原子力显微镜观察头孢美唑抗生素后效应期间大肠埃希菌形态学特征

目的: 通过应用原子力显微镜对头孢美唑体外抗生素后效应(PAE) 期间E. coliATCC25922 的形态学观察, 深入探讨其抗生素后效应形成机制。方法: 采用菌落计数法测定头孢美唑对E. coli 的PAE的同时, 应用原子力显微镜观察体外PAE 期间4MIC 、128 MIC 的头孢美唑不同时间点E. coli. ATCC25922 的形态学变化。结果: 菌落计数法测定4MIC 、128 MIC 头孢美唑的体外PAE 分别为-0. 03 h和3. 65 h 。原子力显微镜结果表明低浓度(4 MIC)时细菌呈丝状体, 高浓度(128 MIC) 时细菌呈球状体, 而且在菌落计数法所测定的PAE 之后仍有细菌形态学改变。结论: 不同浓度的头孢美唑PAE 期间E. coli 菌体形态呈现不同的变化, 从而显示了不同浓度的头孢美唑PAE 期间对E. coli 具有不同的作用靶位。     

内毒素耐受状态小鼠对大肠埃希菌敏感性及促炎细胞因子水平变化的研究

目的: 研究内毒素耐受状态对大肠埃希菌的敏感性及促炎细胞因子水平的变化。方法: 采用小剂量LPS(1 mg/kg)连续腹腔注射 5 d 并在第6天尾静脉注射大剂量LPS(50 mg/kg)建立小鼠内毒素耐受模型。观察小鼠 7 d 存活率或采用ELISA法检测注射大剂量LPS后6、12 h 血清中TNF-α、IL-6水平。然后,采用不同浓度的大肠埃希菌攻击耐受小鼠,观察小鼠 7 d 存活率;或采用血培养方法检测血液中细菌数量,ELISA法检测血清中TNF-α、IL-6水平。结果: 大剂量LPS攻击组(攻击组)小鼠存活率为0 %,LPS耐受组(耐受组)小鼠存活率为100%;耐受组小鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6水平较攻击组显著降低(P＜0.01)。5.0×10⁸ CFU/kg 大肠埃希菌可导致正常小鼠100%死亡,但是仅 1.0×10⁷ CFU/kg大肠埃希菌就可导致耐受组小鼠100%死亡;耐受组给予大肠埃希菌低、高剂量组小鼠血液中细菌数量远远高于相应的正常小鼠大肠埃希菌低或高剂量组(P＜0.01),而血清中TNF-α、IL-6水平则远远低于相应的大肠埃希菌低或高剂量组(P<0.01)。结论: 连续腹腔注射小剂量LPS 5 d 后并在第6天尾静脉注射大剂量LPS可成功建立LPS耐受模型;与正常对照组小鼠比较,较低数量的大肠埃希菌就可导致耐受组小鼠死亡,说明内毒素耐受小鼠对大肠埃希菌的敏感性较正常小鼠明显增高,其机制可能与内毒素耐受后促炎细胞因子水平降低、机体抵抗力降低有关。     

青蒿琥酯增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化内毒素、大肠埃希菌的作用及可能机制

目的: 观察青蒿琥酯(artesunate, AS)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化清除脂多糖/内毒素(lipopolysaccharide/endotoxin, LPS)和吞噬大肠埃希菌的影响,并初步探讨其可能的作用机制。方法: MTT法检测不同浓度网格蛋白抑制剂(monodansylcadaverine, MDC)、内体酸化抑制剂氯喹(chloroquine, CQ)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活力的影响,以选择恰当的药物工作浓度;激光共聚焦法检测青蒿琥酯及MDC、CQ对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化FITC-LPS的影响;分别采用激光共聚焦和菌落集落形成计数实验观察青蒿琥酯对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化大肠埃希菌的影响;逆转录PCR检测青蒿琥酯对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞清道夫受体A(class A scavenger receptor,SR-A) mRNA表达的影响。结果: MDC和CQ浓度分别小于 25 μg/mL 和 20 μg/mL 时对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活力无影响;MDC、CQ可抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化LPS,青蒿琥酯可增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对LPS的内化,而且青蒿琥酯可增加MDC和CQ处理的巨噬细胞内化LPS的功能。激光共聚焦和菌落集落形成计数实验均显示青蒿琥酯可增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对大肠埃希菌的内化能力。逆转录PCR结果显示青蒿琥酯可增强LPS处理或未处理的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞SR-A mRNA的表达。结论: 青蒿琥酯可增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内化LPS、大肠埃希菌的能力,该作用可能与SR-A mRNA表达升高有关。     

