Study of composite joint strength with carbon nanotube reinforcement

In order to strengthen the interface of a composite scarf joint, this study investigated the benefits of using locally applied carbon nanotubes to reinforce a carbon fiber composite scarf joint. The effect of carbon nanotubes on enhancing the fracture toughness and interface strength was investigated by performing Mode I and Mode II fracture tests with and without carbon nanotubes applied locally at the joint interface. Furthermore, the effects of seawater absorption and different carbon nanotube concentration values on Mode II fracture were investigated. Finally, a partial application of carbon nanotubes only near the crack tip area was considered. During the study, the image correlation technique was used to examine the fracture mechanisms altered by the introduction of carbon nanotubes. The experimental study showed that an optimal amount of carbon nanotubes could increase the fracture toughness of the composite joint interface significantly, especially for Mode II, including a physical change in the fracture mechanism.     

Bending reinforcement of timber beams with composite carbon fiber and basalt fiber materials

This work shows a study based on data obtained experimentally using bending tests of pine timber beams reinforced with composite materials. Fibers used for the execution of the reinforcement are basalt and carbon. Basalt fiber composites are applied in different grammages, whereas with carbon composites, unidirectional and bidirectional fabrics are used. The behavior of the beams was analyzed regarding the reinforcement variables applied, and the results are compared with those of the tested beams without reinforcement. This work proves the good behavior of fiber reinforce plastic (FRP) with basalt fiber when applied to timber beams, and that of bidirectional carbon fabrics as opposed to the unidirectional ones.     

碳纤维/树脂基复合材料薄板的超声波检测

针对碳纤维/树脂基复合材料层压板在航空航天运用中的实际特点,分析了碳纤维/树脂基复合材料层压板的缺陷特征,选择纵波垂直反射法作为检测手段,提出了调整探头晶片后面阻尼块的阻尼系数和在探头前面增加软性透射膜水囊结构等改进超声探头的方法,有效地提高探测信号可识别性和减小探测盲区,有利于用反射信号的相位特征及形状来对缺陷进行定性分析.试验表明,改进后的纵波垂直反射法方便实用,操作性强,能有效地对碳纤维/树脂基复合材料层压板进行缺陷检测.     

Enhancement of composite scarf joint interface strength through carbon nanotube reinforcement

It was investigated whether there was a potentially significant improvement to scarf joint bonding that was achieved through the dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) along the interface of the composite joint. The study examined various factors that might affect CNT-reinforced joint interface strength. Each composite joint consisted of a vinyl-ester matrix base (DERAKANE 510-A) interlaced with a carbon fiber weave (TORAY T700CF). During the curing process, the research explored several variables concerning the CNT application. The testing included single-walled CNTs (SWCNT), and conventional and bamboo-structure multi-walled CNTs (MWCNT) with varying length, purity, and concentration levels along the surface area of the joint interface. This wide array of data demonstrated the effect of CNTs introduction at the joint interface, and provided the ideal type, size, purity level, and concentration level for composite scarf joint bond reinforcement using CNTs. Furthermore, a computational model was developed to predict the strength of the scarf joints. The predicted model agreed well with the experimental data.     

碳纤维电泳沉积碳纳米管对界面性能的影响

采用碳纳米管电泳沉积到碳纤维表面,达到改性碳纤维复合材料界面性能的目的.将羧基化的碳纳米管在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的分散作用下制备成不同浓度的水溶液,在电场作用下,将碳纳米管电泳沉积到碳纤维表面.通过扫描电子显微镜、X-射线光电子能谱以及动态接触角对处理前后的碳纤维的表面形貌、表面元素及浸润性进行表征.研究结果表明,经过电泳沉积碳纳米管后,碳纤维的表面粗糙度、表面极性官能团含量及表面能都有较大提高,纤维的浸润性得到提高.对复合材料的界面性能分析表明,复合材料的界面性能在经过处理后有很大提高,当碳纳米管的质量浓度为0.1%,界面剪切强度提高了72.93%.     

