CFB锅炉煤成灰特性的6参数模型研究

应用静态燃烧冷态振筛实验方法研究了几种国内煤种的成灰特性并给出了相应煤种的成灰数据库。通过对不同煤种成灰数据库的分析发现,对于任意窄筛分煤,其成灰分布具有双峰分布,即由较细较软的灰成分和较粗较硬的灰成分构成,两种灰成分同时满足Rosin-Rammler分布。提出了6参数模型,该模型可以描述每种灰成分质量份额和相应的粒径分布。通过加权可以得到宽筛分煤的成灰分布。     

Effects of oxy-fuel condition on morphology and mineral composition of ash deposit during combustion of Zhundong high-alkali coal

Zhundong coalfield is a super-large coal reserve, with high-alkali feature exacerbating ash deposition. Oxy-fuel combustion technology could propel the clean utilization of Zhundong high-alkali coal. While the ash deposition behavior of high-alkali coal under oxy-fuel condition has yet to be sufficiently investigated. The present study compared the differences of ash deposits between oxy-fuel and air combustion, and also examined the effects of oxygen content on ash deposition mechanism, employing a drop-tube furnace equipped with a specially designed sampling probe and some analysis methods, such as X—ray diffraction equipment, simultaneous thermal analyzer, etc. Experimental results indicated that ash deposition was weaker, with fewer contents of sodium chloride, calcium sulphate and less agglomeration ash in oxy-fuel atmosphere compared to the air case with same oxygen content. The content of the ash particle distributed in the range of 0–40 μm was up to 60% under oxy-fuel condition. The first weight loss of ash deposits, around 850 °C, was put down to the decomposition of carbonate and the second one, about 1150 °C, was ascribed to the decomposition of the sulphate minerals in the thermal process. Ash deposition worsened with more large particles (>120 μm), as the oxygen content rose. Sodium chloride content reached 9.7% with 50% oxygen content. The present study not only focuses on the morphology and chemical components, but also probes into the thermal volatility of ash deposits, which benefits the further understanding of the ash deposition mechanism and utilization of Zhundong high-alkali coal during oxy-fuel combustion.     

煤燃烧过程中矿物质蒸发与煤灰的沉积特性

通过典型煤种的实验和模拟计算驿煤燃烧过程中主要矿物质的蒸发进行了详细的研究，探讨了煤灰组成、燃烧温度和燃烧气氛等因素对这些矿物质蒸发的影响，然后结合几种红典沉积判别指数和已知煤的结渣倾向，分析了煤中主要矿物质蒸发与煤灰沉积的关系，得出了与实际相符的新结论。     

Ash deposition and sodium migration behaviors during combustion of Zhundong coals in a drop tube furnace

Zhundong coalfield is one super-large coalfield recently discovered in China. However, the utilization of Zhundong coal in power plants has caused serious ash-related issues mainly due to its high-sodium feature. The ash deposition problem on convection heat exchanger surfaces is still particularly difficult to resolve and its mechanism has yet to be fully understood. This study deals with the ash deposition and alkali metal migration behaviors on convection heat exchanger surfaces between 400 and 800 °C during combustion of Zhundong coal using a lab-scale drop tube reactor. Experimental results show that the sodium content in ash deposit of Zhundong coals increases obviously as the deposition temperature decreases from 800 to 600 °C, while it is almost unchanged below 600 °C. The contents of iron and calcium in ash deposits exhibit nonmonotonic variations as the deposit probe temperature varies between 400 and 800 °C. Quartz and calcium sulfate are main crystalline phases in ash deposit of Zhundong coals. Calcium is inclined to present as calcite and lime at low deposition temperature, while high temperature facilitates calcium sulfation. Sodium of crystalline phase is found as albite and sodium sulfate at low deposition temperature. Both condensation of gaseous alkali metals and formation of low-melting minerals were responsible for the ash deposition phenomenon on convection heat exchanger surfaces involved in combustion of Zhundong coal. The sodium content in ash deposit decreases considerably with the increasing combustion temperature while the case of iron variation is opposite due to its low-volatility. In addition, the Na content in ash deposits increases obviously with the access air ratio reduced from 1.2 to 1.05, but the local weakly reducing atmosphere leads to less iron within ash deposits. Clarification of sodium migration and evaluation of ash deposition behaviors during combustion of Zhundong coal is helpful for a better exploration of the functional mechanism of ash deposit and then large-scale utilization of high-sodium coals.     

