用等效机械手工作空间的方法分析平面四杆机构的可动性

本文利用平面四杆机构的等效机械手的工作空间,对连杆的极限尺寸、曲柄存在条件及曲柄摇杆机构中的摇杆转角范围进行了分析,并提出了机构装配空间及曲柄存在空间等新概念。这些概念不仅对平面机构的可动性分析行之有效,同时也适用于对空间机构的分析。     

Experimental Study on Young′s Modulus of Concrete

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The vibration controllability of 20<Superscript>#</Superscript> steel pipe excited by unsteady flow

An excited experiment system of 20# steel pipe was established with oil cylinder, 20# steel pipe, frequency converter, pump station and wave exciter generating unsteady flow artificially. The experimental results showed that the 20# steel pipe could vibrate with the excitation of unsteady flows, and the vibration was periodic, instead of a harmonic one. Particles on the front and rear positions of pipe vibrated synchronously, and the vibration intensity of the pipe’s two ends was greater than in the middle....     

设计有急回特性的平面曲柄滑块机构的简易图解法

介绍了设计有急回特性的平面曲柄滑块机构的简易图解法, 并给出了理论证明。与现有图解法相比, 该方法作图原理简单, 且能同时适用于带不同辅助条件的平面曲柄滑块机构的设计问题, 具有较好的实用价值。     

Production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller’s grains

Daqu distiller’s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of ratio of strains, inoculum size, culture temperature and culture time on the production of microbial oils. The best processing conditions were obtained by orthogonal test through measuring the content of microbial oils in product. The result shows that the microbial oils content of the co-fermented product under the ratio of Trichoderma.koningii to Trichosporon cutaneum of 1:1, the inoculum size of strains of 11% at 28 °C for 6 d is 7.15 g/L. It is shown that the production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller’s grains is possible. The research provides a new idea for the reuse of Daqu distiller’s grains and also provides a new way for the development of microbial oils.     

Step kinematic calibration of a 3-DOF planar parallel kinematic machine tool

This paper presents a novel step kinematic calibration method for a 3 degree-of-freedom (DOF) planar parallel kinematic machine tool, based on the minimal linear combinations (MLCs) of error parameters. The method using mapping of linear combinations of parameters in error transfer multi-parameters coupling system changes the modeling, identification and error compensation of geometric parameters in the general kinematic calibration into those of linear combinations of parameters. By using the four theorems of the MLCs, the sets of the MLCs that are respectively related to the relative precision and absolute precision are determined. All simple and feasible measurement methods in practice are given, and identification analysis of the set of the MLCs for each measurement is carried out. According to the identification analysis results, a step calibration including step measurement, step identification and step error compensation is determined by taking into account both measurement costs and observability. The experiment shows that the proposed method has the following merits: (1) the parameter errors that cannot influence precision are completely avoided; (2) it reflects the mapping of linear combinations of parameters more accurately and enhances the precision of identification; and (3) the method is robust, efficient and effective, so that the errors in position and orientation are kept at the same order of the measurement noise. Due to these merits, the present method is attractive for the 3-DOF planar parallel kinematic machine tool and can be also applied to other parallel kinematic machine tools with weakly nonlinear kinematics. Supported by the “863” High-Tech Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA04Z204 and 2006AA04Z227), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50775118 and 50605041), the “973” Basic Research Project of China (Grant Nos. 2006CB705406 and 2007CB714000), and Tsinghua Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. JC200701)     

平面曲柄摇杆机构图解设计新法探究

根据曲柄摇杆机构的特殊几何关系，给出了平面曲柄摇杆机构图解设计的新方法——特征三角形法．     

Gaussian peaks decomposing of simple liquids' RDF

According to feasibility of Gaussian peaks decomposing distribution function (DF) 4πrρ(r), radial distribution function (RDF) 4πr~2ρ(r) of simple liquids also is possibly decomposed into Gaussian peaks with r in the size of several atoms. Experimental structure parameters of pure liquid Al and Si were obtained by θ-θ X-ray diffraction measurements and following data processing. Based on Gaussian decomposing liquid aluminun's DF 4πrρ(r), liquid aluminum and silicon's radial distribution function (RDF) 4πr~2ρ(r), it is shown that RDF of simple liquids is able to be decomposed in Gaussian function, compared with decomposing of DF, supplying more physical meaning and better indicating the short range order of liquids, whicb draws a clearer structure picture of simple liquids.     