3种青霉素类药物体外抗生素后效应

目的 比较氟唑西林(CXL),阿莫西林(AM)和美洛西林(MZL)的抗生素后效应。方法 采用AVANTAGE全自动微生物分析仪,用光密度法测定CXL、AM、MZL三种青霉素类抗生素对4种共20株临床常见致病菌的体外抗生素后效应(PAE)。结果与结论 不同品种 、不同浓度的药物对不同受试菌所产生的PAE不同,对金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌有较明显的PAE,对大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌PAE较小甚至没有。从而提示:在应用青霉素类抗生素治疗细菌感染时,除根据抗生素对细菌的MIC值外,还应考虑抗生素对细菌的PAE值。在治疗革兰氏阳性球菌所致感染时,由于PAE较长可快速静滴给药并适当延长给药间隔时间,在治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌所致感染时,由于PAE较短或没有,可主要参考药代动力学等其它因素设计给药方案。     

舒巴克坦对头孢哌酮体外抗生素后效应的影响

目的 考察合用β-内酰胺酶抑制剂舒巴克坦(SBT)前后头孢哌酮(CPZ)对4种致病菌抗生素后效应(PAE)的变化。方法 采用特异性 β一内酰胺酶鉴定试剂Nitrocefin挑选大肠埃希氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌和绿脓假单胞菌的产酶菌株,用比浊法测定受试菌株在不同CPZ浓度时的PAE值。结果 合用 SBT后,CPZ对产酶菌株的PAE均有不同程度的延长,低浓度时(1/2,1倍MIC)PAE增加更明显(P<0.05)。结论 合并CPZ和SBT的给药方案对治疗产β-内酰胺酶菌株引起的感染有利,尤其在体内药物浓度较低时,合并用药可以更长时间地抑制细菌生长。     

Synergistic effect of additives on electrodeposition of copper from cyanide-free electrolytes and its structural and morphological characteristics

Electrodeposition of acid copper plating on mild steel substrate is tedious due to the galvanic displacement reaction of copper on mild steel. This can be avoided by using a proper complexing agent, because the complexing agent tuned the potential of noble direction to less noble direction by complex formation. In this paper, environment friendly electrodeposition of copper from non-cyanide electrolyte using sodium gluconate as complexing agent was investigated in alkaline medium. The effects of additives such as 1, 2, 3-benzotriazole, sodium lauryl sulphate, PEG 8000 and saccharin were studied. These additives are found to reduce the grain size, grain boundaries and improve surface morphology of the copper deposits. Also they improve the throwing power of the depositing electrolytes and hardness of deposits. The electrodeposited copper coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique. XRD results indicate that the electrodeposited copper shows polycrystalline and face centered cubic structure. The crystal size was calculated by XRD and AFM analysis. Among these additives studied, the mixture of benzotriazole and sodium lauryl sulphate acts as the best additive. A uniform pore-free surface observed under SEM and AFM results reveal the grain refining brought about by the additives.     

Investigation on the characteristics of micro- and nano-structured W-15 wt.%Cu composites prepared by powder metallurgy route

The properties of W-15 wt.%Cu composites were investigated by preparing two distinct composites of micrometer and nanoscale structures. Micrometer composite was produced by mixing elemental W and Cu powders and nanometer one was synthesized through a mechanochemical reaction between WO₃ and CuO powders. Subsequent compaction and sintering process was performed to ensure maximum possible densification at 1000-1200 °C temperatures. Finally, the behavior of produced samples including relative density, hardness, compressive strength, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and room temperature corrosion resistance were examined. Among the composites, nano-structured sample sintered at 1200 °C exhibited better homogeneity, the highest relative density (94%) and mechanical properties. Furthermore, this composite showed superior electrical conductivity (31.58 IACS) and CTE (9.95384 × 10^- 6) in comparison with micrometer type. This appropriate properties may be mainly attributed to liquid phase sintering with particle rearrangement which induced by higher capillary forces of finer structures.     

Investigation of microstructure,surface and subsurface characteristics in titanium alloy friction stir welds of varied thicknesses

Abstract

Friction stir welding of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) was demonstrated on 3, 6, 9 and 12 mm thickness square groove butt joints. Complete microstructural and microhardness evaluations were conducted in addition to surface and subsurface examinations for each case. The 3 mm welds exhibited an extremely fine grained microstructure with evidence of processing temperatures below the beta transus temperature of the alloy. The 6, 9 and 12 mm samples possessed larger grains formed by a slower cooling rate from above the beta transus temperatures. The thick section weld exhibited a nearly uniform microhardness, while the thinner welds showed a slight, 6%, increase in hardness compared with the parent material.     

