圆柱体内部空洞热锻闭合过程的数值模拟

通过合理制定热锻工艺来消除材料内部缺陷是材料加工领域的重要课题。本文应用商用有限元软件MARC ,模拟了圆柱体热镦粗时内部空洞的闭合过程 ,分析了空洞变形时的应力和应变以及影响空洞闭合和焊合的各种因素。模拟结果表明 ,变形过程中空洞边缘微小区域内会产生双向拉应力 ,直到闭合时拉应力才会变成压应力。压下方向的应变是绝对值最大的应变 ,主导着空洞的闭合过程。高温下的空洞闭合后能够立即完成再结晶过程 ,但空洞焊合需要一定的保温时间     

Investigation of the stress–strain and kinematic state of metal in rolling welded joints between copper and steel

Detailed investigation of the characteristics of stress–strain and kinematic states of metal of a welded joint in rolling the welded joint between copper and steel is discussed. The geometrical parameters of the welded joints are simulated mathematically, the fields of the characteristics in the physical plane and the plane of the hodograph of speeds in rolling the welded joints are constructed and the main relationships governing the mechanism of the formation of the stress–strain state of the metal of the rolled welded joint between copper and steel, produced by manual consumable electrode welding (flux-cored wire in a steel sheath), are determined.     

Influence of tool roughness and lubrication on contact conditions in skin-pass rolling

The special contact conditions in skin-pass rolling of steel strip are examined by experimental as well as numerical analysis studying plane strain upsetting of thin sheet with low reduction applying long narrow tools with smooth and roughened surfaces under dry friction and lubricated conditions. The influence of friction on the extent of a central sticking region is determined by an elasto-plastic FEM analysis of the plane strain upsetting. The experimental results obtained by measuring the local surface extension using markers made by Micro Vickers indentation verify the FE analysis and show significant influence of tool roughness and lubrication on the contact conditions for varying pressure. The central sticking region was larger for larger friction or tool roughness. At increasing pressure a sudden change in deformation pattern appeared with drastic elongation and sliding in case of lubrication. This deformation pattern is also affected by the tool roughness.     

FE analysis of metal flow and weld seam formation in a porthole die during the extrusion of a magnesium alloy into a square tube and the effect of ram speed on weld strength

The present communication concerns a detailed analysis of metal flow into a porthole extrusion die to produce a thin-walled square magnesium tube by means of three-dimensional FE simulation in both the transient state and steady state. The research was aimed to get an insight into the longitudinal weld seam formation during extrusion through porthole dies and to evaluate the factors determining the quality of the weld seams. FE simulation revealed distinctive stages at the beginning of an extrusion cycle, corresponding to the changes in extrusion pressure during the process. It showed that the commonly observed defect at the extrudate head was due to entrapped air under the bridges in the upper part of the welding chamber. The dead metal zones existed at the corners between the container and die face and between the bottom and sidewall of the welding chamber. Because of the friction at the die bearing, the metal flow through the die bearing resembled laminar flow. Only the virgin metal from the interior of the billet flowed along the bridges and formed the welding seams. As ram speed increased, the mean stresses and temperatures on the welding plane in the welding chamber increased, which was reflected in the increases in extrusion pressure and extrudate temperature, being beneficial to the solid-state bonding at the weld seams. Tensile tests confirmed that extrusion at a higher ram speed led to enhanced transverse tensile strength and strain of the extruded square tube, as a result of improved bonding at the longitudinal weld seams.     

连接压力对管道瞬时液相连接接头组织性能的影响

把锅炉用20钢管在开放式管道瞬时液相扩散焊机上进行连接,采用氩气保护,焊接温度1180℃、保温时间3min、中间层材料选用非晶箔BNi2,通过改变连接压力,研究其对连接接头组织性能的影响.结果表明,当连接压力为4MPa时,所得连接接头的性能良好,满足要求.     