Effect of carbon nanotube reinforcement on fracture strength of composite adhesive joints

This study investigated the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as an epoxy adhesive additive for adhesive joints between steel–composite interfaces and composite–composite interfaces. The study also examined the effect of CNT functionalization to improve CNT dispersion and thus improve joint strength. Specimens were constructed by adhesively bonding two parallel coupons, with a starting crack at one end. The specimens were loaded to final failure in three-point bending for Mode II fracture. Critical strain energy release rate was used to compare fracture properties of each set of specimens. It was shown that additions of multi-walled CNTs on the order of 1 wt% with diameters on the order of 30 nm and lengths 5–20 μm enhanced fracture toughness for both steel–composite and composite–composite adhesive joints tested. However, other combinations of CNTs could significantly decrease fracture properties, likely due to agglomeration issues. Functionalization of nanotubes showed some limited promise. Scanning electron microscopy validated the improved dispersion of CNTs using functionalization, but also highlighted the shortening effects due to the harsh chemical treatment. In summary, the study illustrates the importance of various CNT parameters on fracture properties, and encourages further investigation and optimization of these parameters for applications of interest.     

高强高模碳纤维用高等规聚丙烯腈的DSC研究

制备了不同三单元等规含量的聚丙烯腈(at-PAN,mm=0.27;iso-PAN,mm=0.64),测定了高等规度PAN和低等规度PAN的TG及DSC,并进行了比较;研究了金属离子含量、气氛中氧的浓度对高等规度PAN的TG及DSC的影响,提出了金属离子及氧的作用机理;在空气气氛下模拟了预氧化过程,制备了不同预氧化时间下的高等规度及低等规度PAN的预氧化样品,考察了在260℃不同预氧化时间下高等规度及低等规度PAN样品的DSC,并对其放热量进行了比较.     

聚酰亚胺纤维与碳纤维缠绕复合气瓶性能对比研究

本文主要研究高性能国产聚酰亚胺纤维在复合材料气瓶上的应用,并表征其与进口碳纤维的性能差距.采用国产聚酰亚胺纤维进行缠绕成型工艺优化与复合材料性能测试分析,在测试数据及工艺优化基础上针对其进行了复合材料气瓶的强度设计.分别采用聚酰亚胺纤维、进口T300、T700以及T800碳纤维缠绕成型复合材料气瓶,进行水压爆破压强的测试,并引进声发射检测技术对其在水压过程中的损伤信号进行监测分析.结果表明聚酰亚胺纤维缠绕工艺性良好,与树脂界面结合优异,适用于湿法缠绕成型工艺.复合材料拉伸强度达到1 708 MPa,纤维的强度发挥率高达80%,相比于碳纤维复合材料其呈现出较好的断裂韧性,有利于减少复合材料气瓶在水压下的应力损伤.缠绕成型的聚酰亚胺纤维复合材料气瓶容器特征系数(PV/W)高达32.2 km,其在航空航天、医用、汽车、核工业等领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

Thick-walled composite cylinders with optimal fiber prestress

A thick-walled composite cylinder consisting of many different cylindrically orthotropic layers is loaded by uniform, axisymmetric surface tractions and by piecewise uniform eigenstrains in the layers. A theoretical framework is established for evaluation of internal stress fields. An optimization procedure is implemented to find eigenstrain distributions that adjust the stresses in the layers to selected levels, while allowing the application of certain ranges of fiber prestrain magnitude to reduce fiber waviness. A particular fabrication process that utilizes fiber prestress as a source of the layer eigenstrains is analyzed, and a distribution of the fiber prestress forces is found that produces a desired distribution of both hoop and axial stresses in the cylinder wall. Both mandrel stiffness and the chosen prestress magnitude in the first layer influence the distribution. It is shown that application of a high fiber prestress that is constant through the wall thickness can be harmful as it may generate very high hoop stress gradients.     

