采动沉陷对建筑物的破坏作用

本文阐述了采动沉陷地区的环境问题，比较深入地分析了采动沉陷对建筑物的不利影响，最后讨论了治理方案．     

非线性科学在矿山开采沉陷中的应用（1）

论述了引进非线性科学对开采沉陷进行研究的重要性和可行性。对损伤岩体的采动沉陷规律、采动岩体裂隙分布规律、采动断层活化的分形界面效应、开采沉陷的协同效应及突变性进行了探索性研究；提出了基于开采沉陷非线性特征的采动损害防治对策。     

煤矿采动与地震耦合作用下建筑物灾变分析

根据煤矿采动区特有的开采沉陷变形、地震耦合效应和采动区复杂特殊的地质环境条件,从采动损害与震害耦合角度深入分析建筑物灾变过程的演化机制,基于地震工程学和开采沉陷学的原理,建立煤矿采动损害与震害的耦合作用模型和建筑物的运动方程,量化分析了采动区开采沉陷变形和地震对建筑物的损害程度.结果表明:在煤矿采动附加应力作用下,建筑物会产生不同程度的次生损伤;在地震作用下,建筑物的损伤会逐渐积累演化,由此严重威胁到建筑物的整体安全性.     

地表沉陷的危害及控制措施

简述了地表沉陷引起的采动损害及相关问题,讨论了控制地表沉陷的传统措施,重点对控制地表沉陷覆岩离层注浆新技术进行了探讨.     

露天煤矿排土场边坡下采动沉陷规律研究

为研究露天煤矿排土场边坡下采动沉陷规律,结合平朔安家岭露天矿南排土场边坡的实例,采用FLAC^3D程序进行了数值模拟计算．采用该程序内嵌FISH语言生成了台阶状边坡地表的移动和变形等值线,并分析了边坡受力特点及其稳定性．结果表明：露天煤矿台阶状边坡体的采动沉陷规律表现出很明显的“台阶”分布特点;台阶状边坡地表的移动范围比平地地表要小,但变形却更剧烈,且在各台阶平面处形成变形集中;台阶状边坡地表的水平变形仍然呈现出采空区中间受压,两端受拉的特点;台阶状边坡在地下开采扰动下的稳定性应考虑采空区的时空效应．     

PTS采动沉陷模型研究

在厚积冲层条件下，采动沉陷盆地基岩上表面形成的下沉空间可以认为是采空区向上传播的结果，也是地表得以下沉的必要条件，由于冲积层结构松散，抗弯能力低，与基岩相比，属于软弱层，而基岩对整个上覆岩层的移动变形及破坏过程起着控制作用，因此，基岩可 地表沉陷的控制层，本文采用不同的思路和方法来建立厚冲积层条件下的采动沉陷的控制层。本文采用不同的思路和方法来建立厚冲积层条件下的采动沉陷模型，并推导出了计算公式最     

采动区建筑物地基、基础和结构协同作用模型

受采动影响建筑物的移动变形和附加应力分布规律十分复杂，与建筑物的长度、高度、建筑材料、结构、刚度、地基性质、地下开采情况、建筑物所处的位置等多种因素有关．本综合采用矿山开采沉陷学、矿山岩体力学、数理科学等多学科的知识，建立了采动区建筑物地基、基础与结构协同作用力学模型．该模型可以计算采动区建筑物移动变形和各种附加内力，并采用可视化VB语言编制了相应的计算程序，通过计算示例进行了验证，为今后采动区建筑物的保护和设计提供了理论基础和计算工具．     

采动区铁路桥沉陷加固治理

根据煤矿采动区地表沉陷变形规律，建立合理的数值计算模型，研究地下开采引起的地表移动变形对原设计的桥体结构和地基产生的附加内力和附加变形规律，提出了有效地加固治理方案，确保在采动引起的地表不均匀、大幅度沉陷过程中桥体的安全可靠和正常使用。     

