Flow stress and dynamic recrystallization behavior of Al-9Mg-1.1Li-0.5Mn alloy during hot compression process

The flow stress behavior of spray-formed Al-9Mg-1.1Li-0.5Mn alloy was studied using thermal simulation tests on a Gleeble-3500 machine over deformation temperature range of 300-450 °C and strain rate of 0.01-10 s^?1. The microstructural evolution of the alloy during the hot compression process was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back scatter diffractometry (EBSD). The results show that the flow stress behavior and microstructural evolution are sensitive to deformation parameters. The peak stress level, steady flow stress, dislocation density and amount of substructures of the alloy increase with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate. Conversely, the high angle grain boundary area increases, the grain boundary is in serrated shape and the dynamic recrystallization in the alloy occurs. The microstructure of the alloy is fibrous-like and the main softening mechanism is dynamic recovery during steady deformation state. The flow stress behavior can be represented by the Zener-Hollomon parameter Z in the hyperbolic sine equation with the hot deformation activation energy of 184.2538 kJ/mol. The constitutive equation and the hot processing map were established. The hot processing map exhibits that the optimum processing conditions for Al-9Mg-1.1Li-0.5Mn alloy are in deformation temperature range from 380 to 450 °C and strain rate range from 0.01 to 0.1 s^?1.     

Hastelloy C276高温合金热加工微观组织演化元胞自动机模拟

采用Gleeble热模拟试验机对Ni-Cr-Mo系高温合金Hastelloy C276进行单道次和双道次热压缩试验,获得了不同热变形条件下的流变应力曲线和微观组织,在此基础上回归了该合金热变形物理冶金模型及参数,进而构建了微观组织拓扑演化的元胞自动机模型。结果表明:Hastelloy C276高温合金在高温热压缩过程中易发生动态再结晶,当动态再结晶不完全时,在热压缩保温或道次间歇内,再结晶晶粒将进一步快速生长而发生亚动态再结晶。Hastelloy C276高温合金再结晶行为对变形温度、变形速率、应变量等工艺参数敏感;构建的元胞自动机模型,集成计算了热压缩和道次间歇过程中的位错密度、再结晶形核及晶界迁移等,可有效表征多工艺参数下Hastelloy C276高温合金热压缩过程中的微观组织拓扑结构演化和应力-应变响应。     

Hot Deformation Behavior of Incoloy 901 Through Hot Tensile Testing

Hot deformation tests were conducted on cast and wrought Incoloy 901 produced by electro-slag remelting at temperatures of 950-1150 °C and strain rates of 0.01-1 s^?1. Both materials showed acceptable hot workability in the studied range of temperature and strain rates. However, better workability of the wrought material was associated with easier dynamic recrystallization compared to in the cast material. A complete dynamic recrystallization in the wrought material was observed at temperatures above 1100 °C. On the other hand, in the cast material that was characterized by a coarse grain structure, dynamic recrystallization occurred partially and was attributed to the low density of grain boundaries. It was recognized that in order to avoid the risk of premature fracture, hot processing of the studied material should be conducted in the temperature range of 1000-1100 °C. At high temperatures, over 1100 °C, both materials suffered from a lack of acceptable hot workability. Rather, the wrought material showed a slight hot ductility trough around 1050 °C that could be attributed to the segregation of detrimental solute atoms such as S and P to the grain boundaries. The grain boundary decohesion was controlling the fracture mechanism of the wrought material. Due to the absence of extensive DRX in the cast material, the incipient melting, void formation, and decohesion of precipitates were found responsible for the final fracture.     

Flow stress and softening behavior of wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B at elevated temperature

1　INTRODUCTIONThewroughtmagnesiumalloyshaveexcellentspecificstrengthandstiffness ,machinability ,dampcapacity ,dimensionalstability ,lowmeltingcostsandare ,hence ,veryattractiveinsuchapplicationsasau tomobile ,aviation ,electronicandcommunicationin dustry[16 ] .Investigationsontheflowstressandsofteningbehaviorofmagnesiumalloysathigherformingtem peratureandstrainratehavebeenanimportantsub jectinwroughtmagnesiumalloysforming[710 ] .InthispapertheflowstressandsofteningbehaviorofAZ31Bdeform…     

