亚微米WC添加对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层磨损性能影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂方法(HVOF)在304不锈钢基体表面制备WC和WC-12Co的复合涂层WC-Co,研究亚微米WC的添加对涂层相组成、显微硬度、耐磨性能和表面形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射、压痕法、往复式摩擦磨损实验和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对涂层的相组成、显微硬度、磨损性能和表面形貌进行分析测试,并分析涂层的磨损过程和机制。结果表明,添加质量分数5%的亚微米WC颗粒显著提高了涂层的显微硬度(16.3%);增强了涂层的耐磨性,磨损率从6.09×10-7 mm3/Nm减小到5.15×10-7 mm3/Nm(减小13.8%);亚微米WC颗粒喷涂后在涂层中保持了WC相,并主要存在于WC-Co扁平粒子界面和孔隙。基于涂层中扁平粒子的结合特性与磨损失效特征,建立强化模型,分析亚微米WC颗粒对涂层扁平粒子界面的强化机制。     

镁合金表面冷喷涂纳米WC-17Co涂层及其性能

采用冷喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)在AZ80镁合金表面制备了纳米WC-17Co涂层。利用SEM分析了原始粉末形貌、喷涂粒子沉积行为及涂层显微结构,并采用球盘式摩擦磨损实验机考察了涂层的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:采用冷喷涂工艺可在AZ80镁合金基体上制备出高质量的WC-17Co涂层,涂层的显微硬度为(1 380±82)HV,磨损率为9.1×10-7 mm3/Nm,其耐磨性较HVOF制备的WC-17Co涂层提高了1倍,较镁合金基材提高了3个数量级。研究表明,冷喷涂WC-17Co涂层在不对镁合金基体产生热影响的情况下,可以显著提高镁合金的表面性能,是一种新型镁合金表面强化工艺。     

超音速等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层的结合机理

利用超音速等离子喷涂在经过磨抛处理的45钢基体光滑表面制备WC-12Co涂层,通过扫描电镜观察,对扁平粒子和涂层的微观结构以及结合机理等进行了探讨研究.涂层内部的结合以机械结合为主;涂层与基体的结合是以机械结合为主,还伴有部分冶金结合、物理结合和扩散.高速的未完全熔化的喷涂粒子射流在撞击基体时,硬质相WC能够嵌入到基体内部,与基体互相咬合,物理结合作用增强,从而提高了涂层与基体的结合强度.     

超音速等离子喷涂超细WC-12Co涂层的性能

采用超音速等离子喷涂系统,分别制备了超细WC-12Co涂层和普通WC-12Co涂层.研究了喷涂粒子在射流中的特性,分析了涂层形貌、成分和相组成,并对两涂层的常规性能(结合强度、显微硬度、孔隙率和耐冲蚀性能)进行了表征.结果表明,超细WC-12Co喷涂粒子在束流中速度更快(500 m/s),两涂层中WC相的氧化、失碳和分解程度比普通等离子喷涂时低.相比之下,超细WC-12Co涂层显微硬度(1350 HV0.3)和结合强度(65 MPa)更高,孔隙率(0.6%)更低,耐冲蚀磨损性能相当.     

HA粉末粒径对微束等离子喷涂扁平粒子形貌及涂层微结构的影响

目的研究粉末粒径对微束等离子喷涂羟基磷灰石(HA)扁平粒子形貌和涂层的微观组织结构的影响。方法选取三组不同粒径范围(25～38μm、38～45μm、45～63μm)HA球形粉末,采用微束等离子喷涂方法在经镜面抛光的Ti-6Al-4V基体上收集扁平粒子,在经过喷砂处理的Ti-6Al-4V基体上沉积HA涂层。利用冷场发射扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪,对扁平粒子形貌,以及涂层的形貌、相组成和择优取向进行分析。通过激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)观察扁平粒子的三维相貌,并对比分析扁平粒子的差异。结果微束等离子喷涂过程中,可形成几种典型形貌特征的扁平粒子,一是中间区域较厚,边缘位置较薄的扁球形;二是中间区域较薄,边缘位置较厚的圆盘状,该种扁平粒子相比于扁球形,其厚度较薄,直径较大;三是边缘位置存在"指状"溅射的圆盘状,其厚度与圆盘状扁平粒子厚度相当,但其直径范围较大。HA涂层的结晶度随着粉末粒径的减小而减小,HA的分解和非晶化逐渐增强,涂层的择优取向强度减弱,涂层中柱状晶比例减少。结论微束等离子喷涂过程中,粉末粒径对扁平粒子形貌和涂层相结构有显著影响。随着粒径的增加,扁平粒子由扁球形转变为边缘有少量"指状"溅射的圆盘状。粒径较小的HA粉末在等离子焰流中的熔化程度较高,导致涂层中分解相和非晶相含量增多,择优取向程度减小。     