三维变形管管内积灰特性数值模拟研究

烟气中的高灰分、高黏度、高腐蚀性成分不可避免地造成换热器烟气侧换热面积灰结垢的问题,如何有效解决这些问题一直是烟气换热器研究的焦点之一.三维变形管内的螺旋流增强了管内流体的湍动程度从而实现强化传热,基于其内部灰尘受气流携带而处于湍动便不易沉积的特点,本文通过数值模拟的方法探讨了三维变形管几何参数、粒径、气体流速对灰尘颗...     

焦油主要组份在循环灰下催化裂解的实验研究

在以循环流化床锅炉循环灰为热载体，部分气化产生的半焦为锅炉燃料，煤气为燃气轮机燃料的煤的部分气化联合循环中，降低焦油产率，提高煤气产率是一个技术关键，以焦油的两种主要组份苯和甲苯为研究对象，利用固定床实验台实验研究了一种混煤形成的循环灰条件下的裂解反应特性，测定了裂解反应动力学参数，探讨了循环灰对焦油裂解的催化机理。实验结果表明，与石英砂条件相比，循环灰极大地促进了焦油的裂解程度，气态裂解产物总量     

Experimental study on ash deposition of Zhundong coal in oxy-fuel combustion

To facilitate the large-scale utilization of high-alkali and -alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) coals in power generation, the ash deposition behaviors of a typical Zhundong coal in oxy-fuel combustion were experimentally investigated using a drop tube furnace. A wall-temperature-controlled ash deposition probe by which the bulk gas temperature could be measured simultaneously was designed and employed in the experiments. The deposition tendencies, ash morphologies, chemical compositions of deposited ash particles were studied respectively under various oxygen concentrations, bulk gas temperatures, probe surface temperatures and probe exposure times. The experimental results revealed that the oxygen concentration had a significant influence on the deposition behavior during oxy-fuel combustion of high-alkali coal. Compared with air case, more fine ash particles were generated during the combustion of Zhundong coal in 21% O₂/79% CO₂ atmosphere but the deposition tendency was weaker. However, a higher oxygen concentration could aggravate the tendency of ash deposition. The high contents of iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and sodium (Na) in Zhundong coal could result in the generations of low-melting point compounds. Calcium in flue gas existed as CaO and was captured prior to SO₃ by the probe surface during the ash deposition process. At the initial 30 min of the ash deposition process, the dark spherical fine ash particles rich in Fe, Na, oxygen (O), and S were largely produced, while in the range of 60–90 min the light spherical fine ash particles with high contents of Ca, barium (Ba), O, and S were generated on the other hand. The deposition mechanisms at different stages were different and the melted CaO (BaO)/CaSO₄ (BaSO₄) would give rise to a fast growth rate of ash deposit.     

Effects of ash fouling on heat transfer during combustion of cattle biomass in a small‐scale boiler burner facility under unsteady transition conditions

