不同水解度鸡肉香精的风味研究

以5种不同水解度的鸡骨架水解液为基料,通过美拉德反应制备鸡肉香精。利用感官评价以及电子鼻技术对不同水解度鸡肉香精的风味属性进行评价,并用气相色谱质谱仪(GC-MS)技术分析检测其风味物质。采用主成分分析(PCA)区分不同水解度鸡肉香精,通过偏最小二乘法(PLSR)将感官属性与GC-MS检测得到的风味物质进行相关性分析。感官评定结果表明5种不同水解度鸡肉香精的鸡肉味、脂肪香、大蒜味、辛辣味、酱香味、协调性,整体风味具有显著差异;电子鼻结合PCA分析不同水解度鸡肉香精达到99%的区分度,可以很好的区分辨别不同水解度鸡肉香精;GC-MS分析检测不同水解度鸡肉香精得到82种风味物质,主要包括醛类(17),酮类(7),含氮含硫化合物(12),烯类(15),醇类(19),酯类(2)以及酸类(10)。PLSR分析得到36种风味物质与感官属性相关性较好。实验说明电子鼻,GC-MS结合多元统计分析方法是一项有效的识别不同水解度鸡肉香精的工具。     

不同淀粉质原料对高盐稀态酱油香气品质的影响

为了研究不同淀粉质原料(面粉、麸皮)对高盐稀态酱油香气品质的影响,本文利用定量描述分析(QDA)对面粉类酱油(FSS)、麸皮类酱油(WSS)的感官特征进行分析,通过顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和液液萃取(LLE)结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)定量对比分析了两种酱油挥发性化合物组成。FSS中酸香、土豆香、麦芽香显著性高于WSS,焦糖香、烟熏香显著性低于WSS(p0.05)。GC-MS共分离鉴定出94种挥发性化合物,其中以酸类、酮类、醛类占主要比例,HS-SPME法能萃取出较多的醛类、含硫化合物,LLE法对呋喃(酮)类、酸类化合物萃取效果较好。通过对酱油中17种关键香气活性物质定量分析以及香气活性值(OAV)的计算,有9种化合物OAV值大于20。其中3-甲基丁醛OAV值最高,HDMF、愈创木酚均有较高的OAV值,且在WSS中高于FSS,与感官分析中的焦糖香、烟熏香结果一致;FSS中2-甲基丁醛、3-甲硫基丙醛的OAV值高于WSS,与麦芽香、土豆香感官分析结果相符。     

5种不同酱油抗氧化活性的对比分析

该研究对比分析了1种黑豆酱油和4种黄豆酱油中总酚、总黄酮、色深物质、氨基酸态氮、无盐固形物、还原糖、总糖、总酸和游离氨基酸等成分的含量及两类酱油的DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力、还原力和金属离子螯合能力。此外,采用相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析法分析了5种酱油的抗氧化活性成分与抗氧化活性之间的内在联系。结果表明,除氨基酸态氮、无盐固形物、游离氨基酸外,黑豆酱油的其他6种活性成分含量均显著高于其余4种黄豆酱油（p<0.05）;除金属离子螯合能力外,黑豆酱油的其他3种抗氧化活性均显著高于其余4种黄豆酱油（p<0.05）;相关性分析结果表明酱油中总酚、总黄酮和色深物质是造成5种酱油抗氧化活性存在显著差异的主要原因,聚类分析结果和主成分分析结果均表明黑豆酱油的综合品质高于其余4种黄豆酱油。因此黑豆酱油的综合品质显著高于其余4种黄豆酱油。上述研究结果可为黑豆酱油抗氧化活性的深入研究和消费者选择合适的酱油提供数据支撑和科学依据。     

基于GC-MS和GC-O的浓香菜籽油特征风味物质分析

采用固相微萃取和气相色谱质谱联用技术(SPME/GC-MS)分析浓香菜籽油挥发性成分,采用气相色谱嗅闻分析(GC-O)方法中的时间-强度法(OSME)确定菜籽油特征风味物质,采用定量描述性分析法(QDA)评价菜籽油的感官特性强度,分析感官属性与GC-O分析特征风味成分的关系,推断其对整体风味的贡献程度。结果表明,GC-MS的分析检测到挥发性风味物质共有68种,包括吡嗪类8种,醇类4种,硫甙降解产物15种,醛类20种,酸类6种,酮类4种,烯类3种,杂环类化合物6种和酯类2种。GC-O分析OSME法鉴定出的菜籽油样品中有16种特征风味物质。感官评价结果表明坚果味、腌菜味以及焦糊味是菜籽油的主体风味,与GC-O特征风味物质分析结果一致。表明GC-MS、GC-O法结合感官评价可以有效综合评价菜籽油的特征风味物质。研究结果对浓香菜籽油解析香气特征、优化产品品质、分析呈香机理、建立质量评价体系具有重要意义。     

Relationships between antioxidant activity and quality indices of soy sauce: an application of multivariate analysis

Antioxidant activities (AA) and quality indices including the contents of total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total acidity, sodium chloride, total solids (TS), non-salt soluble solids and Browning Index (BI) were determined in forty-one commercial soy sauces. The relationships between quality indices and AA were elucidated by multivariate analysis techniques. Results showed that production location, fermentation process and styles had significant ( P <  0.05) impacts on the characteristics of soy sauces. Satisfactory discrimination between dark and light soy sauces was achieved by principal component analysis. Using cluster analysis, the group of dark soy sauce with strong AA was obtained. Results from partial least squares regression (PLS) showed that TS and BI were two major indices contributing to the AA of soy sauce. Moreover, a PLS model was constructed to effectively predict AA of soy sauces based upon quality indices.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌SWJS22和米曲霉混合制曲在酱油发酵中的应用