7150铝合金高温热压缩变形流变应力行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对7150铝合金进行高温热压缩实验,研究该合金在变形温度为300~450 ℃和应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1) 条件下的流变应力行为.结果表明:流变应力在变形初期随着应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳;峰值应力随着温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大;可用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的Arrhenius双曲正弦关系来描述合金的热流变行为,其变形激活能为226.698 8 kJ/mol;随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,合金中拉长的晶粒发生粗化,亚晶尺寸增大,再结晶晶粒在晶界交叉处出现并且晶粒数量逐渐增加;合金热压缩变形的主要软化机制由动态回复逐步转变为动态再结晶.     

热挤压态FGH95合金的动态再结晶机制研究

针对热挤压态FGH95合金进行变形温度为1050~1120 ℃、变形量为50%和70%、应变速率为10?4~1 s?1的热压缩试验,研究该合金动态再结晶（DRX）的组织演变和形核机制。结果表明:提高变形温度和降低应变速率可以促进小角度晶界向大角度晶界迁移,有利于动态再结晶晶粒的长大;变形温度和变形量对热挤压态FGH95合金的动态再结晶机理的影响不明显,而应变速率对动态再结晶机制影响较大;随着应变速率的增加,热挤压态FGH95合金由不连续动态再结晶机制逐渐转变为连续动态再结晶机制;热挤压态FGH95合金的动态再结晶以不连续动态再结晶形核机制为主,以连续动态再结晶形核机制为辅;在1050 ℃、1 s?1变形条件下,热挤压态FGH95合金发生连续动态再结晶形核。     

加工参数对铸态AZ31B镁合金热变形行为及组织演变的影响

借助热压缩实验研究了变形温度、应变速率和变形量对铸态AZ31B镁合金热变形行为及组织演变的影响规律。结果表明:(1)峰值应力随着应变速率的降低和温度的升高而减小,主要的形核机制为晶界弓出形核、亚晶旋转形核、孪生诱发形核,以及连续再结晶;(2)低于400℃变形时,温度的升高有利于再结晶的发生及晶粒细化;高于400℃时,晶粒尺寸开始迅速增大;(3)在小于等于400℃变形时,低速率0.1 s~(-1)更有利于再结晶晶粒细化;当变形温度高于400℃时,中速率1 s~(-1)更有利于再结晶晶粒细化;(4)高温低速率变形时,变形量主要影响晶粒尺寸,而高温高速率变形时,变形量主要影响动态再结晶程度。     

Solute segregation transition and drag force on grain boundaries

We investigate solute segregation and transition at grain boundaries and the corresponding drag effect on grain boundary migration. A continuum model of grain boundary segregation based on gradient thermodynamics and its discrete counterpart (discrete lattice model) are formulated. The model differs from much previous work because it takes into account several physically distinctive terms, including concentration gradient, spatial variation of gradient-energy coefficient and concentration dependence of solute–grain boundary interactions. Their effects on the equilibrium and steady-state solute concentration profiles across the grain boundary, the segregation transition temperature and the corresponding drag forces are characterized for a prototype planar grain boundary in a regular solution. It is found that omission of these terms could result in a significant overestimate or underestimate (depending on the boundary velocity) of the enhancement of solute segregation and drag force for systems of a positive mixing energy. Without considering these terms, much higher transition temperatures are predicted and the critical point is displaced towards much higher bulk solute concentration and temperature. The model predicts a sharp transition of grain boundary mobility as a function of temperature, which is related to the sharp transition of solute concentration of grain boundary as a function of temperature. The transition temperatures obtained during heating and cooling are different from each other, leading to a hysteresis loop in both the concentration–temperature plot and the mobility–temperature plot. These predictions agree well with experimental observations.     

