乳状液膜提取稀土的传质模型研究（Ⅲ）

建立的乳状液膜体系中，稀土离子由内水相向外水相迁移的传质模型，探讨了该液膜体系的传质机理．实验结果表明，本文模型准确地描述了液膜体系的传质行为，扩散组分在内水相边界层和膜相的扩散阻力是主要的传质阻力     

Ammonia-water desorption heat and mass transfer in microchannel devices

This paper presents the results of an experimentally validated model for the prediction of local heat and mass transfer rates in a microchannel ammonia-water desorber. The desorber is an extremely compact 178 mm × 178 mm × 0.508 m tall component capable of transferring the required heat load (∼17.5 kW) for a residential heat pump system. The model predicts temperature, concentration and mass flow rate profiles through the desorber, as well as the effective wetted area of the heat transfer surface. Previous experimental and analytical research by the authors demonstrated the performance of this same microchannel geometry as an absorber. Together, these studies show that this compact geometry is suitable for all components in an absorption heat pump, which would enable the increased use of absorption technology in the small-capacity heat pump market.     

果胶超滤纯化过程传质模型和动力学分析

研究了果胶提取液超滤膜分离处理过程传质特征,建立了渗透通量、膜面浓度与压差的传质模型,并对膜阻力和浓差极化阻力进行了定量描述;同时对超滤过程的动力学进行了分析.     

An interface constitutive modeling problem for compressible flows with mass transfer

The complete solution of a two-phase flow problem requires the solution of appropriate partial differential equations (PDEs) of mass, momentum, and energy in the region occupied by the vapor and in the region occupied by the liquid. The moving interface between each phasic region requires the specification of additional interface conditions. These additional conditions are jump conditions imposed by the mass, momentum, and energy balances at the interface and additional interface ‘constitutive’ equations. These additional interface constitutive equations can also be thought of as internal interface boundary conditions that must be imposed on the PDEs on each side of the interface to secure a well posed problem.It is well known that the characteristic equations in any hyperbolic system give a complete picture of the required boundary conditions or interface shock conditions. In this paper, the limiting form of a set of characteristic equations will be used to determine the nature of the phasic interface conditions that are required in a compressible, viscous, conducting fluid at a mass transfer interface. The analysis will show that the traditional interface modeling constitutive equations are insufficient in number and hence lead to multiple solutions and therefore to an ill-posed problem. The source of the insufficient number of interface conditions will be discussed.     

低温推进剂贮箱增压过程的传热传质数学模拟

针对火箭发动机地面试验中低温液氧贮箱的预增压和增压过程建立了气相空间的传热、传质数学模型.运用实际气体的状态方程、连续性方程、能量守恒方程以及推进剂与气相空间的传热、传质方程等组成了关于气相空间参数的微分方程组,并运用四阶Runge-Kutta算法对其进行求解.获得了气相空间的压力、温度、增压气体流量、液氧挥发速率以及贮箱壁温等参数的变化规律.结果表明,在发动机启动前的预增压过程中,气相空间的温度和压力急剧增加,液氧的挥发速率也增加很快;发动机启动后的保持增压阶段,由于气相空间的体积不断发生变化,气相空间参数的变化趋于平缓,液氧表面向气相空间的传质速率也趋于稳定.     

Analytical solution for the simultaneous heat and mass transfer problem in air washers

An analytical solution approach for the simultaneous heat and mass transfer problem in air washers operating as evaporative coolers is presented. A one-dimensional model using the coupled mass and energy balance equations in the air washer is presented. Then, starting from a linear approach for the experimental curve of the air saturation, an analytical solution for the model was derived. The solution showed an excellent agreement with the available results found in the literature. The influence of several important parameters for the cooling process such as temperature and ambient air humidity, air flow rate and feeding water temperature, in the air cooling rate was investigated. The efficacy of the process can be greatly increased by reducing the cooling water temperature and the applied air flow rate. The analytical solution can be easily included into the models used for simulating desiccant air-conditioning systems operating in conjunction with air washers.     

离子膜传质机理的研究评述

介绍近期有关离子膜传质机理方面的主要研究思路,包括采用不可逆热力学观点、三通道模型、毛细孔流模型以及“吸附-溶解”模式下的理论分析和实验研究情况,并对其结果进行评述．     

Mathematical analysis for the efficiency of a semi-spherical fin with simultaneous heat and mass transfer

In this paper an analytical solution for the efficiency of a semi-spherical fin when subjected to simultaneous heat and mass transfer mechanisms is studied. For the mathematical analysis of a wet fin equation, a relationship between humidity ratio and temperature of the saturation air is needed. The driving forces for the heat and mass transfer are the temperature and humidity ratio differences, respectively. Analytical solutions are obtained for the temperature distribution over the fin surface when the fin is fully wet. It is observed that in humid conditions the fin has high efficiency to be used in industry. The variation effects of these parameters have been considered. Finally linear relation has been proposed for humidity and temperature on the fin surface.     