稀土材料La—Ba—（Mn,Fe）—O的磁电输运特性探讨

研究制备了Ｌａ０．６７Ｂａ０．３３Ｍｎ１－ｘＦｅｘＯ３（ｘ＝０,０．０５,０．１）材料。结果表明：铁替换锰降低了材料的饱和磁化强度及居里温度,主要是因为Ｆｅ离子不参加双交换作用,同时Ｍｎ＾３＋－Ｏ＾３－Ｍｎ＾４＋的作用对随铁离子替代Ｍｎ＾３＋而数量减少,材料的铁磁作用随之减弱。铁替换降低了金属－半导体转换峰温度,相应提高了材料的零场电阻值。值得注意的是铁掺杂提高了大磁阻材料Ｌａ０．６７Ｂａ０．３３Ｍｎ１－ｘＦｅｘＯ３的低温性能,５Ｋ下磁阻比「Ｒ（６Ｔ）－Ｒ（０）」Ｒ（０）从ｘ＝０时的－４０％增加到ｘ＝０．１时的－６０％。本文同时利用迪尼模型对材料大磁阻效应进行了计算分析,发现理论计算曲线可以较好的反映实验上出现的金属－半导体转换峰现象,同时负的大磁阻效应现象也可从理论计算上得到证实。     

Pitting and pitting control of Al in gluconic acid solutions - Polarization, chronoamperometry and morphological studies

The anodic behaviour of Al in gluconic acid (HG) solutions was studied. Al was found to pit in such solutions. Surface and cross-sectional views of the SEM images recorded beyond the breakdown potential (E_b) revealed the occurrence of intense pitting attack with the formation of large hemispherical pits. The effect of adding some environmentally acceptable inorganic inhibitors (tungstates, molybdates or silicates) on the pitting corrosion behaviour of Al in HG solutions was also studied. Measurements were carried out under the influence of various experimental variables based on polarization and chronoamperometric techniques. These measurements were complemented by ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) examinations of the electrode surface. The presence of these compounds in HG solutions decreased the passive current density (j_pass) and increased E_b. In HG solutions, chronoamperometric measurements showed that the anodic current density first decreased, due to growth of a passive oxide film, then increased with time after a pit incubation time, t_i and finally attained a steady-state value. Value of t_i was shortened and simultaneously the steady-state current was elevated, corresponding to an increase in the rate of pit initiation and growth, with increasing applied anodic potential and HG concentration. The rate of pit nucleation () was found to decrease to an extent depending on the type and concentration of the introduced inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of these compounds decreased in the order:  >  > .     

Changes in the phase structure and magnetic characteristics of Gd5Si2Ge2 when alloyed with Mn

Gd₅Si₂Ge₂ parent compounds were alloyed with Mn in order to understand the underlying relation between the structural phases and the magnetic behavior of the pseudo ternary compounds formed. The alloying mechanism in Gd₅Si₂Ge₂ causes simultaneous substitution of the nonmagnetic Si and Ge atoms from the (Si + Ge) sublattice in equal amounts. No subsequent heat treatment was made on alloyed compounds. X-ray powder diffraction, magnetization versus temperature and isothermal magnetization measurements were carried out. X- ray diffraction patterns were used to qualitatively determine the existence of different structural phases in the alloys. It was observed that the starting, as-melted alloy with z = 0 has Gd₅Si₄-type orthorhombic structure at room temperature with traces of 1:1 stoichiometry phase which transforms totally to a Gd₅Si₂Ge₂-type monoclinic phase when heat treated. Similarly, increase in the Mn content leads to an increase in the monoclinic phase content of the originally orthorhombic compounds. Curie temperatures were determined from M(T) measurements and the magnetocaloric characterization was made using M(H) measurements by plotting the magnetic entropy change values against temperature. No giant magnetocaloric effect was observed for non heat treated samples.     

Surface characteristics,collector adsorption,and flotation response of covellite in oxidizing environment

The surface characteristics, collector adsorption, and flotation response of covellite in the presence of NaClO and FeCl₃ were investigated using micro-flotation tests, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and contact angle measurements. The micro-flotation test results indicated that covellite was effectively inhibited by the presence of NaClO and FeCl₃. However, the dosages of these depressants were large, and the conditioning time was long. The results of the XPS and TOF-SIMS analyses indicated that NaClO could oxidize the covellite surface and reduce the active sites of Cu. Oxidation products, including CuO and Cu(OH)₂, were generated on the covellite surface. After the addition of FeCl₃, the precipitation of iron hydroxide on the covellite surface increased the content of hydrophilic species on the mineral surface. Thus, the adsorption of ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate on covellite surface was prevented, which reduced the floatability of the covellite.