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1.
Accurate estimation of discharge capacity of flooding rivers is extremely important in flood control projects. Floodplains are often covered with vegetation which generally increases the flow resistance, and affects the conveyance capacity. Several numerical methods have been proposed by researchers for predicting the stage-discharge relationship in compound channels. The hydraulic behavior of compound channel flow with vegetated floodplains is very complex. Hence, the accuracy of numerical discharge prediction methods must be investigated in compound channels with vegetated floodplain. In this paper, experimental results are presented for flow capacity of an asymmetric compound channel with vegetated and non-vegetated floodplain. An attempt has been made to compute the discharge with different 1-D and 2-D methods, including Single Channel Method (SCM), Divided Channel Methods (DCMs), Coherence Method (COHM) and Shiono and Knight Method (SKM). The results are then compared with experimental data. The results show that the SKM model is more accurate in discharge prediction than other models studied in the present study. Also, the DCM-ID model is found to be less accurate in discharge prediction in compound channels with smooth or rough floodplain. 相似文献
2.
Weirs are characterized by a stage-discharge relationship which mainly depends on the shape and dimensions of the hydraulic structure. A weir with symmetrical power-law sides is a versatile weir that can produce some known weir types (rectangular, triangular, parabolic) as special cases. In this paper, the outflow process of sharp-crested power-law weirs is investigated using the dimensional analysis and the incomplete self-similarity theory. A new generalized theoretical stage-discharge relationship is proposed, and its applicability is tested using measurements available in the literature for different weir types. 相似文献
3.
In this paper, the outflow process of a triangular broad-crested device is examined using the dimensional analysis and the incomplete self-similarity theory. A new theoretical stage-discharge relationship is proposed, and its applicability is verified using measurements available in literature.The proposed power equation is characterized by a coefficient depending on device apex angle and a constant value of the exponent. 相似文献
4.
This paper presents an integrated method with a novel approach using a series of experiments to evaluate the momentum transfer coefficients of compound channels with differentially roughened boundary in the subsections. The proposed methodology effectively predicts the momentum transfer coefficients at vertical as well as horizontal interfaces of a compound channel. Calibration performance reveals that the proposed model is capable of predicting the stage-discharge results, which are well compared to other existing approaches. The error statistic is established, confirming that the present method is providing better discharge results as compared to the other approaches. The method is successfully applied to the FCF, UK Wallingford, and the river data sets of compound channels of different roughness, flow, and geometric conditions. 相似文献
5.
In this paper the stage-discharge relationship of a flume with a central baffle is theoretically deduced using the Buckingham-Theorem of the dimensional analysis and the self-similarity theory. The new stage-discharge equation is calibrated by the measurements carried out by Peruginelli and Bonacci using a baffle having a given throat length and five different values of the contraction ratio. Finally, for a given throat length, a relationship linking the discharge with the upstream water depth, the contraction ratio and the contracted width is deduced. 相似文献
6.
In this paper the stage-discharge equation of a streamlined weir is theoretically deduced applying the Π-Theorem of dimensional analysis and the self-similarity theory. The coefficients of the new stage-discharge relationship are estimated using the experimental results by Bagheri and Kabiri-Samani. 相似文献
7.
This research conducted to study the flow through a rectangular cut-throated flume (RCTF). The flume is simply formed by placing two vertical triangular prisms (two vertical folded plates) on either side of a rectangular open channel. Both channel and flume cross-sections are rectangular. The investigated flume is inexpensive, easy to install and does not require high maintenance. A wide experimental investigation, carried out under free outflow conditions and under upstream subcritical flow regime to investigate the effects of the channel longitudinal slope, the flume throat width, and slopes of upstream and downstream flume walls on the stage-discharge relationship. The stage-discharge relationships were deduced by applying the dimensional analysis and were calibrated using the data of this study. The proposed stage-discharge equation for horizontal channel has an average absolute relative error of 2.97% with the relative errors restricted in the range of ±10%, and 80% of the data points are in the error range of ±5%. The proposed stage-discharge equation for sloping channel has an average absolute relative error of 3.97% with the relative errors restricted in the range of ±10%, and 66% of the data points are in the error range of ±5%. The measurements indicate that slopes of upstream and downstream walls affect the stage-discharge relationship of the CTFs only in sloping channels and flow discharge is not influenced by the flume walls slopes in a horizontal channel. The proposed unified stage-discharge equation for both horizontal and sloping channels has an average absolute relative error of 3.38% with the relative errors restricted in the range of ±10%, and 74% of the data points are in the error range of ±5%. The proposed stage-discharge model demonstrates favorable accurate and convenient estimation of discharge for flows through the CTFs. 相似文献
8.
