deformation, which may be almost finished during the first several cycles. Besides plastic deformation, the typical nanofretting damage in copper is identified as the pileup of the wrinkles on the edge of indents. In silicon, the damage is characterized as the initiation and propagation of the cracks on the edge of plastic zone of indents. Due to the stress-induced reversible phase transition, the superelastic NiTi could exhibit a good damping property under the complex loading condition, and therefore shows the excellent ability against nanofretting damage in four materials.     

气侵对井下环空流量电磁测量系统的影响研究

井下环空流量电磁测量系统可以实时获取井下环空流量信息,但环空流道侵入的气体会对其测量结果产生影响,导致测量系统无法准确对钻井过程中出现的溢流和井喷问题进行预警。针对环空流量电磁测量系统受气侵影响的问题,研究首先通过建立气侵对环空流量电磁测量系统影响的理论模型,获得了环空流量电磁测量系统虚电流密度函数;其次,采用有限元仿真软件对侵入气体的不同存在状态进行动态模拟,分析环空流量电磁测量系统的虚电流分布规律;最后,搭建模拟实验平台进行不同两相混合流量下的含气率影响实验。实验结果表明,随着环空流道内两相混合流体含气率在0%～5%范围内增加,不同两相混合流量下的环空流量电磁测量系统输出电压均呈现下降趋势,采用二次函数拟合不同两相混合流量下环空流量电磁测量系统输出电压与含气率关系,可决系数R~2在0.98以上,拟合残差e小于0.011;最终通过归一化的输出电压与含气率关系式校正环空测量流量。研究成果可用于降低气侵对测量结果的影响,提高井下环空流量电磁测量系统的测量精度。     

Study on double differential pressure measurement method of gas-liquid two-phase flow in high gas content wells

The production of natural-gas wells contains natural gas and a small amount of liquid, which is a wet gas composed of oil, gas and water. For dynamically monitor the liquid and gas production from a single well, there is an urgent need for a low-cost, small-volume online metering device for wet gas flows through a single well. Aiming at the problem, this paper designs a wet gas flow measurement device for a long-throated Venturi tube based on the double differential pressure method. By combining experiments and numerical simulations, a matching flow calculation model was developed. Based on the experimental data of NEL's 6-inch standard Venturi tube wet gas over-reading, the numerical simulation method is used to carry out the research of high-pressure wet gas measurement under the pressure condition of 2, 4 and 6 MPa. The simulation results of two multiphase flow models, DPM and Euler, are compared with the experimental values of NEL. The results show that the maximum relative error is less than 10%, and the Euler model is more suitable for the numerical simulation of high-pressure wet gas. According to the actual production from the gas well, a long-throated Venturi tube with a throttling ratio of 0.5 and a diameter of DN50 was designed, and a numerical simulation study of wet gas under a pressure of 2, 3 and 4 MPa was carried out. Numerical simulation results show that the change laws of over-reading and liquid-gas mass ratios of high-pressure wet gas are consistent with those of low-pressure wet gas. The numerical simulation results are used to correct the flow calculation model of low-pressure wet gas, and a flow calculation model suitable for high-pressure wet gas in gas wells is obtained. The gas flow prediction accuracy of the flow calculation model was lower than ±3%, and the liquid flow prediction value was lower than ±10%. Compared with other measurement methods without separation of wet gas, the long-throated Venturi tube based on the double differential pressure method has a simple structure and low measurement cost. By further optimizing and expanding the measurement model, after improving the accuracy, it can be installed in the wellhead pipeline to monitor the oil and gas production from a single well in real time. This can provide support for gas reservoir exploitation decisions.     