Combustion of cattle biomass (CB) as a supplementary fuel has been proposed for reducing emissions of NO_x, Hg, SO₂, and nonrenewable CO₂ in large coal‐fired power plants; however, its high ash content resulted in fouling and slagging problems when the CB was co‐fired with coals during small‐ and pilot‐scale tests. Ash depositions during combustion of the CB as a reburn fuel were investigated using a 30 kW_t (100 000 Btu h^?1) boiler burner facility with water‐cooled heat exchangers (HEXs) under unsteady transition conditions and short‐term operations. Two parameters were used to characterize the effects of the ash deposition: (1) Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) and (2) Burnt fraction (BF). A methodology was presented and empirically demonstrated for the effects of ash deposition on heat transfer under unsteady transition conditions. Experiments involving ash deposition during reburning the CB with coals were compared with experiments involving only ash‐less natural gas. It was found that the growth of the ash layer during reburning the CB and coals lowered the heat transfer rate to water in the HEXs. In low‐temperature regions, the thin layer of the ash deposition promoted radiation effects, while the thick layer of the ash deposition promoted the thermal resistance of the ash layer. A chemical analysis of the heavy ash indicated that the BF increased when a larger fraction of the CB was used in the reburn fuels, indicating better performance compared with coal combustion alone. However, the results of ash fusion temperature indicated the ash deposited during combustion of the CB and coals was more difficult to remove than the ash deposited during coal combustion alone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤中FeS2和含铁粘土矿物在锅炉结渣过程中的作用

采用 57Fe Mossbauer谱学方法并辅以 X 射线衍射分析和灰成分分析等方法 ,对取自一台 2 2 0t h锅炉的平朔煤煤粉、飞灰和结渣沉积物中的含铁成分进行了分析、测定 ,以探讨煤中 Fe S2 和含铁粘土矿物在炉内的变化和在结渣形成过程中的作用。通过煤粉和飞灰中不同成分的含铁份额的比较 ,表明在炉内 Fe S2 最终转变成氧化物 ,而含铁粘土矿物最终转变成玻璃体。对内层沉积物成分的研究表明 ,Fe S2 的炉内产物在水冷壁上的选择性沉积是初始结渣形成的主要原因 ,而含铁硅酸盐矿物的产物对初始结渣的贡献极小 ,虽然平朔煤中上述两种成分的含铁份额相差无几。     

The relation of mineral composition to slagging,fouling and erosion during and after combustion

Inorganic matter in coal has been a major cause of problems in fuel-burning energy-conversion systems since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Even in the earliest days, hand-fired boilers were limited in their steaming capacity by the formation of clinkers in the fuel bed. Today, many large coal-burning power plants are restricted in steam generation by accumulations of coal ash on heat-receiving surfaces. These deposits not only decrease the rate of heat transfer but they also plug gas passages and lead to metal wastage by erosion and corrosion. As a result, coal-burning boiler furnaces must be appreciably larger, and hence more costly, than gas- or oil-fired steam generators, and operating practices are more critical when coal is the source of energy rather than “cleaner” fluid fuels.The intent here is to describe the characteristics of the mineral matter in coal, to show how the non-combustible material behaves at the high temperatures of boiler furnaces, to explain how coal ash can lead to metal wastage by erosion and corrosion, and to review problems in the collection of flyash attributable to ash composition.     

Influence of CFB (circulating fluidized bed) boiler bottom ash heat recovery mode on thermal economy of units

CFB (circulating fluidized bed) boiler bottom ash contains large amounts of physical heat. A BAC (bottom ash cooler) is often used to treat high temperature bottom ash to reclaim heat, and to have the ash easily transported. The unit thermal economic indicators of three CFB power plants in China were derived based on heat balance calculation and analysis on the principled thermal system in turbine heat acceptance condition, taking the influence of two different bottom ash heat recovery modes into account. One of the two bottom ash heat recovery modes was the FBAC (fluidized bed ash cooler) mode, and the other was the RAC (rolling-cylinder ash cooler) mode. The results indicated that two modes both improved the thermal economy of units. Compared with the RAC mode, the FBAC mode obtained higher plant thermal efficiency, lower plant heat rate and less standard coal consumption. The standard coal consumption rate of the FBAC mode was less nearly 2 g/(kW h) than the RAC mode in the three CFB power plants, when the net calorific power of standard coal was 29.27 MJ/kg.     

煤灰对流化床氮氧化物排放影响的试验研究

在流化床试验台上分别燃烧典型烟煤和褐煤,测量加入煤灰和煤灰中无机矿物质（CaO、MgO、Fe2O3、Al2O3、CaSO4、MgSO4）前后N2O和NO排放质量浓度的变化,研究煤灰对流化床氮氧化物排放的影响及其主要活性成分.结果表明：煤灰能降低N2O排放质量浓度,提高NO排放质量浓度;燃料氮向NOx的总转化率随着灰分质量分数的增加而提高;煤灰中影响氮氧化物排放的主要活性成分为CaO、Fe2O3和MgO.     