Experimental testing of 9 different rectangular compound cross-section flow measurement flumes with different downstream slopes was conducted to yield the coefficient of discharge and the approach velocity coefficient. The aim of the experimental research was the determination of stage–discharge relationship in compound cross-section flow measurement flumes with different downstream slopes. One empirical predictive model for each of the coefficient of discharge and the approach velocity coefficient for the 9 cross-sections have been derived using one dimensionless parameter for the coefficient of discharge and another one dimensionless parameter for the approach velocity coefficient as the single independent variable. This approach is preferred as it allows the estimation of discharge by only measuring the water depth at the head measurement section. All obtained predictive models statistics have indicated the high reliability of the derived models in estimating discharge in an open channel flume of a rectangular compound cross-section using the predicted coefficients. 相似文献
9.
Discharge estimation is important for water management. Side orifices are commonly used in irrigation and drainage networks for distributing the water. Despite the vast amount of theoretical and experimental studies published, no generally applicable discharge equations are available for elliptical sharp-crested side orifices. When the length (diameter) of the circular side orifice is not sufficient to divert the water, an elliptical side orifice is a good alternative. In this paper, the elliptical sharp-crested side orifices were studied theoretically and experimentally. Several models were developed to predict the discharge coefficient of elliptical side orifices based on the Buckingham's theorem of dimensional analysis. A series of laboratory runs (588 runs) were conducted for different values of orifice geometry. The main channel discharge used in the tests ranged from 13.8 to 39.6 l/s and the side orifice discharge ranged from 3.66 to 21.4 l/s and upstream Froude number ranged from 0.22 to 0.77. Using measurements obtained by laboratory runs carried out in this investigation the proposed models of elliptical side orifices were calibrated under free outflow conditions. The model that includes the approach Froude number had an average error of 1.74%, while other model that does not include the approach Froude number had an average error about 2.43%. Moreover, suitable models were proposed for design procedure when measurement data for flow depths above the centroid of the orifice are not available. In this case, the model that includes the approach Froude number had an average error of 1.92%, while other model that does not include the approach Froude number had an average error of 2.24%. It was found that the proposed stage-discharge relationships were in an excellent agreement with the experimental results. 相似文献
10.
The present work demonstrates the characteristics of flow from sluice gates under free and submerged flow conditions using Energy and Momentum Equations (EMEs). The experimental data was used from the research works reported by different investigators to calibrate the proposed equations. An equation for estimation energy loss factor of sluice gate at free flow was presented and effect of this parameter on increasing discharge coefficient's accuracy was demonstrated. It was derived a theoretical equation for variations of sluice gate's discharge coefficient with relative opening and relative tailwater depth. Effects of energy loss factor on discharge coefficient and distinguishing limit were investigated. In this research the concepts of submergence limit of the gate and the submergence limit of hydraulic jump will be distinguished. By determining effective pressure on the gate and using EMEs, equations for variations of sluice gate's contraction coefficient with relative opening and relative submergence were presented. The result shows that at free flow condition, a minimum contraction coefficient obtained under a certain value of relative gate opening. At submerged flow condition, contraction coefficient would be either increased or decreased depending on the level of flow submergence. This paper carefully considered stage-discharge relationships for estimation gate discharge under free and submerged flow conditions. 相似文献
11.
