分段压裂水平井产能影响因素分析

建立了分段压裂水平井不稳渗流数学模型。模型采用有限元非结构化网格进行剖分,基于离散裂缝模型的思想对水力裂缝进行降维处理,使用伽辽金有限元方法进行求解,最后通过编程计算绘制了产能动态曲线,并对影响曲线的因素进行分析。研究结果表明,裂缝的导流能力在分段压裂水平井生产前期对产能有明显影响。导流能力越大,压裂水平井的日产量就越高。随着裂缝导流能的增大,井的增产幅度不断降低。裂缝条数越大,压裂水平井的产量越大。随着裂缝间距减小,缝间干扰增强,反而产量降低。这对深入认识分段压裂水平井的生产动态具有重要意义。     

考虑裂缝干扰的致密砂岩压裂水平气井产能计算及影响因素研究

致密气藏的产能预测对气藏开发方案设计和气田合理配产都具有十分重要的意义.物模实验表明,致密低渗透气藏存在压敏效应和阀压效应等渗流特征,达西定律不再适用.首先,利用物模实验推出压敏效应和阀压效应的经验公式.其次,在气体渗流理论基础上,建立了广义达西方程,并利用保角变换等数学方法,推导了考虑压敏效应和阀压效应的考虑裂缝干扰的致密气藏压裂水平井产能计算公式.最后,对压敏效应、阀压效应以及裂缝对气井产能的影响做了分析.该研究丰富了致密气藏压裂水平井产能评价方法,并且贴合现场实际,对优化压裂水平井参数、指导致密气藏水平井开发具有重要的意义.     

低渗气藏水平井分段压裂完井产能评价研究

水平井分段压裂完井是低渗气藏水平井长期高效开发的重要手段。目前国内学者在研究裂缝参数对压裂水平井产能影响时没有考虑不同气藏控制面积、不同气藏基质渗透率的情况,对压裂水平井裂缝间干扰作用也缺乏深入研究。为此采用数值模拟方法,建立数值模拟机理模型,在考虑不同气藏控制面积、基质渗透率的情况下,主要研究裂缝条数、裂缝长度、裂缝间距对低渗气藏水平井产能的影响,并提出了裂缝半长/裂缝间距的评价指标,同时参考模拟出的各条裂缝累积产气量及压力等值线图,对压裂水平井裂缝干扰情况进行分析。研究结果表明,在压裂水平井生产初期,各控制面积下累积产气量相同,但随生产时间的延续,气藏控制面积越大,累积产气量越大;基质渗透率越低,采出程度越小,需要压开更多的裂缝,裂缝半长/裂缝间距越大;裂缝条数越多,裂缝间产生的相互干扰也越严重,使每条裂缝的产量减小;裂缝间距越小,压力下降越快,裂缝间干扰作用越强。这为低渗气藏分段压裂水平井裂缝参数优化设计提供了理论依据。     

延长油田低渗透储层压裂水平井产能预测模型

低渗透储层进行大规模压裂改造是获得经济产能的主要手段,对压裂水平井压裂后产能预测具有重要指导意义。为此,基于鄂尔多斯盆地长8储层的物性特点和水平井压后裂缝的真实分布,建立了水平井多级压裂的半解析模型。根据压力叠加原理和点源函数的求解方法对裂缝进行离散,求得模型在定压力生产条件下的拉氏空间解;通过Stehfest数值反演,求得了水平井的产能。通过对水平井产能的影响因素裂缝半长、簇数、级数和裂缝的导流能力分析可知：裂缝的级数和半长对最终的产量影响较大;裂缝的簇数和导流能力对水平井早期的产能影响较大;在裂缝总长不变的情况下,裂缝的分布形态对产能的影响较小。本文的研究结果对于长8储层的压裂设计和产能评价具有重要意义。     