生物质与煤混合燃烧成灰特性研究进展

基于能源与环境的双重压力以及生物质与煤单独燃用存在的问题,生物质与煤混燃已成为一种发展趋势.生物质与煤混燃存在的结渣积灰等问题制约着混燃技术的推广利用,因此研究生物质与煤混合燃烧的成灰特性具有现实意义.文章详细介绍了生物质与煤混合燃烧成灰特性的影响因素和分析方法,认为温度是影响生物质与煤混合燃烧成灰特性的主要因素;生物质与煤的混合比例对灰渣成分有一定影响,但二者间不存在明显的线性关系.燃料中的碱金属、氯、硫是引起结渣积灰的主要物质.由于生物质与煤的成灰特性相近,只是灰渣成分的含量差异较大,因此可以利用已有的煤结渣特性研究成果,分析混燃的成灰特性,但须要考虑生物质灰分的特征.     

Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy of minerals in coal-Implications for ash deposition

The nature of mineral matter in coal determines its transformation into ash during combustion and the nature of resulting ash (e.g. chemical composition and particle size distribution), and subsequently influences the ash deposition behaviour. The behaviour of mineral matter is primarily influenced by two parameters: the mineral grain size, and whether the mineral grains are within the coal matrix or not. Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) of coal provides such information on mineral matter in coal. CCSEM data are, therefore, processed to predict the fouling and slagging characteristics of several coals. The fraction of basic oxides in each mineral grain may be considered as an indicator of stickiness of the corresponding ash particle due to formation of low melting compounds. The cumulative mass fraction of mineral grains with certain basic oxides or viscosity of resulting ash particles from included and excluded minerals are proposed as alternative indices for ash deposition.

The excluded mineral matter is in equilibrium with the combustion flue gases at the gas temperatures, whereas the included minerals are in equilibrium with the atmosphere within char at the burning char particle temperature. It is predicted from thermodynamic calculations based on this understanding that almost all the evaporation is either from the included mineral matter or from the atomically dispersed minerals in coal. This is due to the high temperature and reducing atmosphere inside the char particle. The release of the evaporated species is controlled by diffusion through the burning char particle and, therefore, may be estimated theoretically. The amount of mineral matter that is vaporized may then be related to fouling, whereas the melt phase present on the surface of large ash particles may be related to slagging. The theoretical speculations on the physical character of ash derived from these indices are compared with the experimental data obtained from combustion of coals in a drop-tube furnace.     

Technological aspects of sunflower biomass and brown coal co-firing

The technological problems occurring in the co-firing of biomass and brown coal (lignite) prompted this research project. During the fuel preparation, accidental self-ignition and explosions were several times reported by power plants operators. The aim of this study was to evaluate brown coal, sunflower husks and sunflower husk pellets as fuels for co-firing in energetic boilers. Sunflower husk had a lower ash content and calorific value than the pellets. The range of the combustion temperatures of the biomass (200–300 °C) was narrower than that of brown coal (200–800 °C). The formation of highly alkaline ash from the biomass resulted in the formation in boiler of agglomerates of ash. The elemental composition, thermogravimetric and biological analyses suggested that the pellets contained synthetic additives difficult to identify. The biological method was proposed for evaluating biomass additives. The use of additional agents in the pelletizing process may influence on the combustion parameters. Mixing biomass with brown coal may occasionally result in self-ignition in the logistic chain. Plastic additives and biological activity may contribute to self-ignition.     