电容式气固两相流浓度测量系统

本文介绍一种电容式气固两相流浓度测量系统,给出了具体的测量电极和测量电路。并采用所设计的电容式浓度测量系统在自行搭建的气力输粉系统上以面粉为媒质、在水平管道上对稀相气固两相流浓度进行了在线测量,获得了5×10^-5%体积百分比的面粉浓度分辨率。应用该系统对锅炉气力输粉管道中的气固两相流浓度进行实时在线检测与控制,对确保燃烧过程稳定,节能降耗和减少污染排放具有重大意义。     

气固两相流固相浓度电容式传感器优化设计

本文建立了一种螺旋式电容传感器的数学模型,并基于该模型对传感器结构进行了优化设计。优化后的结构可以产生较均匀的灵敏场分布,实测结果表明,优化后的传感器电容值与固相浓度具有良好的线性关系,测量点的线性相对偏差小于0.8%,适用于气固两相流固相浓度的测量。     

环链电动葫芦安全离合器中纸基湿式摩擦材料的研究

介绍了安全离合器的结构及工作原理,就纸基湿式摩擦材料的特性进行了研究,揭示了摩擦特性与超载系数不稳定、打滑过程中摩擦振动现象之间的关系。对环链电动葫芦的生产厂家选择纸基摩擦材料有重要的指导意义。     

基于三轴加速度探头的涡街湿气分相流量测量

针对涡街湿气测量过读问题,提出了基于加速度检测的涡街过读校正和分相流量测量方法。设计了高频响三轴加速度探头,分别对敏感元件、探头尺寸和封装进行了优化设计。干气标定结果表明,在4.43×10⁴～1.81×10⁵雷诺数范围内,测量精度为±1.0%,线性度为1.06%。然后,在不同湿气工况(载气压力和流量、液相流量)下测试了输出频率和加速度幅值特性,以气、液相韦伯数为参数,分别建立了涡街过读和两相加速度幅值模型。最后,联立两方程建立了湿气测量模型,并利用牛顿迭代算法进行求解。预测结果表明,气相测量误差在±1.0%以内,不确定度0.46%,液相全量程误差在±15%以内,不确定度10.04%。与未过读校正时最大8%的测量误差相比,气相测量精度大大提升,同时实现了湿气中分相流的在线测量。     

A review of the performance of engineering materials under prevalent tribological and wear situations in South African industries

The wear of materials used on machinery operating in a wide range of industrial situations such as mining, energy production and agriculture can cause serious inefficiencies, sudden breakdowns and consequential financial losses. Our work over two decades has concerned industrial problems encountered in South African industry, and laboratory simulations of abrasion, abrasion plus corrosion, adhesive wear, impact wear, cavitation, solid particle erosion and erosion plus corrosion situations have been successfully undertaken. Materials investigated include plain carbon and alloy steel, stainless steels, aluminium alloys, cast irons, tungsten carbide cermets, ceramics, polymers, composites and various surface treated and coated materials. The paper reviews the investigations carried out in our laboratories and conclusions we have made.     

Performance characteristics of oil‐in‐water mixtures in a journal bearing using different bearing materials

Oil‐in‐water (o/w) mixtures have an interesting property that has attracted the attention of tribologists, namely, that they can form thicker hydrodynamic films than those inferred from their rheological properties. The oil phase is believed to separate out on the metal surface in concentrated contacts lubricated with o/w mixtures. In this paper the performance characteristics of water‐based oils have been systematically explored for their film‐generating capabilities. The lubrication properties of o/w lubricants are studied and compared in a journal bearing rig assembly with different bearing materials. The rig is run under increasing loads and speeds in conditions pertinent to hydrodynamic lubrication. The rig has been able to operate with o/w mixtures at a concentration as low as 10 vol.%. However, the results have shown that the bearings exhibited signs of high eccentricities with o/w mixtures compared to Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) predictions. This behaviour has been attributed to shear rate effects on water‐based lubricants.     

Environmentally conscious hard turning of cemented carbide materials on the basis of micro-cutting in SEM: stressing four kinds of cemented carbides with PCD tools

Environmentally conscious hard turning and technology has placed more importance on the machining process. In this research, the possibility of environmentally conscious hard turning of cemented carbides was studied. The effects of cutting methods of dry and wet (vegetable oil mist, and mineral oil) and work material on cutting resistance and wear characteristics of cutting tools were experimentally investigated. The turning and micro-cutting process in SEM was carried out by using four kinds of tungsten carbides with the PCD cutting tools. Specifically, an emphasis was put on the effect of WC and Co additives in four kinds of cemented carbides on machinability and tool wear characteristics. The tool wear width and the cutting resistances were measured, and the worn flank was observed.