Hot cracking investigation during laser welding of high-strength steels with multi-scale modelling approach

Hot cracking during laser welding of advanced high-strength steels is reported to be a serious problem by automotive manufacturers. In this work, hot cracking susceptibilities of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and dual-phase (DP) steels are studied based on a multi-scale modelling approach. Transient temperatures measured from welding experiments are used to validate a finite element (FE) model. The temperature, thermal gradient and cooling rate in the weld fusion zone are extracted from the FE model and pre-defined as boundary conditions to a phase field model. The welding-induced microstructural evolution is simulated considering thermodynamic and mobility data. Results show that, compared to the DP steel, the TRIP steel has a broader solidification range, a greater pressure drop at the inter-dendritic regions, and an increased phosphorus segregation at the grain boundaries; all these make this steel more susceptible for hot cracking.     

Structural transformations in hull material clad by nitrogen stainless steel using various methods

Specimens of a 10N3KhDMBF shipbuilding hull steel were clad by a 04Kh20N6G11M2AFB nitrogen austenitic steel using various treatment conditions, which included hot rolling, austenitic facing, and explosive welding followed by hot rolling and heat treatment. Between the base and cladding materials, an intermediate layer with variable concentrations of chromium, manganese, and nickel was found, in which a martensitic structure was formed. In all the cases, the strength of bonding of the cladding layer to the hull steel (determined in tests for shear to fracture) was fairly high (σ_sh = 437–520 MPa). The only exception was the specimen produced by unidirectional facing without subsequent hot rolling (σ_sh = 308 MPa), in which nonfusions between the faced beads of stainless steel were detected.     

焊接区表面高频淬火后钢的超塑焊接

探讨了结构钢与工具钢待焊接区表面高频淬火后超塑焊接的可行性及影响因素。试验表明,焊接区局部高频淬火后的结构钢与工具钢在其超塑变形温度及应变速率范围内,经短时超塑压接即可实现接头抗拉强度达到母材强度的固相焊接。     

合龙技术在“鸟巢”主体钢结构的应用用研究

从确定主体钢结构的合龙温度入手,设计了合龙工艺,明确合龙技术要求.实践表明,国家体育场“鸟巢”钢结构焊接工程的成功合龙,不仅为大型的建筑钢结构焊接工程的合龙技术积累了丰富经验,也提供了合龙技术在“鸟巢”主体钢结构运用的一种科学分析方法,同时也为我国大型建筑钢结构合龙技术的焊接规程提供了有力的技术支持.     

中厚板轧制过程的数值模拟

以L245级管线钢材料的热物性参数(密度、泊松比、杨氏模量、热膨胀系数、热导率和比热)和热模拟压缩实验获得的高温变形时应力—应变曲线等试验数据为基础,在MSC.Marc软件中建立了该钢种材料数据库,并建立了中厚板多道次轧制过程的二维有限元模型。以铸坯厚度为220mm、成品厚度为25.4mm的热轧过程为例,通过对轧件与轧辊接触面间换热系数采用取不同常数值的方法,并依据其生产时所采集的各道次相关工艺参数,对该轧件全道次热轧过程进行了数值模拟,将各道次的轧制力计算值与实测值进行了分析比较,确定了轧件与轧辊间接触面换热系数的最佳值。利用本文模型对厚度为180mm的轧件单道次轧制过程进行了数值模拟,研究了不同变形工艺参数(轧制温度、道次压下率和轧制速度)对变形区等效应变和等效应力的影响。结果表明,在轧机设备能力及生产现场条件允许时,高温粗轧阶段纵轧道次可采用低速大压下率进行轧制成形,使变形较充分地向轧件芯部渗透,从而使钢板获得细小均匀的晶粒组织,有效改善钢板的强韧性能。     

Investigation of rolls size effects on hot ring rolling process by coupled thermo-mechanical 3D-FEA