基于SPH的超音速火焰喷涂WC-12Co粒子速度对其沉积行为的影响

目的 以超音速火焰喷涂过程为基础,探究粒子撞击速度对粒子在基体上沉积行为的影响。方法 应用SPH方法,模拟分析WC-12Co粒子速度在400～800 m/s内,单个粒子在相同基体上的沉积行为。结果 粒子撞击速度与粒子扁平率、粒子基体结合面积、结合方式等有密切关系。随着粒子撞击速度的增加,基坑深度持续增大至最小深度的4.6倍,金属射流对提高粒子扁平化程度及粒子与基体的有效结合面积起到促进作用,总接触面积最大可达到原有效接触面积的2.7倍。撞击速度的提升使得有效塑性应变及应变区域增加,形变区域增大。同时,结合面温升总体增加,增强了粒子与基体的结合条件。沉积过程存在能量耗散,初始能量的提高有利于粒子与基体总能量的增加,强化了压实效应,进一步促进粒子与基体的结合。结论 在数值模拟选取的范围内,超音速火焰喷涂WC-12Co粒子的撞击速度越高,粒子与基体的结合状态越好。     

HVOF喷涂WC-12Co涂层性能及磨蚀机理

为提高水力机械表面抗磨蚀性能,采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)喷涂微米粉末制备WC-12Co涂层,测试了涂层的显微硬度、孔隙率、结合强度及抗磨蚀性能。利用XRD表征了涂层的物相组成,并利用SEM分析了涂层的微观组织结构及磨蚀后的表面形貌,探讨了涂层在含沙水流中的磨蚀机理。结果表明,获得的WC-12Co涂层的孔隙率为0.83%,平均显微硬度达1189.7HV0.2,结合强度大于62MPa,其耐磨蚀性能是基体的3倍以上,有效提高基体的耐磨蚀性能。在含沙水流中的磨蚀主要是由沙粒冲蚀和气体气蚀所引起的。     

超音速火焰喷涂涂层抗高温氧化和耐冲蚀性能

采用超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）技术喷涂WC涂层，并对其抗高温氧化和耐冲蚀性能进行测定。试验结果显示，与基体1Cr12W1MoV比较，HVOF制备的WC-17Co、WC-12Co、NiCrBSi＋35WC涂层具有非常良好的抗高温氧化和耐冲蚀性能。其中WC-17Co涂层在任何冲蚀角度下均表现出优良的抗冲蚀能力，是一种理想的汽轮机高压部件防护涂层。     

表面喷涂对不锈钢零件耐磨性能的影响

在不锈钢表面采用超音速火焰喷涂了WC-10Co-4Cr涂层,并对喷涂粉末和涂层的显微形貌、物相组成进行了表征,研究了基体与涂层的耐磨性能。结果表明,不锈钢表面涂层与基体以机械结合为主、冶金结合为辅,基体与涂层间过渡良好,未发现气孔或者微裂纹缺陷;原始喷涂粉末的物相组成为WC、Co和少量Co3W3C相,经过超音速火焰喷涂处理后,涂层的物相组成为WC、Co6W6C和W2C相;经过超音速火焰喷涂处理后,涂层的摩擦磨损性能明显优于不锈钢基体,这主要与致密的涂层硬度较高、抗摩擦磨损能力更强有关。     

低温超音速火焰喷涂工艺制备轴承钢为基体的WC-12Co厚涂层

采用超音速火焰喷涂工艺(HVOF)制备的WC-12Co涂层能够显著提高系统的硬度和耐磨特性。然而,该工艺中的高温参数会使得涂层在制备过程中产生脱碳现象。本文尝试将WC-12Co涂层引入到滚动副中以提高界面的摩擦学性能和抗磨损特性,例如固体火箭发动机中用于推力矢量控制的滚动轴承,通过温度可控的超音速火焰喷涂工艺在轴承钢基体上制备涂层。详细研究了涂层的相分布、成分组成、微观结构、与基体的结合强度、弹性模量和微观硬度,验证了改进后工艺的可行性和先进性,并阐明了涂层与轴承钢基体之间的结合机制。在WC骨架假设和钴相均匀分布的假设下,根据硬度性能的测试结果,给出了WC-12Co涂层微观硬度的一个经验公式,可用于涂层硬度的理论预估和设计优化。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.