基于RTM技术的碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料舵面一体化制备与验证

设计了一种碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料舵面结构,采用PAM-RTM软件模拟了舵面在注胶过程中的树脂流动,根据模拟结果设计了成型模具,并通过树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了耐高温碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料舵面,对其进行了力学试验,并将三维有限元分析结果与试验结果对比。试验结果表明,碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料舵面在150%的使用载荷下保持了结构的完整性,骨架的最大应变为2 408×10–6,复合材料蒙皮的最大应变为2 371×10–6。有限元分析结果表明,金属骨架的最大应力出现在舵轴根部圆弧过渡区,而碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料蒙皮的最大应力出现在与垫片外圆弧接触处;碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料舵面的初始破坏为蒙皮单向带横向拉伸失效。      

Prediction of tensile strength of discontinuous carbon fiber/polypropylene composite with fiber orientation distribution

This study proposes the layer-wise method (LWM) as a new approach for predicting the tensile strength of discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites that have arbitrary fiber orientation angles. The LWM assumes the discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites are identical to laminates that are composed of unidirectional fiber-reinforced plies and have the same distribution of fiber angles over the entire laminate. We applied the LWM to discontinuous carbon fiber polypropylene composites and evaluated the effect of fiber length on tensile strength and fracture mode. Simulated results agreed well with those of experiments. In addition, we proposed a simple analytical model based on micromechanics. This analytical model can correctly evaluate the strength and the fracture mode as effectively as the LWM. We also compared these models with a rule of mixture considering the failure criterion of fiber breakage and examined the limitation of the rule of mixture in predicting composite strength.     

基于宏微观分析的碳纤维增强高分子复合材料强度性能表征

微观力学强度理论(MMF)是一种新型的基于物理失效模式的复合材料强度理论。通过对碳纤维/树脂(UTS50/E51)复合材料单向层合板进行纵向、横向静载拉伸、压缩和弯曲试验, 得到层合板的基本力学性能和宏观强度指标。建立了碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料微观力学模型, 获取树脂基体和纤维不同位置的机械载荷应力放大系数和热载荷应力放大系数。结合获取的应力放大系数及试验测得的单向层合板宏观强度, 计算出层合板组分的MMF强度特征值。绘制了基于MMF强度理论的层合板破坏包络线, 并与Tsai-Wu失效准则预测结果进行对比。实现了对UTS50/E51层合板MMF强度特征值的表征。     

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料组分疲劳强度表征

对微观力学失效（Micro-mechanics of failure,MMF）理论的应用做了扩展,将其用于分析连续纤维增强树脂基（FRP）复合材料的三维复杂结构的疲劳强度。基于MMF理论,建立了连续FRP复合材料层合板疲劳强度表征方法。分别对碳纤维/树脂（UTS50/E51）复合材料单向层合板进行静载和疲劳试验,得到层合板的基本力学性能和宏观强度指标;对UTS50/E51层合板组分疲劳强度进行了表征,得到了纤维和树脂的拉伸、压缩MMF疲劳特征参量S-lgN曲线,为MMF方法应用于连续纤维增强复合材料层合板结构的疲劳强度分析提供了判断依据。使用建立的方法对UTS50/E51多向层合板的拉伸疲劳强度进行了分析,并将预测结果与试验结果进行对比。     

碳纤维复合材料层合板压缩性能的相关影响因素

碳纤维作为一种新型的增强材料,具有优良的理化性能,已在多个领域广泛应用.由于单向碳纤维复合材料层合板的压缩强度较低,其在结构复合材料方面的应用受到限制,提高其压缩性能成为关键.本文综述了影响碳纤维复合材料层合板压缩性能的相关因素,详细介绍了纤维弯曲、孔隙率、纤维体积分数、树脂性能等影响因素对碳纤维复合材料层合板的重要性,以及各影响因素之间的关系等,为提高碳纤维复合材料层合板压缩性能的研究提供了参考.     

Low-velocity impact and residual tensile strength analysis to carbon fiber composite laminates

In this paper, low-velocity impact characteristics and residual tensile strength of carbon fiber composite laminates are investigated by experimentally and numerically. Low-velocity impact tests and residual tensile strength tests are performed using an instrumented drop-weight machine (Instron 9250HV) and static test machine (Instron 5569), respectively. The finite element (FE) software, ABAQUS/Explicit is employed to simulate low-velocity impact characteristics and predict residual tensile strength of carbon fiber composites laminates. These numerical investigations create a user-defined material subroutine (VUMAT) to enhance the damage simulation which includes Hashin and Yeh failure criteria. The impact contact force and the tensile strength are accurately estimated using the present method. Two different tensile damage modes after different impact energies are observed. The degradation of residual tensile strengths can be divided to three stages for different impact energies, and amplitudes of degradation are affected by stacking sequences.     