-60℃低温冷库传热系数测量试验研究

简述对于低温冷库传热系数测量所采用的一般方法，采用稳态法对一低温试验冷库进行实验，然后通过非稳态积分法对试验数据进行验证。针对冷风机电机功率较大的特点，本实验采用变频器将电机功率调小，从而得出该低温试验冷库的传热系数，并与理论计算的数据进行对比，找出存在差异的原因。     

A modified jacketed cold storage design

The development of an energy efficient and economical modified jacketed vegetable storage concept and design is presented. Most fruits and vegetables require a storage environment near 0°C and 100%rh, which is difficult to achieve with conventional refrigeration systems. In a jacketed storage system, refrigerated air is circulated through air spaces surrounding the storage. High relative humidity levels can be achieved through the use of the large heat transfer surface of walls, ceiling and floor maintained at uniform temperature, and by preventing transmission heat gains into the storage space. While the jacket concept was initially introduced as a full jacket (covering walls, ceiling and floor), this paper discusses an alternative jacketed design which uses only the ceiling as a heat transfer surface. Based on construction simplicity, it is felt that this jacket design can be applied to conversion of conventional storage facilities and to new storage facilities. Acceptable relative humidity levels are attainable by the jacketed ceiling design with an extended heat transfer surface. It is expected that this concept will find favourable applications for storing fruits and vegetables wherever high humidity, medium temperature cold rooms are required.     

冷库液体冷媒融霜的性能实验研究

介绍了冷库液体冷媒融霜实验装置,对实验结果进行分析研究.与热气融霜相比较,液体冷媒融霜系统具有制冷量大,对换热器翅片效率影响小,室温波动小等优点,是一种可行的融霜方法.     

Heat and mass transfer during in-flight nitridation of molybdenum disilicide powder in an induction plasma reactor

The present study reveals some of the important parameters which control the in-flight nitridation of molybdenum disilicide (MoSi₂) powders when carried out in an induction thermal plasma reactor. Initially, gradients of temperature, velocity and concentration were evaluated, using an enthalpy probe system, for the plasma flow without injection of MoSi₂ powders. Radial profiles were then measured at the torch exit to examine the mass and energy transfer mechanisms occurring under different nitridation conditions. These measurements were performed using an induction plasma torch connected to a 50 kW radio-frequency (r.f.) power supply, the torch being attached to a water cooled cylindrical reactor. The process operating conditions studied were plasma plate power, chamber pressure, sheath gas composition, composition and flow rate of quench gas. The effect of last named parameter on the nitridation of the powders was found to be the most important parameter in the nitridation process. The results show that there is an optimum flow rate value for each type of quench gas and the temperature and concentration mapping demonstrates that the combination of high temperatures and high concentrations of N₂ are necessary to reach maximum nitridation levels in MoSi₂.     

A dynamic model of heat and mass transfer in a double-bed adsorption machine with internal heat recovery

This paper presents the results of a predictive two-dimensional mathematical model of an adsorption cooling machine consisting of a double consolidated adsorbent bed with internal heat recovery. The results of a base-case, taken as a reference, demonstrated that the COP of the double bed adsorption refrigeration cycle increases with respect to the single bed configuration. However, it was verified that, in order to maximize also the specific power of the machine, the adsorbent beds must have proper thermo-physical properties.Consequently, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, studying the influence of the main heat and mass transfer parameters on the performance of the machine. The results obtained allowed us to define the adsorbent bed design that maximizes its heat and mass transfer properties, as well as the most profitable heat recovery conditions.     

管式间接蒸发空气冷却器传热传质模型的建立及验证

回顾和分析现有间接蒸发冷却器的热工性能和数学模型,并在分析管式间接蒸发空气冷却器传热、传质过程及特点的基础上,建立针对管式间接蒸发空气冷却器热工计算模型。基于模型中管外二次空气侧空气与水膜之间的传热、传质系数是影响模型精度的重要因素,对管外二次空气侧空气与水膜之间的传热、传质系数进行深入分析,将模型用于水平单管外蒸发传热、传质系数的计算,并将计算结果与文献中的实验数据进行对比,证明所选模型的正确性,为下一步对管式间接蒸发空气冷却器整体热工性能的数值模拟奠定坚实的基础。     

瞬态高强加热条件下含湿多孔介质传热传质模型研究

提出了瞬态高强加热下含湿多孔介质传热传质的新模型，模型包括的水分种类齐全、水分迁移机制全面，假设条件相对较少，考虑了非Fourier传热效应和非Fick传质效应。新模型通过具体的分区分析得到简化并更加实用。     

