中低温磷化工艺及其效果

目前,许多常温磷化液化学成分复杂,磷化温度范围窄,磷化膜质量不高.为此,研究了一种中低温磷化技术,主要成分及工艺参数:30～45 g/L磷酸二氢锌,90～120 g/L硝酸锌,10～20 g/L硝酸锰,3～6 g/L硝酸镍;总酸80～90点,游离酸2～3点,用氧化锌调节;磷化温度30～70℃,时间15 min.结果表明...     

硫酸羟胺和pH值对低温磷化过程的影响

利用多种方法研究了硫酸羟胺(HAS)和pH值对低温锌系磷化过程的影响,结果表明,HAS是一种非常好的低温磷化促进剂,可以使钢铁材料在低温下生成黑灰色均匀的磷化膜.但是其含量并不是越多越好,而是存在一个峰值.pH值的大小是成膜的一个重要因素,过大或过小均不能成膜;另外pH值对HAS的用量也有影响,pH值大时需要的HAS量多,小时所需量少.     

纳米Al2O3增强磷化膜耐磨性的研究

将α型纳米Al2O3加入到磷化液中,选择合适的分散剂,在一定的温度范围内进行磷化,通过共沉积使纳米材料包裹在磷化膜层中,以达到改善磷化膜质量、提高膜层性能的目的.研究了磷化温度、时间、分散剂和纳米用量及酸度调节剂Na2CO3 对反应的影响,通过正交试验得出最优磷化工艺参数为:18.0 g/L ZnO,1.0 g/L Ni(NO3)2,16 mL/L HNO3, 3.0 g/L Ca(NO3)2,28.5 mL/L H3PO4,5.0 g/L Mn(H2PO4)2,2.0～5.0 g/L 柠檬酸,1.0～5.0 g/L 酒石酸,3.0～5.0 g/L 复合促进剂,11.0 g/L Na2CO3,4.0 g/L α型纳米Al2O3 ,分散剂A 2.5 g/L,磷化温度80 ℃,磷化时间12 min.经X射线、扫描电镜、电子探针等测试分析发现,加入的α型纳米Al2O3在磷化膜层中基本均匀分布.用细纱纸摩擦法测试磷化膜的耐磨性,发现加入α型纳米Al2O3的磷化膜耐磨性明显增强.     

6种促进剂对钢板常温磷化的影响

磷化有利于提高钢铁的耐蚀性能,而磷化促进剂对磷化有极大的影响.为此,用电位-时间曲线测量和硫酸铜点滴试验相结合的方法,研究了钢铁常温磷化过程中6种促进剂钼酸钠、氯酸钠、双氧水、植酸、柠檬酸、OP-10对成膜速度、膜层耐蚀性等的影响.结果表明:6种促进剂都能加速磷化过程的成膜速度,其加速成膜的作用机理各不相同,在电位-时间曲线上均表现为随促进剂浓度增加,稳定电位增加;6种促进剂适宜的浓度为2.0g/L钼酸钠,0.5～1.0 g/L氯酸钠,1.0 g/L双氧水,2.0 g/L植酸,2.0 g/L柠檬酸,2.0～4.0 g/L OP-10,磷化膜的耐蚀性明显提高.     

中温磷化技术在钢管塑性加工中的应用

为进一步促进中温磷化技术在钢管塑性加工中的应用,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、湿热试验箱、硫酸铜点滴试验法和退膜法对中温磷化处理的钢管的耐蚀性能进行了分析,确定了最佳的中温磷化工艺.研究表明,最佳的中温磷化工艺参数为:总酸度30～40 mg/L,游离酸度4.2～5.4 mg/L,促进剂浓度3～4 mg/L,磷化温度70℃,磷化时间10 min;通过最佳中温磷化工艺所制备的钢管磷化膜结晶致密,晶粒尺寸均匀,磷化膜主要成分为Zn2Fe(PO4)·4H2O,磷化膜重可达到7.42 g/m2,磷化膜层平均厚度为3.0 μm;钢管耐硫酸铜腐蚀时间超过300 s,耐湿热性能显著提升.     