Effect of technological parameters on optical performance of fiber coupler

To find out the influence of technological parameters on optical performance of fused optical fiber device, the fiber coupler was served as subject investigated by using the fused biconical taper machining as experimental setup. Fused fiber coupler＇s optical performances such as insertion loss, excess loss, directivity and uniformity were tested with the optical test system that was constituted of tunable laser and optical spectrum analyzer. Especially the relationship between optical performance and drawing speed was investigated. The experimental results show that the optical performance is closely related to process conditions. At fused temperature of 1 200℃, there exists a drawing speed of 150μm/s, which makes the device＇s performance optimum. Out of this speed region, the optical performance drops quickly. At drawing speed of 200μm/s, the excess loss is relatively small when the fused temperature is above 1 200 ℃. So the technological parameters have close relationship with optical performance of the coupler, and the good performance coupler can＇t get until the drawing speed and fused temperature match accurately.     

基于Groebner基的平面五杆机构位置分析符号解

基于Groebner基法和计算机符号处理技术 ,对各种结构型式的平面两自由度五杆机构位置分析问题进行了符号求解。该法通过对变量的排序 ,建立多项式对的集合 ,求S -多项式 ,约简等运算 ,将一组多项式方程化简为一个同价的三角化方程组 ,得到了封闭形式的解析解。本文研制的软件可以适用于各种结构形式的平面两自由度五杆机构位置分析进行符号求解 ,导出的三角化的Groebner基不仅可以用于研究输入参数对输出构件位置的影响 ,也可以研究调节构件几何参数对输出构件位置的影响规律。     

Surveys on magnetospheric plasmas based on the Double Star Project (DSP) exploration

The equatorial and polar satellites of the Double Star Project (DSP) were launched successfully on December 29, 2003 and July 25, 2004, respectively, and both of them are operating smoothly. The DSP provides a good opportunity for investigating the structure of the magnetosphere. Based on the DSP data collected during 2004, we have surveyed the distribution of the magnetic fields and plasmas in the magnetosphere. It is found that: (1) Near the Earth’s equatorial plane within geocentric distances of less than 7 R_E, the Earth’s magnetic field is dipolar. In the vicinity of the magnetopause, the magnetic field is enhanced by a factor of about 1.5, and on the nightside, the magnetic field can vary significantly from the Earth’s dipole field, likely caused by the presence of the near-Earth tail current sheet. (2) In the day-side magnetosheath, the electron and ion densities are usually both in the range of 10–30 cm⁻³; the ion and electron temperatures are usually about 200 and 50 eV, respectively. The flow pattern is usually smooth, with a low velocity in the subsolar region and with significantly higher velocities in the dawn and dusk flanks. (3) In the region between the magnetopause and plasmasphere the density is low, approximately 0.5–5 cm⁻³, and the temperature is high, about 1–10 keV for ions and 0.1–5 keV for electrons. The ion temperature has an apparent anisotropy, with the ratio of the perpendicular and parallel temperatures being about 1.0–1.3 for the night-and dusk-side magnetosphere and about 1.3–2.0 for the day-and dawn-side magnetosphere. There is an evident sunward convection of about 50 km/s in the magnetosphere. On the dawn side, the flow becomes somewhat turbulent, and in the vicinity of the night-noon meridian plane, the convection is rather slow. (4) The high-energy electrons with energies higher than 2 MeV are mainly located in the regions with 3 < L < 4.5; the size of the high-energy electrons area varies with time, it may expand and shrink occasionally according to different solar wind conditions and magnetic activities. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40621003, 40728005, 40674094, and 40390150), Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2006CB806305), and Hundred Talents Program of the CAS     

Consumptive water use in cropland and its partitioning: A high-resolution assessment

Spatially explicit assessments of consumptive water use (CWU) are still at an early stage, and partitioning of CWU has rarely been studied on large scales. In this article, CWU is assessed for China’s cropland with a spatial resolution of 30 arc-minutes. The partitioning of CWU is discussed through the simulation of transpiration ratios. The total CWU for Chinese cropland was 839 km³/a during 1998–2002. Spatial distribution of CWU is closely related to cropland area and crop production with the highest CWU in the North China Plain. Transpiration accounts for two-thirds of CWU. The transpiration ratio is affected by precipitation and irrigation. Transpiration ratios are higher in irrigated systems than in rainfed systems when precipitation is low. Competition of water use will impose pressure on China’s irrigation systems in the near future, and it will have a far-reaching effect on the partitioning of consumptive water use. Attention should be paid to green water management and technological improvements to guarantee China’s water and food security.     

New development of Einstein＇s viscose law for powder suspension systems

Through the analysis of the present situation of the rheology of suspension disperse systems, the classical Einstein‘s viscosity law was developed into the generalized Einstein‘s viscosity law which can be further developed into universalized form, called the universalized Einstein‘s viscosity law by introducing modification function f(φ). Some rational forms of the function f(φ) were discussed according to functional approximation method, and were consequently developed into a few suspension disperse system rheological equations suitable for high particle concentration. These equations all keep good consistence with the models acquired in experiments or other mathematical physics analysis.     