Permeability of natural fiber reinforcement for liquid composite molding processes

We investigate the influence of liquid type on the saturated permeability of natural fabrics in liquid composite molding processes. The permeability of flax woven fabric was characterized with two different liquids which have different viscosity, wettability, and sorption characteristics with flax fiber. From the experimental data, it was observed that the saturated permeability values were different for the liquid type. The fiber swell during the mold filling process and the corresponding change of fabric microstructure were assumed to be the main reason for this dependency of saturated permeability on the liquid type. The fiber swell due to the liquid sorption was characterized as a function of time, and the corresponding change of fiber diameter was investigated. The effective fiber volume fraction of wet natural fabric was defined in terms of fiber swelling ratio. The predictions by the classical Kozeny–Carman model and by the modified Kozeny–Carman model with two model constants were compared with the experimental data. It was shown that the modified Kozeny–Carman equation considering fiber swell could predict very well the saturated permeability of natural fabrics regardless of liquid type.     

国产聚丙烯腈基高强高模碳纤维电化学氧化表面处理工艺

以国产聚丙烯腈（PAN）基M55J级碳纤维（CF）为研究对象,首先在不同电解液体系中进行循环伏安多重扫描,比较其氧化能力的差异,进行电解液的筛选。然后用最佳电解液对CF进行恒流连续氧化处理,通过Raman光谱、XPS和SEM的表征,研究了电化学氧化对高强高模CF表面结构及化学组成的影响,并通过测试CF束丝拉伸性能及其与树脂结合后的层间剪切强度对CF的力学性能进行了表征。研究结果表明,NH₄HSO₄电解质溶液对CF进行表面处理时,其刻蚀能力最强,可以有效改善其表面活性,增大其表面粗糙度和含氧官能团数量。采用0.6 mol/L的NH₄HSO₄电解液体系,在1 mAcm^-2电流密度下对CF进行阳极氧化,CF与树脂间的层间剪切强度比未处理提高了164%,同时CF的拉伸强度略有提高,模量无明显变化。     

T700碳纤维增强树脂复合材料气瓶封头非测地线缠绕强度

利用微分几何理论和四阶龙格库塔法求解气瓶封头上T700碳纤维增强树脂复合材料（CFRP）非测地线缠绕角微分方程,得到稳定的非测地线缠绕轨迹;利用有限元仿真软件建立T700 CFRP缠绕气瓶有限元模型,分析不同非测地线轨迹对工作压力（30 MPa）下T700 CFRP缠绕气瓶强度的影响,并采用渐进损伤模型分析爆破压力的变化规律。对于封头高h=50 mm的T700 CFRP缠绕气瓶,滑线系数为0.2时承载能力最强,比T700 CFRP测地线缠绕气瓶提高了7 MPa,约为6.4%;对于封头高h=160 mm的T700 CFRP气瓶,滑线系数为0.2时承载能力最强,比T700 CFRP测地线缠绕气瓶提高了6 MPa,约为11.5%。结果表明,优化设计得到的缠绕线型既能满足缠绕工艺的基本要求,又提高了T700 CFRP缠绕气瓶的结构力学性能,可为实际缠绕工艺提供参考。      

高强度南极磷虾蛋白/海藻复合纤维的制备与表征

以戊二醛为增强改性剂,利用湿法纺丝制备含有预埋增强剂的南极磷虾蛋白/海藻（AKP/SA）初生纤维,通过初生纤维纺丝线在线热交联技术实现热交联反应从而制得高强度南极磷虾蛋白/海藻（HAKP/SA）复合纤维。利用旋转黏度计确定了增强交联反应的热交联温度,研究了交联度对复合纤维微观结构以及吸湿性能的影响,测试了增强后复合纤维力学性能和结晶性能的变化。结果表明:80℃时戊二醛能有效发生热交联反应;AKP/SA复合纤维具有较好的吸湿性能,吸湿率为7.3%,随着交联度的提高,复合纤维的吸湿性能降低,吸湿平衡时间缩短;HAKP/SA复合纤维仍以非晶形态存在,表面存在不均匀的沟槽结构;力学性能测试表明增强后的纤维断裂强度提高了13%。