Flumes with a local contraction of the channel width are a common way for accurately measuring the flow discharge. In this paper, the outflow process of rectangular broad and sharp-crested contraction devices is modeled using the dimensional analysis and the incomplete self-similarity condition. The proposed theoretical stage-discharge relationship is tested using measurements available in the literature. The proposed power equation is characterized by a value of the exponent close to 1.5 and a coefficient depending on the contraction ratio. The proposed flow-measuring flumes are characterized by a good accuracy of the measured discharge (ranging from −2.71 to 3.28% for the broad-crested contraction device and in the range from −0.24 to 0.31% for the sharp-crested one). Even if both flume types have good accuracy of the measured discharge (less than the limit of ±5% suggested in the literature), the developed analysis demonstrated that the sharp-crested device is characterized by the lowest values of the errors in the estimate of discharge, and this result increases the interest of this device in practical applications. The advantage of the proposed approach is combining an accurate estimate of the flow discharge and working regardless of the discharge coefficient estimate. 相似文献
12.
Experimental results are presented concerning the zonal and total discharge distribution and characteristics in a compound channel cross-section comprising one rectangular main channel and two symmetrical floodplains. The discharges in the main channel, floodplains, and total compound channel are found to be highly correlated to several dimensionless parameters defined using the compound channel cross-section geometry. Multi-variable regression analysis was utilized for developing predictive models that can estimate the main channel, floodplains and total discharges as a function of four different dimensionless parameters. The developed models to predict the zonal and total discharges in compound channels are found to be highly significant according to several major statistics including the model standard error, coefficient of determination (R2), and F-statistic. The developed multi-variable regression-based models are also tested for validity using available experimental data. Several statistical tests applicable to the analysis of residuals have indicated the effectiveness of the developed predictive models. 相似文献
13.
M. -C. Lee J. -M. Leu C. -J. Lai W. J. Plant W. C. Keller K. Hayes 《Flow Measurement and Instrumentation》2002,13(5-6):271-276
This paper presents and applies an improved method of determining cross-sectional depth and discharge of a river. The method used with the universal law and Darcy-Weisbach friction factors to obtain the lateral variation of the roughness height. This method of measurement was successfully used at the Kaoping River during the Xangsane typhoon in Taiwan, and the results show that the surface velocity obtained using an X-band pulse radar system were close to that obtained by the float method. The estimated discharges at four stages were within 3% of the recorded values of the stage-discharge rating curve in the gauging station. 相似文献
14.
Developments in digital video recording technology make the video imagery tools more popular for velocity measurement in water flows. This has especially been of large interest due to its inherent advantage of non-contact nature which is quite handy in extreme flow conditions. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) and Large Scale Particle Tracking Velocimetry (LSPTV) are applied to free surface channel flow for water surface velocity measurement. Experiments are conducted to measure either a single point velocity applying PTV or velocity profiles across the channel width applying PIV on the water surface in a rectang typical velocities of nearly 1 andular tilting flume for various flow conditions. Technical issues regarding tracer particle size and type, travel distance, lighting, recording speed, camera position, image distortion and state of flow are discussed. Measured data is compared to computational results obtained from a numerical model involving a non-linear turbulence model capable of predicting turbulence driven secondary flows. Confirmation of reasonable match between computational and experimental results whereby applying mutual collaboration of them for discharge measurement has been attested. In addition to discharge, boundary roughness has also been predicted as an outcome of the numerical solution. 相似文献
15.
16.
SPR谱仪的研制及在磁光复合薄膜测试中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对SPR增强磁光效应研究中复合金属薄膜结构的SPR激发测试,研制了一套角度扫描型SPR谱仪。通过巧妙的结构设计和运动控制,使得角度扫描过程中样品测试点始终处于棱镜底面样品基片的中心,保证了测试过程的一致性。对50nm金膜的重复性测验表明SPR谱仪具有较高的重复性和稳定度。利用搭建的SPR谱仪对磁光复合薄膜的测试结果表明,在制备的样品中,Au(15nm)/Co(5/10nm)/Au(5nm)复合结构是磁光等离子体系研究的最佳平台。 相似文献
17.