热变形工艺对含硫非调质钢流变应力及组织的影响

在变形温度950~1150 ℃和应变速率0.01~5 s^-1下,通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行单道次压缩试验,研究了热变形工艺对含硫非调质钢F45MnVS流变应力及组织的影响。结果表明:随着应变速率的增大,热压缩过程中的峰值应力增加,随着温度的升高,峰值应力降低;动态再结晶平均晶粒尺寸随着应变速率、变形量的增加而减小,随着温度的提高而增大。     

IN690合金在热压缩过程中的再结晶行为

采用热挤压工艺制备了新型高温IN690合金。采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对IN690合金进行了等轴压缩试验,研究了不同温度、应变速率和变形量对IN690合金动态再结晶(DRX)的影响。采用金相显微镜和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)对IN690合金热变形前后的金相组织、晶粒取向、晶界分布和晶粒取向差进行了系统分析。试验得到的真应力-真应变曲线表明,随着温度的降低或应变速率的增加,IN690合金的流动应力增大。IN690合金变形过程中的软化机制主要是动态回复(DRV)和DRX;随着真应变的增加或应变速率的降低,大角度晶界所占比例增加,这是由于在大的真应变或低应变速率下的DRX形核所致。     

铌微合金钢高温变形的本构关系

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机,对铌微合金钢Q345B进行热压缩实验.基于所获实验结果,充分考虑了热变形工艺参数(应变速率和变形温度)和动态软化机制(动态回复和动态再结晶)对流变应力的影响,建立了一种考虑动态软化机制影响的高温变形显式本构模型,给出了本构方程求解的方法,确定了模型中与工艺参数相关的主要参数的定量关系式;其主要特点是能够较准确地描述材料在高应力区域的动态回复软化阶段、动态再结晶软化阶段和稳定流变阶段的应力应变关系.模型验证表明,所建立模型预测出的流变曲线与实验结果吻合良好.     

Effect of Initial Grain Size on the Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Pure Copper

The influences of initial grain size (IGS) with 20 µm and 50 µm on the hot flow behavior and microstructural changes of pure copper were investigated using hot compression tests at a temperature range of 623-1073 K and strain rate range of 0.001-0.1 s^-1. The effects of critical stress and corresponding critical strain were studied based on the internal and external processing parameters. The critical stress and strain decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. The investigation results of the microstructure and true strain-stress diagrams showed that dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and twinning mechanisms were caused during the hot deformation of pure copper. Microstructure evolution indicated some DRXed fine-grain took place around grain boundary of hot deformed samples with IGS of 20 µm whereas DRXed fine-grain took place in interior grains for samples with larger IGS. The results also showed that grain growth is also dependent on IGS as the grain growth rate for samples with the larger IGS is greater than the smaller IGS. The critical strain rate and the temperature were obtained at 0.01 s^-1 and 973 K, respectively, for the sudden change in the grain growth rate. Also, twinning highly depended on IGS which almost did not happen in fine grain size while the volume fraction of twinning increased with increasing grain size.     

AA7005铝合金的热加工变形特性

研究了AA7005合金高温压缩变形时的流变应力、动态回复与再结晶以变形组织变化特征。合金稳态变形时,应变速度、温度和流变应力之间满足包含热激活材料常数的Arrhenius项的双曲正弦关系,变形过程为受位错增殖和相互销毁速率控制的热激活过程,螺型位错的交滑移和刃型位错的攀移为主要动态回复机制。动态回复时,形成典型的变形亚晶组织,亚晶尺寸随1nZ的减小而增大。高温低速变形条件下,合金发生局部几何动态再结晶,流变曲线呈现连续下降的特征,形成与原始纤维组织不同的细小等轴大角度再结晶晶粒。     

锻态TB6钛合金热变形行为及组织演变

在THERMECMASTER-Z型热模拟试验机上,对锻态TB6钛合金在真应变为0.92、变形温度为800℃～1150℃、应变速率为0.001s-1～1s-1的条件下进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,分析合金在β单相区条件下的热变形特点,并观察金相组织。结果表明,应变速率对合金流动应力的影响较显著;而变形温度对合金流动应力的影响在较高应变速率时较大,在较低应变速率时较小。动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和动态再结晶体积分数,随温度的升高而增大,随应变速率的增大而减小。从晶粒细化和动态再结晶组织均匀性考虑,当真应变为0.92时,变形温度选择在950℃～1050℃之间,应变速率选择在0.01s-1为宜。     