Shedding of ash deposits

Ash deposits formed during fuel thermal conversion and located on furnace walls and on convective pass tubes, may seriously inhibit the transfer of heat to the working fluid and hence reduce the overall process efficiency. Combustion of biomass causes formation of large quantities of troublesome ash deposits which contain significant concentrations of alkali, and earth-alkali metals. The specific composition of biomass deposits give different characteristics as compared to coal ash deposits, i.e. different physical significance of the deposition mechanisms, lower melting temperatures, etc. Low melting temperatures make straw ashes especially troublesome, since their stickiness is higher at lower temperatures, compared to coal ashes. Increased stickiness will eventually lead to a higher collection efficiency of incoming ash particles, meaning that the deposit may grow even faster.     

煤粉超细化对炉内受热面积灰与结渣的影响

煤粉颗粒温度、环境气氛和惯性沉积是电站四角切圆煤粉燃烧锅炉炉内受热面积灰与结渣的主要外在因素，以此为依据采用超细化煤粉燃烧技术对炉内受热面积灰和结渣的影响进行了理论分析与实验研究，阐述了煤粉超细化对于减轻电站有四角切圆煤粉燃烧锅炉炉内受热面积灰与结渣具有优越性。     

Estimation of risk of hot corrosion in gas turbines by thermodynamic modelling

Abstract

Different types of coal fired combined cycle power systems are currently under development. However, the use of hot flue gases, originating from coal combustion or gasification, to directly drive a gas turbine may pose a problem in terms of corrosion. Cleanup of the hot gas is required in order to prevent corrosion of the turbine blading. One of the main problems associated with hot flue gases is their high alkali concentration, as alkalis are released during the coal conversion process. During the development of a hot gas cleanup protocol it is necessary to repeatedly check the effectiveness of the method in preventing hot corrosion. In the present study, thermodynamic modelling was used to estimate the risk of hot corrosion and therefore reduce the timescale and cost of the testing process. The coexistence of alkali sulphates and NiSO₄, or the formation of liquid alkali sulphates were taken as the criterion for a risk of hot corrosion. In addition, the results from coal based processes were compared to thermodynamic calculations for a well characterised gas turbine, burning fuel oil. The calculations were performed for second generation circulating pressurised fluidised bed combustion and pressurised pulverised coal combustion. In both processes, the corrosion risk, if there is any, should be much lower than the risk in a gas turbine, burning fuel oil.     

Simulation of cavity formation in underground coal gasification using bore hole combustion experiments

Studies on the growth of three-dimensional cavity geometries in underground coal gasification (UCG) are important in exploiting the large fraction of coal that is present in underground coal seams. In the present study, the cavity formation in UCG has been simulated using experiments carried out in three configurations: (i) sublimation experiments in camphor simulating primarily the heat transfer aspects, (ii) bore hole combustion in Acacia nilotica wood bringing in chemical reaction into play, and (iii) bore hole combustion a coal block bringing into consideration the effect of ash on the cavity formation. In all the three cases, the time-evolution of the cavity shape has been monitored under constant oxygen flow rate conditions by measuring the cavity shape and size at periodic intervals. Results show that the cavity formation rates as well as the shape of the cavity are significantly affected by the oxidant flow rate. The importance of the ash present in the coal on the cavity growth has also been brought out. A fair amount of gasification leading to the formation of H₂, CO and CH₄ was observed; this is shown to depend both on the inherent moisture as well as on the reaction zone temperature.     

Deposit remediation in coal-fired gas turbines through the use of additives

Deposit formation represents a key impediment to the eventual commercialization of a direct coal-fired gas turbine engine. Deposits result from the thermal decomposition of coal-borne mineral matter followed by impact and adhesion along the hot gas pathway. One strategy for deposit abatement is hot gas cleanup to remove particulate before entering the turbine. An alternative strategy, described in this article, is to modify the mineral matter/ash chemistry to render it non-adherent through the use of additives. In this way, the complexity and expense of hot gas cleanup is obviated. To date, alumina, boehmite, and a variety of kaolin clay additives have been tested in a coal-water mixed fired gas turbine simulator. A washed kaolin clay has proved to be most effective in reducing airfoil deposition. A mechanism involving in situ slag decomposition, crystallization, and spontaneous spalling is proposed.