钢材相似显微组织的分析与鉴别(续)

在日常金相检验中,常常会观察到钢的非平衡组织中存在颜色和形态比较相似的显微组织,初学者往往容易出现误判。笔者以常用钢铁材料为例,采用常规光学显微镜,通过对组织形态、分布、颜色以及热处理工艺进行仔细比对,总结归纳了铁素体与残余奥氏体、碳化物与残余奥氏体、低碳板条马氏体与羽毛状上贝氏体以及片状马氏体与下贝氏体等几种相似显微组织的鉴别方法,以供金相检验人员参考。     

焊后热处理对T92钢焊接接头组织及性能的影响

通过模拟现场热处理工艺,研究了T92钢焊接接头在不同回火温度下的组织和性能。结果表明,焊缝硬度和母材抗拉强度均随回火温度的升高而降低。接头处未回火的马氏体粗大,呈细针状;740-780℃回火,马氏体组织变细,板条特征明显;超过780℃,马氏体板条特征消失,表现为屈氏体组织;随回火温度升高,母材碳化物产生偏聚,铁素体含量增加;780℃以下回火母材力学性能满足ASME标准要求。     

40Cr激光熔凝硬化组织形态及硬度研究

利用CO2轴流激光加工机对40Cr钢表面进行激光熔凝硬化处理。利用扫描电子显微镜、金相显微镜和显微硬度计研究了不同工艺下熔凝硬化层及基体的显微组织和硬度分布特征。实验表明：熔凝硬化层由熔化区、相变硬化区和热影响区组成;由表及里组织分别为极细隐晶马氏体＋少量残余奥氏体、隐晶马氏体＋碳化物＋残余奥氏体、马氏体＋回火屈氏体＋铁素体。硬化层最高硬度约是基体的3倍;随着扫描速度的增加表层硬度先增加后减小,当扫描速度为2.5m·min^-1时,表层硬度最大,为1097.9HK。     

15CrNi4Mo钢渗碳及热处理工艺研究

研究了表面碳含量和热处理工艺对15CrNi4Mo钢渗碳层的影响,分析了渗层显微组织和硬度分布。结果表明:渗碳后表面碳含量为0.90%时,在805℃淬火310℃回火后,渗碳层组织为细针状回火马氏体、残余奥氏体和少量碳化物,心部组织为回火马氏体及少量铁素体,能够满足使用要求。     

U71Mn钢轨矫直断裂原因分析

针对U71Mn钢轨在矫直过程中出现断裂的现象,对钢轨断口部位的宏观形貌、显微组织、化学成分、力学性能和显微硬度等进行了观察和分析。结果表明:钢轨角部的外来夹杂物、网状渗碳体、针状渗碳体魏氏组织,以及钢轨角部由于擦伤出现的隐针马氏体和微裂纹,是造成钢轨矫直断裂的主要原因。最后探讨了解决措施。     

铸造C12A耐热钢的焊接及组织与性能的研究

本文对铸造C12A高强耐热钢进行了组织与性能、可焊性、焊缝组织变化厦性能特点等方面进行了研究分析。试验结果表明：淬火组织为板务马氏体＋部分针状马氏体＋少量残余奥氏体，其硬度比较高，塑性和韧性不是很好；淬火＋回火组织为保留马氏体形态的回火索氏体，其硬度不是很高，塑性和韧性比较好，具有盘好的综合性能；退火组织为铁素体，其硬度低，塑性和韧性高；焊接后的全相组织中，没有焊接裂纹等焊接缺陷存在，具有良好可焊性。对于淬火＋回火后的铸造C12A耐热钢，经过焊接，基体组织和性能没有明显发生变化，过渡区的金相组织为板条马氏体＋奥氏体组织，其硬度有所降低；熔化区的金相组织为针状马氏体＋奥氏体＋板条马氏体，硬度很高；焊后经过回火处理的基体佥相组织与性能没有变化。过度区的金相组织为保留板条马氏体形态的回火索氏体组织，较基体组织要粗大，其硬度要比基体有所下降；熔化区的金相组织转变为保留板每马氏体的回火索氏体，但组织较为基体组织要细小，其性能表现为硬度要比基体的有所升高。铸造C12A焊接后再经回火处理，可使焊接后的组织差别消除；性能变化趋于平缓，有利于材料的使用。     

马氏体不锈钢热轧板剪切开裂分析

采用化学成分分析、宏观和微观检验以及能谱仪分析等方法对发生剪切开裂的SUS420J1马氏体不锈钢热轧钢板的成分和显微组织进行了分析。结果表明：该钢板的显微组织由铁素体基体、δ铁素体相和碳化物组成,碳化物主要以网状分布于晶界和以链状分布于相界,阐述了马氏体不锈钢产生剪切开裂的机理,并提出了解决问题的建议。     