Sluice/slide gates are widely used for flow depth control and flow discharge measurements in open channels. The hydraulic behavior of the sluice gates located in the rectangular open channels is well documented in the literature. This study reports the results of an investigation conducted to establish the stage-discharge relationship for the sluice gates located in horizontal, circular open channels/pipes under free outflow conditions. Different stage-discharge models were proposed based on the Buckingham's theorem of dimensional analysis and orifice theory. A comprehensive series of laboratory experiments (729 runs) were performed to study the sluice gates located at the middle, and at the end of two circular pipes. Using the data collected from two circular open channels of nominal diameters 20 and 30 cm, the proposed models were calibrated. For the middle slide gates, the experimental results showed that the discharge prediction can be improved by introducing the Reynolds number. For the slide gates located at the middle of the channel, the best proposed model has an average error of 1.40% with a maximum error of 7.12%. For the slide gates located at the end of the channel, the Reynolds number has no significant effect and best proposed model has an average error of 2.47% with a maximum error of 6.59%. The results also showed that the flow discharge of the end slide gate (with unconfined free jet under gravity) is higher than the flow discharge of the middle slide gate for the same gate opening areas and upstream flow depths. The proposed sluice/slide gate for circular open channels offers a simple and reliable discharge measurement approach with acceptable accuracy. 相似文献
18.
J. F. Braza 《摩擦学汇刊》2013,56(1):89-97
The rolling contact fatigue and sliding wear performance of two types of ferritic nitrocarburizing techniques (gaseous and fluidized bed) were evaluated on AISI M-50 steel. These processes produced a thin compound layer over a nitrogen-rich diffusion zone. It was observed that compound layer thicknesses less than 1 μm increased the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) L10 life up to a factor of six over the untreated M-50 steel. Compound layers greater than 2 μm had a tendency to flake off the substrate near the spalled region, producing lower L10 lives than the baseline M-50 steel. Sliding wear tests on ferritic nitrocarburized M-50 showed that the compound layer exhibited slightly larger friction coefficients than the nitrogen-rich diffusion zone, although this layer had slightly greater resistance to catastrophic wear at higher contact stresses. 相似文献
19.
Mrutyunjaya Sahu K.K. Khatua S.S. Mahapatra 《Flow Measurement and Instrumentation》2011,22(5):438-446
Most natural rivers and streams consist of two stage channels known as main channel and flood plains. Accurate prediction of discharge in compound open channels is extremely important from river engineering point of view. It helps the practitioners to provide essential information regarding flood mitigation, construction of hydraulic structures and prediction of sediment load so as to plan for effective preventive measures. Discharge determination models such as the single channel method (SCM), the divided channel method (DCM), the coherence method (COHM) and the exchange discharge method (EDM) are widely used; however, they are insufficient to predict discharge accurately. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this work to predict the total discharge in compound channels with an artificial neural network (ANN) and compare with the above models. The mean absolute percentage error with artificial neural networks is found to be consistently low as compared to other models. 相似文献
20.
Accurate estimation of flow discharge in a compound river channel is increasingly important in river management and hydro-environment design. In this paper, a new model is developed to improve the prediction of flow based on Energy Concept Method (ECM) and Weighted Divided Channel Method (WDCM) along with the apparent shear stress at the interface between main channel and floodplain. The new model is compared with a wide range of our experimental data and the data available in the literature. The 27 datasets used include homogenous symmetric channels (22 datasets) and asymmetric channels (5 datasets) with various aspect ratios [channel total width (B) at bankfull / main channel bottom (b) =1.5–15.8], and bed slopes (So = 4.3 × 10−4–1.3 × 10−2). It was found that the new model has significantly improved the accuracy of flow prediction compared with the traditional Divided Channel Method (DCM), and has also considerably better results than the ECM and WDCM methods against all the datasets, particularly for relatively low flow depths of floodplain where the flow discharges are most difficult to predict correctly. The new model predicts the total discharge well for both symmetric and asymmetric channels, within an averaged relative error of about 5%. 相似文献