固定床渣油加氢反应器结垢原因分析及对策

固定床渣油加氢技术是重油改质的重要手段,是优化重油催化裂化装置原料的主要措施.工业运转表明,反应器结垢是制约固定床渣油加氢装置满负荷生产和长周期运转的最重要因素之一.通过对固定床渣油加氢反应器结垢原因的分析,提出了抑制反应器结垢的措施.认为通过采取强化原料管理和严格日常操作管理等措施,能够抑制反应器结垢,延长装置的运转周期.     

壳牌催化剂/内构件在2.4Mt/a渣油加氢装置第一周期上的工业应用

2.40Mt/a渣油加氢装置在第一周期首次采用了壳牌公司高稳定性渣油加氢催化剂RM-8030/RN-8210/RN-8510,两系列8个反应器全部采用壳牌的高效分配盘。在第一周期的装置运转过程中,壳牌渣油加氢催化剂表现了极高的稳定性和加氢性能,且壳牌的高效分配盘具有非常好的分配效果,每个反应器的顶部具有较低的径向温差(2℃以内)。表明壳牌的渣油加氢催化剂和高效分配盘在辽阳分公司渣油加氢装置首次工业应用取得了成功,完全能满足生产要求。     

渣油固定床加氢装置长周期运转技术相关专利分析

通过INNOGRAPHY专利检索分析数据库对国内外申请公开的渣油固定床加氢装置长周期运转技术领域的相关专利进行检索,并重点分析了渣油固定床加氢装置长周期运转技术在全球及中国的专利技术现状,以掌握渣油固定床加氢技术在国内外的研究发展趋势,为该项技术的研究发展提供有利支撑。     

我国渣油加氢处理技术分析

开发渣油加氢处理技术是我国重油深加工的主要发展方向.介绍了我国渣油加氢技术的发展、渣油加氢处理的工艺及其特点.分析了重油加氢处理工业化中主要考虑的问题,从市场、原料、工艺等方面比较了固定床和悬浮床两种渣油加氢处理技术.     

中石化天津分公司升级改造重油加工方案

中国石化天津分公司炼油因产品结构调整及油品质量升级改造项目需要,拟新建一套260万t/a固定床渣油催化加氢装置。经结构调整后的渣油加氢装置可以更充分地利用原油,在保证长周期在线运转的前提下,工艺参数优化后的渣油加氢处理装置可为下游的RFCC装置提供较低含量金属、硫和残炭的优质进料氢渣油,重油的转化深度提高,轻油收率提高约1.2个百分点,提高重油转化深度和轻油收率,产品结构得到改善,提升天津分公司的企业效益和竞争能力。     

固定床渣油加氢催化剂运转初期失活规律研究进展

固定床渣油加氢技术是重油改质的重要手段,而催化剂失活制约着装置运行周期,影响炼厂整体经济效益。渣油加氢过程中,运转初期形成的大量积炭是催化剂快速失活的重要原因。本文主要介绍了运转初期催化剂表面形成积炭的性质、影响积炭形成的因素以及控制积炭的方法等。积炭分为软炭和硬炭,运转初期催化剂表面沉积的积炭以软炭为主,积炭更多地沉积在催化剂外侧,造成孔径向小孔范围迁移,降低孔内活性位利用率;原料油性质、催化剂性质及工艺条件共同决定着催化剂运转初期积炭形成,通过改善原料油性质,优化催化剂及工艺条件可以有效地抑制积炭形成。这对合理使用催化剂,延长装置运转周期及降低炼厂生产成本具有重要意义。     

高硫劣质原油加工与渣油加氢技术的适用性

分析了渣油加工技术的选择原则和各种渣油加工（组合）工艺的可行性,结合渣油加氢装置的实际运转情况,讨论了高硫劣质原油加工方法和渣油加氢技术的适用性。     

渣油加氢装置运行中存在问题和解决措施

固定床渣油加氢装置是目前业内使用最为广泛的装置,具有工艺成熟、运行成本低、安全可靠等特点。但是渣油加氢装置在运行过程中会出现催化剂失活、反应器结垢和床层径向温度大等问题,如果没有引起重视的话会造成催化剂的浪费和产品质量严重下降等问题,造成资源的重大浪费。笔者主要分析装置出现这些问题的原因,并提出相应的措施以避免造成经济损失。     

高苛刻度渣油加氢处理技术研究及工业应用

介绍了高苛刻度渣油加氢处理技术研究及其在海南炼化渣油加氢装置的工业应用情况.中试及工业应用结果表明,渣油加氢处理系列催化剂的活性和稳定性良好,装置操作平稳,产品性质能够满足海南炼化RDS渣油加氧装置高苛刻度运转的需要.     

渣油加氢处理上流式反应器应用进展

介绍了渣油加氢上流式反应器（UFR）的结构、特点、工业应用情况及工业运转问题。多套装置的运转经验表明,床层膨胀率过高/床层扰动导致的偏流、热点、径向温差问题是困扰UFR工业装置长周期稳定运转的关键问题。因此,分析了影响床层膨胀率的主要因素,并从影响床层膨胀率的因素出发简述了优化上流式反应器运转问题的方法,最后对上流式反应器的应用进行了总结,得出了合理设计加工量、反应器直径、氢油比、开发高效内构件、优化装置操作以及制备具有高堆积密度、适宜颗粒直径、多大孔、高孔容的UFR催化剂是保证UFR反应器长周期高效稳定运行的关键。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。