82B高碳钢热轧盘条心部异常组织分析及改善措施

某钢厂82B高碳钢热轧盘条心部出现网状渗碳体和马氏体异常组织。通过化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜分析等方法,分析了其心部异常组织产生的原因。结果表明:82B高碳钢热轧盘条心部出现马氏体是由于坯料心部存在晶内锰、铬合金元素微观正偏析,并在轧制后的马氏体形成温度段的冷却速度偏快;心部出现网状渗碳体是由于坯料心部存在较严重的碳元素宏观正偏析,并在轧制后的索氏体形成温度段的冷却速度偏慢。通过多次工艺试验,调整盘条轧制工艺和轧后冷却工艺,不仅消除了心部马氏体组织,而且降低了网状渗碳体出现的概率。     

中压调节阀油动机活塞杆断裂分析

某电厂中压调节阀在运行过程中因活塞杆断裂而发生故障,采用化学成分分析、宏观和微观检验、扫描电镜及硬度测试等方法对断裂件进行了分析。结果表明,活塞杆在调质处理中存在淬火冷却不足或保温时间不足等原因,使其显微组织自表面至心部为回火索氏体→回火索氏体＋少量屈氏体→贝氏体＋屈氏体＋沿晶界呈网状或半网状析出的铁素体,从而导致其硬度和屈服强度均低于设计要求,加上在活塞杆的螺杆螺纹处存在应力集中倾向,最终在运行应力的作用下发生疲劳断裂。建议在调质处理时要控制好各种参数,同时在加工螺纹时应避免尖角过大问题。     

塑料模具标准件顶杆用65MnV钢的组织分析

对新型塑料模具标准件顶杆用钢６５ＭｎＶ在淬火和氏温回火过程组织的变化进行了系统的研究。结果表明,６５ＭｎＶ钢的低温淬火组织为位错马氏体组织,随淬火温度的升高,淬火组织逐渐由针状与板条状马氏体的混合组织变成针状马氏体组织,马氏体组织的亚结构由位错型马氏体向孪晶马多体转变。钢在低温回火时析出与基体共格的弥散分布的须状ε碳化物,ε碳化物随回火温度的升高而发生转变,形成非共格的棒状渗碳体组织。     

Influence of cementite spheroidization on relieving the micro-galvanic effect of ferrite-pearlite steel in acidic chloride environment

The corrosion behavior of the as-received steel and the spheroidized steel in acidic chloride environment was investigated. The results indicate the corrosion mode and corrosion rate of two steels are diverse due to their difference in microstructure. For as-received steel with ferrite-pearlite microstructure, severe localized corrosion happens on the pearlite regions, and plenty of cathodic cementite remains in the pits, further strengthening the micro-galvanic effect and accelerating the corrosion rate. While for spheroidized steel with tempered martensite microstructure, the nanosized cementite particles evenly distributed on the ferrite substrate are easy to fall off, which can significantly reduce the cementite accumulation on the steel surface, relieving the acceleration effect of micro-galvanic corrosion.     

Microstructural characterization of shielded metal arc weldments of a copper-bearing HSLA stee

Abstract

A systematic microstructural characterization in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of two ASTM A710 grade A steel weldments (one preheated and the other pre–cooled), employing identical shielded metal arc welding conditions, has been performed. The microstructure in both the HAZ and the weld metal of both welds has been characterized by optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with microhardness traverses. No difference in microstructure was observed in the HAZ on comparing the preheated and non-preheated weldments. The only significant difference observed in the two weldments was the width of the HAZ, which is about 1 mm wider for a preheated weldment. Examination by transmission electron microscopy revealed the following microconstituents in the HAZ of both the weldments: polygonal ferrite, acicular ferrite, ferrite–carbide aggregates, ε-copper and fine cementite precipitates, martensite, tempered martensite, retained austenite, and transformation-twinned martensite. The microhardness traverse revealed almost identical hardness gradients in the two welds. The microstructural and microhardness data are discussed with regard to the preheating requirements for this alloy.

MST/118     

Comparison of magnetic Barkhausen noise and ultrasonic velocity measurements for microstructure evaluation of SAE 1040 and SAE 4140 steels

The aim of this study is to compare the performance of magnetic Barkhausen noise and ultrasonic methods for the evaluation of the microstructure of commercial steels. Following the austenitization of the specimens made of SAE 1040 and SAE 4140, various heat treatments were carried out to obtain microstructures consisting of martensite, tempered martensite, fine pearlite–ferrite, and coarse pearlite–ferrite. The microstructures were initially characterized by SEM investigation and hardness measurements. The magnitude and position of Barkhausen noise peaks were determined via a commercial system. The propagation rates of longitudinal waves were determined with the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. Barkhausen noise response and sound velocity goes to minimum for the as-quenched martensite, and both tend to increase in the following sequence: tempered martensite, fine pearlite–ferrite, and coarse pearlite–ferrite. However, the magnetic features are more sensitive to the microstructure variations than to the sound velocity.     