Ti-5553合金高温变形时动态再结晶行为

采用热压缩试验方法,对Ti-5553钛合金的动态再结晶行为进行研究。结果表明,在温度800～860℃、应变速率0.01～10s-1的范围内,Ti-5553合金在高温、低应变速率变形时,晶界弓出形核是其主要的动态再结晶形核机制;在低温、高应变速率、大变形量变形时,位错塞积形核是主要的动态再结晶形核机制。在非均匀变形的条件下材料产生绝热剪切现象,其形核主要以亚晶吞并长大形核机制进行。     

晶粒度对690合金热变形特性的影响

利用物理模拟实验方法对具有不同晶粒尺寸的690合金试样进行热压缩变形实验,变形温度范围为1100～1200℃,应变速率分别为0.1,1,10s-1,获得了合金的流变应力数据,并对合金变形后的组织特征进行了分析,建立了包含初始晶粒度参数的本构关系模型。结果表明:晶粒尺寸增大使690合金高温变形时的流变应力增加,发生动态再结晶的临界应变增大,动态再结晶体积分数减小,根据所建立的流变应力本构模型计算出的流变应力值与实验值相近,从而完善了690合金的热变形本构方程。     

热变形条件对P92钢动态再结晶组织及机制的影响

采用Gleeble-1500D热力模拟压缩试验机,研究P92锻态料在温度900℃～1300℃、应变速率0.5s-1～25s-1、变形程度50%条件下的热变形行为,分析热变形参数对应力-应变曲线、动态再结晶组织演变规律和机制的影响,获得了动态再结晶分数和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸。结果表明,P92钢动态软化机制有动态回复、不连续动态再结晶和几何动态再结晶3种方式。动态再结晶分数随温度的升高而增大,且随着应变速率的增大,发生不连续动态再结晶的温度范围扩大。采用提高热变形温度和高应变速率的改进工艺,可获得P92钢优良的组织和性能。     

GH625镍基高温合金动态再结晶模型研究

在Gleeble热模拟机上对GH625合金进行了等温热压缩试验,获得了不同变形条件下该合金的真应力-真应变曲线,并对热压缩试样的微观组织进行了分析。通过对实验数据的计算,获得了GH625合金发生动态再结晶所需的临界变形量与变形温度和应变速率的函数关系;建立了合金动态再结晶的运动学方程,用该方程预测的动态再结晶体积分数与实测值吻合较好,误差的平均值为13%;构建了GH625合金的晶粒长大模型,用该模型预测的晶粒尺寸值与实测值之间的误差平均值为7.52%。GH625合金动态再结晶的形核方式主要为晶界弓出形核和亚晶合并长大形核。     

Flow stress modeling and warm rolling simulation behavior of two Ti–Nb interstitial-free steels in the ferrite region

Axisymmetric compression tests and compact strip production (CSP) warm rolling simulations were carried out on two commercial Ti–Nb stabilized interstitial-free (IF) steels to investigate their flow behavior in the ferrite region. The comparison between the measured and predicted stress curves indicated that dynamic recovery was the dominant softening mechanism during axisymmetric compression deformation. The flow stress curves during CSP-warm rolling simulations indicated that static and dynamic recovery dominated the softening process for early passes and an apparent dynamic recrystallization contributed to the flow stress reductions for the last two passes. The microstructural evolution during the simulation confirmed that the very fine quasi-equiaxed ferrite grains obtained could be explained by apparent dynamic recrystallization, which was assisted by dynamic recovery at high temperature and a reduced Nb solute drag.     

Optimization of deformation parameters of dynamic recrystallization for 7055 aluminum alloy by cellular automaton

In order to simulate the microstructure evolution during hot compressive deformation, models of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) by cellular automaton (CA) method for 7055 aluminum alloy were established. The hot compression tests were conducted to obtain material constants, and models of dislocation density, nucleation rate and recrystallized grain growth were fitted by least square method. The effects of strain, strain rate, deformation temperature and initial grain size on microstructure variation were studied. The results show that the DRX plays a vital role in grain refinement in hot deformation. Large strain, high temperature and small strain rate are beneficial to grain refinement. The stable size of recrystallized grain is not concerned with initial grain size, but depends on strain rate and temperature. Kinetic characteristic of DRX process was analyzed. By comparison of simulated and experimental flow stress–strain curves and metallographs, it is found that the established CA models can accurately predict the microstructure evolution of 7055 aluminum alloy during hot compressive deformation.