Hot ring rolling is a significant branch of ring rolling characterized by high nonlinearity, 3D deformation, continuously progressive forming, unsteady-state, asymmetry, etc. with coupled thermo-mechanical behaviors which have significant effects on the deformation behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of the ring. Changing the sizes of forming rolls including mandrel and driver rolls will considerably affect the roll gap deformation zone which is in close relation to the feed amount of both forming rolls and thus affects forming quality of the ring as well as power parameters. In this study, a reliable coupled thermo-mechanical and 3D rigid-plastic finite-element (FE) model for hot rolling of large rings is established. Then, based on the stable forming condition of the ring rolling process and comprehensive numerical simulations, the size effects of forming rolls on strain and temperature distributions and their uniformity, stress distribution, side spread and power parameters were investigated by 3D coupled thermo-mechanical FE simulation. The results show that there are optimum sizes of mandrel and driver rolls under which the strain and temperature distributions of ring and thus its microstructure are the most uniform where fishtail coefficient and power parameters have reasonable values. The achievements obtained can not only serve as a guide to the design of rolls sizes, optimization and quality control of the hot ring rolling process, but also clarify the plastic deformation and heat transferring of hot rolling of large rectangular-section rings.     

铜-钢异种金属焊接的研究现状和进展

综述了国内外铜-钢异种金属焊接的可行性、焊接方法及焊接接头组织性能方面的研究现状.分析了铜-钢焊接过程中存在的热裂纹和铜渗透裂纹等问题.介绍了多种实现铜-钢焊接的方法及每种方法的特点和应用范围.冷金属过渡焊接是一种比较新的焊接方法,具有广阔的应用前景.对铜-钢焊接接头结合机理方面的研究多集中于对青铜和钢焊接后的接头组织,对于紫铜与钢的焊接还需进一步探讨.     

随焊碾压防止铝合金焊 接热裂纹的云纹模拟和试验研究

本文提出了一种新的防止铝合金焊接热裂纹方法－－随焊同步碾压法，阐述了其原理，用云纹法模拟了随焊碾压产生的应变场，并进行了随焊碾压防止铝合金焊接热裂纹的试验研究。研究结果表明，随焊碾压可有效地防止铝合金的焊接热裂纹。     

Development of a bonding interface between steel/steel and steel/Ni by ultrasonic welding

Ultrasonic welding is a solid-state welding technique that can bond materials at a relatively low temperature and pressure. In this study, steel/steel and steel/Ni combinations were successfully bonded by ultrasonic welding, and the development of the bonding interface was examined. The bonding strength was obtained by a lap shear test and increased with welding time, as did the fraction of bonded area observed by SEM. The bonding process sequence was investigated by SEM and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis of a cross-section at the bonding interface. It was revealed that abrasion is caused by oscillation to form small particles consisting of steel and Ni and that the particles are grown and subsequently flattened with welding time. Bonding is achieved by the flattened particles spreading along the bonding interface without any voids.     

Evolution of through-thickness texture gradients in various steel sheets

In order to investigate the evolution of through-thickness texture gradients in various ferritic steel sheets, samples of a deep drawing steel, a ferritic stainless steel and a low carbon steel were deformed by cold rolling with and without application of a lubricant during the deformation process. The hot band texture of all samples examined showed notable through-thickness texture gradients. The evolution of the cold rolling texture in the ferritic stainless steel and the low carbon steel in a solution-treated state was nearly independent of the lubrication during rolling. However, in the deep drawing steel and the as-received low carbon steel, the lubrication played an important role in the formation of the through-thickness texture gradients. Whereas the samples rolled with lubrication showed uniform textures throughout the sheet thickness, in the samples rolled without lubrication pronounced shear textures were observed on the sheet surface. The evolution of these through-thickness texture gradients is discussed in terms of inhomogeneous strain states computed by an FEM model. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium “ ’99 International Symposium on Textures of Materials”, held at Sunchun National University, Sunchun, April 21–22, 1999 under the auspices of The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials and The Research and Development Center for Automobile’s Parts and Materials.     

Finite Element Analysis for Microstructure Evolution in Hot Finishing Rolling of Steel Strips

A computer model that describes the evolution of microstructures during the hot finishing rolling of SS400 steel has been proposed. It has been found that the microstructure strongly depends on processing of materials and on their parameters,which affected the history of the thermomechanical variables,such as temperature,strain,and strain rate. To investigate the microstructural evolutions during the hot finishing rolling process,the rigid-thermoviscoplastic finite element method(FEM) has been combined with dynamic recrystallization,static recrystallization,and grain growth models. The simulation results show a good agreement with those from the prediction software online.     