Mechanical properties of ultrafine grained ferritic steel sheets fabricated by rolling and annealing of duplex microstructure

A new route to fabricate ultrafine grained (UFG) ferritic steel sheets without severe plastic deformation is proposed in this article. A low-carbon steel sheet with a duplex microstructure composed of ferrite and martensite was cold-rolled to a reduction of 91% in thickness, and then annealed at 620–700 °C. The microstructure obtained through the process with annealing temperatures below 700 °C was the UFG ferrite including fine cementite particles homogenously dispersed. The grain size of ferrite matrix changed from 0.49 to 1.0 μm depending on the annealing temperature. Dynamic tensile properties of the produced UFG steels were investigated. The obtained UFG ferrite–cementite steels without martensite phase showed high strain rate sensitivity in flow stress. The UFG ferritic steels are expected to have high potential to absorb crash energy when applied to automobile body.     

冷变形对12Cr铁素体/马氏体钢回复与再结晶过程的影响

研究了一种新型高Cr低活性铁素体/马氏体(F/M)钢用作超临界水堆燃料包壳管用候选材料,研究冷变形对其铁素体和板条马氏体双相组织的回复、再结晶过程的影响.结果表明,不同冷变形量对板条马氏体再结晶的促进程度不同,10%冷变形后780℃高温退火只发生回复,回火马氏体板条发生合并与迁移;60%冷变形后780℃高温退火,回火马...     

The effect of tempering temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of low alloy Cr and CrMo steel

Two low alloy Cr and CrMo steels with similar levels of carbon, manganese and chromium have been studied to determine the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure. The quenching and tempering of steels were carried out using a high-speed dilatometer. The steels were quenched at the average cooling rate of 30 K s-1 in the temperature range from 1123 to 573 K by flowing argon and tempered at 673, 823 and 973 K. The martensite of steels formed during quenching was of entire lath morphology with 2 vol% retained austenite. It was found that after tempering at 973 K the Cr steel contained only orthorhombic cementite, while the CrMo steel contained the cementite and hexagonal Mo2C particles in the ferrite matrix. At the same tempering conditions, the CrMo steel shows higher strength but lower ductility as compared to those of Cr steel. It is shown that this difference results from finer prior austenite grain, substructure within matrix and precipitate dispersion strengthening, primarily by Mo2C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) bright- and dark-field micrographs as well as selected area diffraction pattern analysis of orientation relationship showed that the cementite precipitated from the ferrite matrix. Fractography analysis showed that the morphology fracture surface was changed by increasing tempering temperature. Tempering at 973 K obtained ductile fracture by the microvoid coalescence mechanism.     

Suppression of hydrogen-induced blisters in SK4 carbon steel alloy by friction stir processing

The feasibility of using friction stir-processing technique as a microstructural refining method for preventing hydrogen-induced blisters of SK4 carbon steel alloy containing microstructure of hard cementite particles in a ductile ferrite matrix was examined. Amount and size of hydrogen-induced blisters decreased in the stirred layers with increasing rotation speed and completely disappeared when rotation speed attained 400 rpm because of the formation of a hard and fine microstructure consisting of pearlite, martensite, and retained austenite instead of that containing hard spheroidized cementite particles in a soft ferrite matrix. Interfaces between ferrite matrix and cementite particles were the preferential sites for the hydrogen blisters initiation.     

基于小波的维氏硬度图快速自动分析新方法

提出一种用小波多分辨率理论来对马氏体材料表面硬度试验压痕图进行自动分析的新方法，采用快速数据采样策略，自适应调整压痕区域的采样间隔，确保分析速度和精度，实现了自动计算维氏硬度。该方法同样能够很好地自动分析一些与马氏体组织在图像纹理结构方面相类似的组织维氏硬度，如回火屈氏体、回火索氏体等。     

Wear of Laying Head Pipes in a Wire Rod Mill

The failure analysis on the premature wear of a “Laying Head Pipe” in a Wire Rod Mill has been presented. The hot-rolled wire rods subsequent to finish rolling pass through the “Laying Head Pipe” which rotates and lays the wire rods in the form of coils for air cooling to achieve the final properties. A worn-out pipe and a thermo-mechanically treated (TMT) re-bar have been analyzed. The material of the pipe is ASTM A335-P5 grade of seamless alloy steel pipe used for high temperature service. The microstructures of the wear groove of the alloy steel pipe show predominantly ferrite and globular cementite/carbide particles along with scales, while that away from the wear groove shows coarse tempered martensite matrix. EDS analysis confirms the presence of alloy carbides near the wear groove. Microhardness profile shows reduction in hardness toward the inner surface of pipe; hardness at the inner surface of the pipe becomes lower than the surface hardness of the TMT re-bar, exhibiting tempered martensite matrix. Softening at the inner surface of the pipe wall occurs due to a rise in temperature/ over-tempering in contact with the passing hot wire rods (900 °C) which causes transformation of martensite into ferrite and coarse globular cementite.