以解淀粉芽孢杆菌SWJS22和米曲霉为发酵菌株,考察米曲霉单独制曲发酵、米曲酶和解淀粉芽孢杆菌曲料混合发酵以及双菌种混合制曲发酵对酱油理化指标及风味的影响。结果表明:曲料混合发酵的酱油氨基酸转化率有较大提高,色率和色深物质均低于米曲霉单独制曲发酵的酱油和双菌种混合制曲发酵的酱油,曲料混合发酵酱油和双菌种混合制曲发酵的酱油谷氨酸含量有明显提高。采用气相色谱-质谱对比分析3种不同曲料发酵酱油的风味物质,结果表明:3种酱油的风味物质种类差别不明显,重要风味成分在3种酱油中均有检出,曲料混合发酵的酱油酸类物质的含量最低。     

US consumers’ acceptability of soy sauce and <Emphasis Type="Italic">bulgogi</Emphasis>

This study investigated acceptability and consumer segmentation of soy sauce and famous Korean dish, bulgogi. A total of 123 participants evaluated intensity of 18 attributes and sensory liking of 4 commercial soy sauce samples and bulgogi samples made by aforementioned soy sauces. The overall results showed that appearance liking was the only significant different attribute among soy sauce samples and there were no significant differences among bulgogi samples. Furthermore, there was little correlation between overall liking of soy sauce and bulgogi samples. However, different segments of consumer groups were found by cluster analysis. Four and five subgroups of consumers were identified on evaluation of soy sauce samples and bulgogi samples, respectively. These results demonstrated that consumers’ different preference pattern. In conclusion, this study specified characteristics of commercial soy sauce perceived by consumers and consumers’ acceptability toward soy sauces and bulgogi made using soy sauces.     

黄豆酱油与黑豆酱油抗氧化活性及风味物质的比较

本文研究了相同工艺下,黄豆、黑豆两种蛋白原料制备传统高盐稀态酱油的差异。比较两种酱油基本成分及抗氧化活性的差异,并利用顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析两种酱油挥发性风味物质。结果表明,黑豆酱油总氮、氨基态氮、还原糖等显著高于黄豆酱油(p0.05),黄豆酱油鲜味氨基酸含量更高。黑豆酱油抗氧化活性高于黄豆酱油,相关性分析表明总酚、总黄酮及类黑精是酱油抗氧化活性的重要物质基础。两种酱油挥发性风味物质种类及含量差异显著(p0.05),共鉴定出98种物质,黄豆酱油、黑豆酱油总风味物质种类分别有63种、59种,总峰面积分别为297.6×10~7、213.6×10~7。综合分析表明黄豆酱油醇香突出,黑豆酱油醇、酯及醛酮类主要挥发性成分较均衡,风味协调。     

活性干酵母在酱油中的应用

酵母菌在酱油及酱类生产中能产生特殊的香味,是酱香的重要来源;在酱油生产中添加酱油活性干酵母,能使酱油中的乙醇和总酯的含量等指标明显提高,酱油品质显著改善;酱油活性干酵母作为一种活性干菌体使用、存储也非常方便.     

Profile of Volatile Compounds in 12 Chinese Soy Sauces Produced by a High‐Salt‐Diluted State Fermentation

There have been limited studies on the flavour compounds in Chinese soy sauces. In order to obtain wider information about the chemical composition of the volatile fractions in 12 brands of Chinese soy sauces produced by high‐salt‐diluted state fermentation (HSDSF) and to compare them, a headspace solid microextraction method coupled to gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) method was proposed and developed. A 50/30μm Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibre was used for extraction of volatiles. The adsorption time and temperature of the SPME fibre were optimized separately for various aroma compounds in the soy sauce (50°C and 40 min for alcohols and esters; 40°C and 50 min for ketones, aldehydes and pyrazines; 60°C and 50 min for acids, phenols and furans). From the study, a total of 80 compounds were identified in the 12 samples, of which 34 volatiles were in common. Alcohols and acids were the main volatiles present in the soy sauces. Dominant volatile alcohols were ethanol, 2/3‐methyl butanol and β‐phenylethyl alcohol; and important acids were acetic acid, butanoic acid, and 3‐methylbutanoic acid. Miscellaneous, esters, furans and phenols also made large contributions to the total volatiles of the soy sauces. According to the scatter point plot obtained from principal component analysis, the 12 soy sauces could be classified into four groups.     

Assessment of the Sensory Characteristics of Meat Patties

The use of two different methods for determining sensory profiles for texture of meat patties was investigated and compared with consumer ratings. The individual sensory profiles developed in free-choice profiling were analyzed using generalized Procrustes and principal components analysis techniques and converted by discussion to a single consensus profile. Using three components of the principal components analysis the free-choice profile accounted for 88.2% of the total variance in texture and the consensus profile for more than 90%. The first components related mostly to mechanical strength attributes and the second to greasiness and juiciness. Both sensory profiles were shown, using preference mapping techniques, to be good indicators of consumer acceptability.