复合岩层采动沉陷理论研究

在厚冲积层条件下，冲积层和基岩作为两种不同的介质，其岩性和结构各不相同，在建立采动沉陷模型时，应当把它们作为两种不同的介质处理，合理地考虑冲积层和基岩对地表移动的综合影响。本文分别对冲积层和基层的移动特征作了理论上的探讨，并利用力学理论建立了复合岩层采动沉陷预计模型。     

地表点移动时间探讨

在采动沉陷地区,地表点移动的持续时间是由初始期、活跃期及衰退期三个时期所组成,本文研究了利用地表移动参数确定地表点移动的活跃期、初始期及衰退期的方法,并且给出了计算公式。最后利用实测资料进行了验证,结果令人满意。     

航空摄影测量在矿区1:2000地形图测绘中的应用研究

为验证无人机影像应用于矿区地形图测绘的可行性,本文以"冀中能源邯郸矿业集团太行矿业有限公司矿区基础地形图更新"为例实践了一套大比例尺地形图航空摄影测量的方法,并对空三加密及成图精度进行了分析。地形图检查点平面精度均在0.25 m以内,高程精度小于规范中误差的点数为80.1%,满足了矿区生产作业的需求。     

Monitoring on subsidence due to repeated excavation with DInSAR technology

DInSAR technology was used to monitor subsidence caused by underground coal mining activities in mountainous area, with multi source SAR data, including 8 EnviSAT C-band and 4 ALOS L-band, and 4 programmed TerraSAR-X dataset. The results revealed that 2-pass DInSAR technique sometimes failed to retrieve the mining-caused subsidence due to spatial and/or temporal de-correlation. We also noticed that there existed residual topographic phase after the compensation with SRTM DEM, which could almost overwhelm the subsidence information when the perpendicular baseline was relatively large. Based on the mining materials, analysis was made on the shape of subsidence area. For the well geo-coded results from TerraSAR-X, confirmed by GPS surveying results of corner reflectors, we tried to extract the advance distance of influence besides the subsidence area. Due to the big deformation gradient over stopingfaces, the X-band SAR data could not capture the maximum value subsidence revealed by GPS survey in our preliminary results, the same as C-band EnviSAT data. This will turn to be our research subject in the next few months.     

Study of “3-Step Mining” Subsidence Control in Coal Mining Under Buildings

Mining subsidence damage is the main factor of restricting coal mining under buildings. To control or ease effectively the degree of mining subsidence and deformation is essential to resolve this problem. Through analyzing both advantages and disadvantages of some technologies such as mining with stowing, partial extraction and grouting in separated beds of overburden, we used the principle of load replacement and propose a “3-step mining” method, a new pattern of controlling mining subsidence, which consists of： strip mining, i.e. grouting to fill and consolidate the caving zone and retained strip pillar mining. The mechanism of controlling mining subsidence by using the “3-step mining” pattern is analyzed. The effect of the control is numerically simulated. The preliminary analysis shows that the “3-step mining” can effectively control ground subsidence and deformation. By using this method, the ground subsidence factor can be controlled to a value of about 0.25. Coal recovery can reach 80%-90%. Coal mining without removing surface buildins can be realized and the economic loss resultin from round subsidence can be greatly reduced.     

Subsidence control method by inversely-inclined slicing and upward mining for ultra-thick steep seams

Ultra-thick steep coal seam mining will inevitably lead to the increase of greater and violent ground subsidence and deformation. A subsidence control method by inversely-inclined slicing and upward mining is proposed in this paper. By this method, the sequence of collapse of overlying strata and the direction of propagation of strata movement are changed, the extent of roof-side deformation thereby is lessened, and boundary angle of roof-side subsidence is reduced by 5°–10°. The mechanism of this mining method for control of strata movement has been evidenced by numerical simulation and experiments with similarity materials. A subsidence prediction model based on the variation of mining influence propagation angle can be used to evaluate the surface movement and deformation of the mining method. The application of the method in No.3 Mine in Yaojie mining area has yielded the expected result.     