Prediction of void closure in steel slabs by finite element analysis

Closure of a spherical voids in a steel slab under plane-strain deformation was investigated using the rigidplastic finite-element method. Variations in the major and minor axes of a void from finite element analysis of a void model were related to the minimum principal strain and hydrostatic stress from finite element analysis of a non-void model. The correlation curves were obtained and a method using these curves to predict the void closure progress was proposed. The method was successfully applied to deformation processes such as simple compression, forging and rolling. Since hydrostatic stress also influenced void closure, the effective strain by itself was not sufficiently capable of predicting void closure. However, the effective strain was used to predict void closure for a specific process because it reached about 0.7 in compression or forging and about 0.78 during rolling as the void completely closed.     

冷热冲击对无铅钎料可靠性的影响

文中对比了一种新型低银钎料Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi-Ni（SACBN07）与市场上的SAC305,SAC0307两种无铅钎料的抗冷热冲击性能.利用纳米压痕试验等微观测试方法研究时效后界面组织及力学性能的变化.结果表明,SACBN07的抗冷热冲击性能最好,焊点失效后三种材料中裂纹的扩展路径不同,SAC305失效裂纹位于体钎料中,SACBN07钎料断裂位置逐渐由钎料基体转移到金属间化合物（IMC）层中,而SAC0307断裂位于界面IMC中;钎料中Bi,Ni元素的加入有效地抑制了IMC的生长,相同冷热冲击时间,SACBN07钎料中界面IMC厚度最薄;SACBN07体钎料的硬度受冷热冲击影响最小,时效后仅降低了8.6%,而SAC305与SAC0307分别降低了12.5%和28.3%.     

X52管线钢水下摩擦圆锥塞焊接头组织特征

对X52管线钢进行了水下摩擦圆锥塞焊工艺试验，对不同焊接工艺参数下接头的微观组织进行了金相显微镜及扫描电镜观测，探讨了工艺参数对X52管线钢水下摩擦圆锥塞焊接头组织的影响. 结果表明，接头可以分为锻造区、最终摩擦界面、剪切变形区、结合区及热影响区. 其中剪切变形区呈层状结构，所形成的焊缝微观组织极不均匀，且出现粗大晶粒. 相比于焊接转速，轴向压力对X52管线钢水下摩擦塞焊接头组织的影响更显著. 摩擦塞焊接头组织与传统摩擦焊接头晶粒细化的特征不同，这是由于在“封闭式”摩擦焊过程中塞焊缝主要由剪切变形区组成.     

镀Zn钢-6016铝合金异种金属的激光熔钎焊及数值模拟

熔钎焊是抑制或减少钢/铝异种金属激光焊接过程中FeAl脆性金属间化合物产生的有效工艺方法。采用光纤激光器,不添加任何钎料,对1.2 mm厚DC56D+ZF镀锌钢和6016铝合金平板试件进行激光搭接焊试验,利用MATLAB软件,针对焊接过程的实际情况,在一定的基本假设下建立准稳态下钢/铝异种金属激光焊接熔池形状的数学模型,基于准稳态形状控制方程数值计算获得的熔池几何形状分布,结合试验来调整焊接工艺参数,获得最佳焊接成形,利用卧式金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪等手段研究焊接接头各区域的金相组织、主要元素分布与物相组成。结果表明:焊接激光束照射搭接在钢板上的铝板对接焊缝时,焊接功率和焊接速度对熔池几何形状的影响较大,随着激光功率的增大,熔深增加;而随着焊接速度的增加,熔深却变浅。当焊接功率为1 600~1 800 W、焊接速度v=30 mm/s、离焦量D=0 mm时,焊缝成形性良好,无明显裂纹、气孔等缺陷,焊接接头区域存在一个台阶状结构,在平台区域,钢/铝两钟金属存在明显的界限,界面结合依靠液态的铝在钢母材表面上的润湿、填充和铺展等作用;下凹区域,钢/铝熔合较好,Fe和Al元素的混合区宽度较大,未形成明显的FeAl脆性金属间化合物,Fe和Al的热扩散是该区域界面结合的主要原因。