Regularities of formation of ternary intermetallic compounds between two transition elements and one non-transition element

The pattern recognition methods and a four-parameter model, based on extended Miede-ma's cellular model of alloy phases, are used to study the regularities of formation of ternary compounds between two transition elements (T,T ') and one non-transition element (N) (T-T '-N system) . The criterion of formation can be expressed as some functions of φ (electronegativity), n1/3ws (valence electron density in Wagner-Seitz cell), R (Pauling's metallic radii) and Z (number of valence electrons in atom).     

织机连杆打纬机构的分析

依据织造工艺对打纬运动的要求分析了连杆打纬机构.对连杆机构运动分析认为:四连杆打纬机构的曲柄半径与牵手长度之比是影响筘座运动的重要因素,六连杆打纬机构的后心运动缓慢特性主要由第二个四连杆机构决定.     

平面复杂机构运动分析的一种程序设计方法

本文根据Ⅱ级机构基本杆组动动分析程序和转换机构的原理，提出了用优化法确定平面复杂机构的位置，并在此基础上进行运动分析的一种程序设计方法．     

平面曲柄四杆机构轨迹再现综合

本文研究的是机构再现与输入角没有对应关系轨迹的综合。根据平面曲柄摇杆机构连杆曲线的特性,提出了在给定轨迹点时计算曲柄位置角的方法,在此基础上建立起平面曲柄四杆机构轨迹再现综合的数学模型,包括目标函数,约束和设计变量。本文所提出的机构综合方法其特点是目标函数简单;避免构件位置角作为设计变量.同时便于处理输入杆的顺序转向和机构分支问题。     

Microstructure and corrosive property of Ni-P/nano-CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript> coating electrolessly prepared in acidic condition

Electroless Ni-P/nano-CeO₂ composite coating was prepared in acidic condition, and its microstructure and corrosive property were compared with its CeO₂-free counterpart. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to examine surface morphology and microstructure of the coating. Aqueous corrosion was done in 3%NaCl+5%H₂SO₄ solution and high temperature oxidation was done at 750 °C in air. The results showed that Ni-P coating had partial amorphous structure mixed with nano-crystals, while the Ni-P/CeO₂ coating had perfect amorphous structure. At high temperature, Ni3P precipitation and Ni crystallization took place in both coatings at different temperatures. Aqueous corrosion property and high temperature oxidation property of the composite coating were remarkably improved due to the coating’s microstructure change and the rare earth doping effect. During the co-deposition process, some Ce ⁿ⁺(n=3, 4) ions may be adsorbed to metal/solution interface and hinder nickel deposition. Ni-P/CeO₂ coating’s perfect amorphous structure results from the hindered crystal- typed deposition of nickel and the promoted deposition of phosphorous.     

Reconfigurable parallel mechanisms with planar five-bar metamorphic linkages

This paper presents the idea of constructing reconfigurable limbs by integrating metamorphic linkages as subchains.The planar five-bar metamorphic linkages that have three phases resulting from locking of motors are considered.Under the assumption that the constraint exerted by the reconfigurable limb can switch between no constraint,a constraint force,and a constraint couple,the output motions of the metamorphic linkage in its two planar four-bar linkage phases are identified.By adding an appropriate joint to planar four-bar linkages with translational output,four planar five-bar linkages that can be employed in the construction of reconfigurable limbs are enumerated.Serial chains that can provide a constraint couple and a constraint force are synthesized based on screw theory.Reconfigurable limbs that have three configurations associated with the three distinct phases of the metamorphic linkages are assembled with planar five-bar metamorphic linkages and serial chains with four degrees of freedom.A class of reconfigurable parallel mechanisms are constructed by connecting a moving platform and a base with three identical reconfigurable limbs.The degrees of freedom of the reconfigurable parallel mechanism in different configurations with the metamorphic linkages in different phases are given.Finally,the actuation scheme for this kind of mechanisms is addressed.     

有序抛秧机振动板上钵苗运动模拟与试验分析

分析了钵苗在有序抛秧机振动输送板上的运动,建立了钵苗运动特征界限值和运动速度的数学模型.通过改变曲柄半径、转速、振动板倾角等参数,对钵苗运动进行了模拟计算,并运用高速摄影技术对钵苗运动速度进行了试验研究.钵苗运动特征界限值和运动速度的模拟计算值与试验值在数值和变化趋势上接近,但钵苗的运动特征界限值K1的试验值小于模拟计算值.钵苗运动速度分别随着曲柄半径、转速、振动板倾角的增大而增大,当曲柄半径为2.0 mm时,钵苗运动速度与振动情况均较为合适.提出的钵苗在振动板上运动的理论分析与计算方法可以用于抛秧机振动输送机构参数的选择与优化计算.