煤矿开采沉陷有效控制的新途径

开采沉陷是造成矿区环境地质灾害的直接根源，有效控制和减轻地面沉陷程度是减轻或避免开采沉陷环境灾害的根本之路，针对这一问题，分析了充填开采、条带开采和覆岩离层注浆岩层控制技术的优缺点，根据荷载置换原理，提出了“条带开采一注浆充填固结采空区—剩余条带开采”的三步法(二次条带式)开采沉陷控制的新思路，进行了三步法开采沉陷控制的可行性研究，初步分析表明，采用三步法开采可以实现对岩层移动和地表沉陷的有效控制，地表下沉系数可控制在0．25左右，煤炭采出率可达到80％～90％，可基本实现地面建筑物不搬迁和大幅度减轻土地塌陷灾害。     

数字地形图冗余数据的清除

根据数字地形图图层数据转换为GIS数据文件后的数据格式特点,通过编程清除冗余数据得到干净的图层数据文件,然后导入到原图中取代原有相应图层数据而得到新的数字地形图,实现了清除冗余数据的目的。经清除冗余数据后的数字地形图图面简洁,更符合规范、图形文件更小,转换成GIS数据速度更快。     

An influence function method based subsidence prediction program for longwall mining operations in inclined coal seams

The distribution of the final surface subsidence basin induced by longwall operations in inclined coal seam could be significantly different from that in flat coal seam and demands special prediction methods. Though many empirical prediction methods have been developed, these methods are inflexible for varying geological and mining conditions. An influence function method has been developed to take the advantage of its fundamentally sound nature and flexibility. In developing this method, significant modifications have been made to the original Knothe function to produce an asymmetrical influence function. The empirical equations for final subsidence parameters derived from US subsidence data and Chinese empirical values have been incorporated into the mathematical models to improve the prediction accuracy. A corresponding computer program is developed. A number of subsidence cases for longwall mining operations in coal seams with varying inclination angles have been used to demonstrate the applicability of the developed subsidence prediction model.     

永城城郊矿区二_2号煤层厚度变化及其对煤矿生产的影响

笔者利用178个钻孔资料编制的二_2号煤层等厚线图表明,煤层为厚薄相间的条带状,大致南北向展布,平均厚度2.95m,系一中厚煤层。影响其厚度变化的主要因素系沉积环境和古地形,另外河流后生冲刷、沼泽基底不均衡沉降、构造和岩浆的侵入等在局部地区对二_2号煤层厚度也有影响.煤层厚度的变化影响采掘部署、造成采掘失调、降底回采率、增加煤厚的研究与探测工作等。     

开采沉陷预计分析系统研究

介绍了在MapInfo 6.0平台上用MapBasic和Visual C++ 6.0语言进行二次开发设计出的开采沉陷预计分析系统。主要介绍了系统的开发平台、运行环境、系统的结构及其功能,以及开发系统所涉及的关键技术。Visual C++ 6.0中的ODBC技术提供的Access数据库将其与MapInfo 6.0有机结合起来,对开采沉陷预计的相关数据进行操作和分析,从而预计出地表移动变形的范围、程度和趋势等,实现了开采沉陷预计分析的可视化。     

Longwall surface subsidence control by technology of isolated overburden grout injection

Surface subsidence is a typical ground movement due to longwall mining, which causes a series of environmental problems and hazards. In China, intensive coal extractions are commonly operated under dense-populated coalfields, which exacerbates the negative subsequences resulted from surface settlement. Therefore, effective approaches to control the ground subsidence are in urgent need for the Chinese coal mining industry. This paper presents a newly developed subsidence control technology: isolated overburden grout injection, including the theory, technique and applications. Relevant procedures such as injection system design, grouting material selection, borehole layout, grout take estimation and injection process design are proposed. The applicability of this technology has been demonstrated through physical modelling, field measurements, and case studies. Since 2009, the technology has been successfully applied to 14 longwall areas in 9 Chinese coal mines. The ultimate surface subsidence factors vary from 0.10 to 0.15. This method has a great potential to be popularized and performed where longwall mining are implemented under villages and ground infrastructures.