冷成型模具低温锌系磷化

研制出适用于冷成型模具高硬度表面的低温锌系磷化工艺。其中磷化液含Zn(H2 PO4 ) 2 ·2H2 O 6 0g/L ,Zn(NO3) 2 ·6H2 O 90g/L ,NaNO2 1.5g/L ,稀土促进剂 0～ 1.0g/L ,游离酸度 4～ 6点 ,总酸度 70～ 75点。该磷化液在 4 0℃下 ,处理 30～ 4 0min后可获得厚约 10 μm的磷化膜。性能测试表明 ,其减摩、润滑性能良好 ,摩擦系数约降 0 .1,与未处理试样相比磨损量下降 96 % ,附着力 1级。     

低温快速电化学辅助磷化膜的制备及其耐蚀性

目前国内外关于电化学辅助磷化的研究报道较少。采用硫酸铜点滴试验、塔菲尔极化曲线研究了电化学辅助制备磷化膜的耐蚀性,探究电化学辅助磷化的最佳配方及工艺条件。通过单因素试验优化磷化液组分,通过正交试验优化工艺条件。结果表明,电化学辅助可以显著降低磷化温度、缩短磷化时间、减少磷化渣,优选出的磷化液组成为:5.00 g/L ZnO,13.00 mL/L磷酸(85%),20.00 g/L Zn(NO_3)_2·6H_2O,1.00 g/L酒石酸钾钠,1.00 g/L NH_4HF_2,1.20 g/L NaClO_3,5.00 g/L磷酸二氢锌,0.08 g/L CuSO_4;最优工艺参数为电流密度1.2 A/dm~2,温度35℃,通电时间7 min。最优工艺下所得磷化膜耐硫酸铜点滴试验时间达860 s;磷化时间1 min时,所得磷化膜硫酸铜点滴试验耐蚀性为61 s(远优于化学磷化的19 s),磷化膜外观均匀、致密。     

金属拉丝用低温快速磷化液的研制与应用

为改善高碳盘条焊接区的拉丝性能,通过优选试验,研究了低温快速磷化工艺与磷化液配方,并进行了试生产.获得的较优磷化工艺条件为: 55～ 65 g/L Zn(H2PO4)2*2H2O, 70～ 85 g/L Zn(NO3)2*6H2O,4～6 mL/L浓H3PO4,0.2～0.4 g/L氧化剂(NaNO2),0.5 g/L稳定剂(有机氮化合物),1.0 g/L促进剂(稀土硝酸盐),磷化温度(40±2) ℃.磷化前磷酸表面活化时间10 s.试验结果表明,经过快速磷化处理的样品,起始摩擦系数较低(0.15以下),4 min时仍与正常磷化处理相当(低于0.2),此后随磨损时间的延长而缓慢增加,12 min后仍在0.4以下;盘条焊接区经快速磷化处理后,拉拔过程中不产生表面横向裂纹.     

钕铁硼磁性材料磷化过程电位影响因素研究

为了研究钕铁硼磁性材料的磷化机理,并研制钕铁硼磁性材料的磷化剂,应用电化学方法研究了游离酸度、温度、促进剂、表面活性剂对钕铁硼磁性材料磷化动力学行为的影响.结果表明,钕铁硼磁性材料磷化动力学的过程分为:金属阳极溶解→钝化→金属阳极溶解→磷化成膜4步;所形成的化学转化膜并非单一的磷化膜,而是磷化和钝化的混合膜;游离酸度、温度以及促进剂对钕铁硼磷化影响较大,过高的游离酸度(高于4.8)和温度(高于40 ℃)将改变其磷化动力学的过程,使磷化难以成膜或膜层粗糙;促进剂能加速磷化的进行,但氧化性过强的促进剂(氯酸钠)只能增强钕铁硼磁性材料表面的钝化,而不能形成磷化膜.通过正交试验法,确定了钕铁硼常温磷化液的最佳配方和工艺条件:磷酸二氢钠 50 g/L,磷酸 12 mL/L,钼酸钠 0.5 g/L,促进剂 -N 0.2 g/L,阴离子表面活性剂 1.5 mL/L, FA 1.5点,TA 51点,温度 30 ℃,时间 5 min.所得磷化钝化膜薄而致密,耐腐蚀性能优异.     

3种常温磷化促进剂的作用及其协同效应

常温磷化无毒、节能,但成膜速度慢,且膜的耐蚀性能差。为此,在传统的常温磷化液中加入3种促进剂,运用扫描电镜、退膜法、硫酸铜点滴试验、电化学测试等手段,对磷化膜表面形貌、膜重、耐蚀性能等进行了测量,研究了3种促进剂在常温磷化中的促进作用及机理,分析促进剂之间的协同效应,优选出加速效果比亚硝酸盐更好的复合促进剂(1.0g/L氯酸钠,0.5g/L3-硝基苯磺酸钠,1.0g/L硫酸羟胺)。结果表明:3种促进剂在常温下均能促进磷化膜形成,但促进机理不同;优选复合促进剂具有很好的协同效应,能加快成膜速度,形成均匀、致密、耐蚀性优良的磷化膜,且磷化过程不会分解出有毒气体NOX,完全可以取代亚硝酸盐。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from