卵石和沙层定向钻穿越工程施工技术

卵石层是常规定向钻穿越施工的禁区,采用常规工艺扩孔时,因泥浆不能够支撑卵石而形成管线回拖所必需的环形空间,基本无法施工.本文以长庆-乌海-临河输气管道工程黄河定向钻穿越为例,介绍了采取安装套管的方法穿越卵石层,保证钻导向孔、扩孔和回拖的施工技术.     

管道定向钻穿越障碍物施工技术

管道在施工过程中,会遇到各种形式的障碍物,如何采取安全、经济、有效的方式穿越是施工单位需要重点考虑的问题。定向钻穿越因其适应性强、精度高、污染小等优点受到大范围推广。本文介绍了定向钻穿越的适用范围、施工流程,重点说明了钻导向孔、预扩孔与管线回拖三个程序的技术要点,对现场施工具有较强的指导意义。     

卡伦河定向钻穿越施工方法及技术措施

通过对卡伦河定向钻穿越施工方法介绍,以及为了保证定向钻穿越顺利进行和成功回拖需要注意的风险和管控措施的分析,让管道工程的管理和施工人员对定向钻穿越施工技术有了更深层次的思考和更稳健的把握。     

西部管道大型河流双管同沟穿越施工创新--记西部原油成品油管道黑河穿越

黑河是西部管道工程采用大开挖方式穿越的距离最长的河流,中油管道二公司通过整体焊接、分层开挖、整体下沟一系列新施工方法,仅耗时40天即完成了双管同沟穿越黑河工程。不仅缩短了工期,而且大大降低施工费用提前完成西部管道标志性工程,成为西部管道河流穿越施工的典范。     

定向钻技术在穿越临海养虾池中的应用

介绍了沧州聚隆化工有限公司二氯乙烷长输管线定向穿越渤海湾河北省黄骅中捷盐场养虾池的施工中,由于地质结构的复杂特殊性,出现管道回拖抱死事故,造成较大经济损失。分析事故原因,提出改进技术措施,最后穿越成功,为以后遇到相似的地层构造进行穿越工作提供了有价值的参考。     

西气东输工程豫皖段已全线贯通

备受关注的西气东输工程近来又有新进展。西气东输定向钻穿越工程中地质条件最差、穿越距离最长、施工难度及风险最大的一次河流穿越———河南温县的沁河定向钻穿越工程 ,已于 2 0 0 3年 5月 1 4日取得成功。沁河管线穿越工程的成功 ,标志着西气东输豫皖段线路工程已全线贯通 ,承担西气东输干线 3 2条江河穿越任务的中国石油管道局已完成了全部穿越任务。沁河穿越工程自今年 5月 1日主管线开始钻孔作业至管线回拖成功 ,历时 1 4天。沁河穿越工程全长 1 1 3 6.5米 ,穿越深度 2 2米 ,穿越地段南岸有 1 0米深的抛石 ,所在地层主要是中粗沙层 ,…     

不同材质管道定向钻穿越过程最大允许长度探讨

在天然气管道定向钻过程中，不同材质管道所承受的拖拉力不尽相同，导致不同材质的管道最大回拖允许长度不同，本文通过分析钢质管材和聚乙烯管材定向钻穿越过程中的最大允许拖拉力、从而确定不同管材的最大回拖允许长度，为工程实际运用提供理论支持。     

长距离顶管隧道主管穿越同步安装及水浮发送技术

中油管道二公司在西气东输二线滠水河顶管隧道穿越工程中,在全线首次采用穿越主管分段预制、水泥砂浆灌注输送管道、光缆硅管套管与穿越管道同步安装的水浮发送新工艺,大大提高了顶管隧道内管道安装就位的施工工效,规避了工期风险,为西气东输二线黄陂以南按时投产提供了关键的技术保障。     

反井钻成功应用于油气管道穿越

绥阳至正安天然气管线建设项目控制性工程——老鹰岩反井钻穿越工程成功完成岩质山体穿越下管。这是国内首次将反井钻非开挖穿越技术成功应用于油气管道行业,其约42°坡度倾角也是反井钻技术在世界油气管道行业穿越角度最小纪录。为了进一步提高该工程施工质量,现根据工程概况,从施工准备、导孔施工、定向钻进、扩孔施工、完孔及钻机拆除、扩孔直径验收及井口移交、关键工序转换等方面入手,进行工程施工流程,并详细探讨了该工程施工技术措施,希望可以为施工人员提供有效的借鉴和参考。     

水平定向钻拖拉法在长输管道中小型穿越中的应用

以庆铁四线6标段线路工程为例,简要阐述了水平定向钻拖拉法在中小型穿越中的施工原理及关键技术控制要点。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。