CFD model of the airflow, heat and mass transfer in cool stores

A transient three-dimensional CFD model was developed to calculate the velocity, temperature and moisture distribution in an existing empty and loaded cool store. The dynamic behaviour of the fan and cooler was modelled. The model accounted for turbulence by means of the standard k-ε model with standard wall profiles. The model was validated by means of velocity, air and product temperature. An average accuracy of 22% on the velocity magnitudes inside the empty cold store was achieved and the predicted temperature distribution was more uniform than predicted. In the loaded cold store, an average accuracy of 20% on the velocity magnitudes was observed. The model was capable of predicting both the air and product temperature with reasonable accuracy.     

A bench-scale study on biodegradation and volatilization of ethylbenzoate in aquifers

Experiments were conducted to investigate the fate of ethylbenzoate and soil microorganisms in shallow aquifers. Biodegradation and volatilization have been identified as the major mechanisms in attenuating ethylbenzoate in contaminated soils. The rate of volatilization was experimentally found to be limited by gas-phase diffusion. The parameters of an available model, i.e., the maximum specific growth rate and the saturation constant, have been estimated by fitting the model to the experimental data obtained with ethylbenzoate as the carbon source; the former was 0.49 h⁻¹, and the latter was 62 mg L⁻¹. Various facets of biodegradation, including the effects of mass-transfer resistance and initial distribution of microorganisms, have been numerically analyzed on the basis of the model.     

A critical review of models of coupled heat and mass transfer in falling-film absorption

In absorption space-conditioning systems, the performance of the absorber is critical to the overall system performance, size, and first-cost. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the significant efforts that researchers have made to mathematically model the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena that occur during falling-film absorption. A detailed review of the governing equations, boundary conditions, assumptions, solution methods, results, and validation of these investigations is presented. This review excludes experimental work in this area, the effect of additives, and the effect of non-absorbable gases. It is shown that most work found in the literature has focused on the particularly simplified case of absorption in laminar vertical films of water-lithium bromide. Fewer researchers have considered the important situations of wavy films, turbulent films, and films on horizontal tubes. Investigations of the ammonia-water fluid pair have been generally more empirical in nature and/or restricted to vertical laminar films. This review is used to highlight key areas which need attention such as film and vapor hydrodynamics, especially the non-periodicity, instability, and recirculatory motion of waves in the vertical wall case and droplets and waves in the horizontal tube case. Also the potential interaction of the heat and mass transfer process on the film hydrodynamics, surface wetting, heat transfer in the vapor phase, and common simplifications to the governing equations should all be considered carefully. Finally, emphasis must be placed on experimental validation of the local conditions and transfer processes within the absorber, not just overall transport values.     

A novel thermal dispersion model to improve prediction of nanofluid convective heat transfer

This study numerically investigates the hydrothermal characteristics of the nanofluid in a laminar flow inside a straight tube. A new model is proposed for dispersion thermal conductivity while a theoretical approach is adopted to predict the particle distribution at the tube cross section considering the effects of non-uniform shear rate, Brownian diffusion and viscosity gradient on particle migration. It is observed that nanoparticles are not distributed uniformly at the tube cross section such that the values of concentration are higher at central regions of the tube and this non-uniformity intensifies at higher mean concentrations and Reynolds numbers. The particle distribution is applied in the proposed dispersion model. The findings show that this dispersion model presents more accurate results than traditional homogenous one. For dispersion model, the velocity profile is flatter than that obtained from the homogenous model. In addition, in the vicinity of the wall, the value of temperature and its gradient obtained from the dispersion model are respectively lower and higher than those from the homogenous model. Increasing the mean concentration results in convective heat transfer enhancement, while causing not much penalty in pressure drop. This indicates that application of nanofluids can result in energy efficiency improvement.     

A study on numerical simulations and experiments for mass transfer in bubble mode absorber of ammonia and water

An absorber is a major component in the absorption refrigeration systems, and its performance greatly affects the overall system performance. In this study, both the numerical and experimental analyses in the absorption process of a bubble mode absorber were performed. Gas was injected into the bottom of the absorber at a constant solution flow rate. The region of gas absorption was estimated by both numerical and experimental analyses. A higher gas flow rate increases the region of gas absorption. As the temperature and concentration of the input solution decrease, the region of gas absorption decreases. In addition, the absorption performance of the countercurrent flow was superior to that of cocurrent. Mathematical modeling equations were derived from the material balance for the gas and liquid phases based on neglecting the heat and mass transfer of water from liquid to gas phase. A comparison of the model simulation and experimental results shows similar values. This means that this numerical model can be applied for design of a bubble mode absorber.