压裂水平井产能影响因素研究

本文充分调研了前人的研究成果,经过分析、综合,总结出了影响压裂水平井产能的七大因素:测试时间,污染系数,裂缝穿透率,裂缝条数,井筒长度,裂缝角度和裂缝导流能力。研究表明,测试时间的长短直接影响不同的流动阶段;污染系数越大,产能越低;裂缝穿透率、裂缝条数和导流能力与产能之间存在一个最优值;水平井筒长度越大,压裂水平井的产量越大;此外,应尽可能使裂缝垂直于水平井筒,以提高压裂效果。     

人工裂缝对水平井产能的影响情况分析

水平井压裂施工过程中先产生的裂缝会使得近井周围的应力场发生明显的变化,这种变化直接影响了压后水平井产能预测的准确性。在储层和裂缝内流体控制方程的基础上,考虑内外边界条件,建立了压裂水平井产能的数学模型,利用该模型进行模拟计算,研究并分析了裂缝条数、裂缝长度对压裂水平井压力场分布和产能的影响规律。分析结果表明:裂缝条数增加到一定数量时,不会再对水平井的产能产生明显提升;缝长的增加并不能无限度的提升水平井产能;研究的结果为增加压裂水平井产能提供了重要的理论依据。     

东海致密气藏压裂增产开发模式的经济有效性评价

以东海X致密气藏为目标,综合采用气藏工程数值模拟方法和油田开发经济评价方法,首先以收益增幅为目标函数对水力压裂的裂缝参数进行了优化模拟;在确定压裂水平井段长度、裂缝间距和裂缝长度基础上,以财务内部收益率为有效开发经济门限,计算得到实现经济开发的储层综合品质和累产气量低限值;通过对比压裂井增产潜力和经济开发低限条件,确定东海X致密气藏具有实施压裂增产开发模式的经济有效性。研究成果对海上低渗致密储层实施压裂增产开发可行性研究提供了理论方法,也对加快海上低渗致密储层开发进程具有重要现实意义。     

致密气藏压裂效果影响因素分析

针对L区块致密气藏压裂效果差异大,以该区块61口井209压裂层段为研究对象进行数据的统计分析。研究区使用胍胶压裂液和陶粒施工,施工技术延续性好;水平井多为压后投产,施工成功率更高;水平井压裂段数多、改造规模大,初期产能和累计产量均更好;产能系数与初始产能无明显的对应关系,储能系数与初始产能有良好的正相关关系;对于本研究区直井来说,在当前统计范围内,施工排量和加砂量对初始产能无直接的影响。本研究成果为此类储层的压裂优化提供了技术指导。     

水平井分段压裂示踪剂监测技术应用研究

介绍了目前国内的页岩油气、致密油气等非常规油气资源开采中,对水平井各层段压裂效果进行评价的方法,以及现有方法存在的局限性;为此提出采用智能示踪剂分段压裂监测技术,评价各层段的压裂效果及分段油、气、水产量贡献值,可以为后期压裂效果分析和改进压裂工艺提供依据。介绍了LAN-Tracer智能示踪剂监测的原理与现场施工工艺,以及示踪剂监测技术在某水平井分段压裂中的应用情况。根据IPESM模型计算出了各段理论产能的贡献率,并与实际产能的贡献率进行了比较。综合分析认为,对于致密气、页岩气等特殊气藏而言,采用水敏性示踪剂通过分段压裂返排液来计算分段产气量和评价压裂效果是不合适的,采用气敏性化学示踪剂更能真实反映各层段产气量。     

分段压裂水平井压力动态影响因素分析

建立了分段压裂水平井不稳定渗流数学模型,利用有限元方法求得井底压力,绘制出压力动态曲线,对压力动态的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:该模型的压力动态曲线分为井筒储集阶段、双线性流、裂缝附近径向流、地层线性流、拟径向流和拟稳态流等6个阶段。裂缝导流能力越强,双线性流持续的时间越短,裂缝附近径向流出现的时间越早;压裂裂缝半长越长,压裂裂缝附近的径向流出现的越早且持续时间越长;随着裂缝间距的增大,裂缝附近径向流越明显,且持续时间越长。该研究成果可为分段压裂水平井的压力动态分析和试井解释提供依据。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。