Syngas fermentation in a 100-L pilot scale fermentor: Design and process considerations

Fermentation of syngas offers several advantages compared to chemical catalysts such as higher specificity of biocatalysts, lower energy costs, and higher carbon efficiency. Scale-up of syngas fermentation from a bench scale to a pilot scale fermentor is a critical step leading to commercialization. The primary objective of this research was to install and commission a pilot scale fermentor, and subsequently scale-up the Clostridium strain P11 fermentation from a 7.5-L fermentor to a pilot scale 100-L fermentor. Initial preparation and fermentations were conducted in strictly anaerobic conditions. The fermentation system was maintained in a batch mode with continuous syngas supply. The effect of anaerobic fermentation in a pilot scale fermentor was evaluated. In addition, the impact of improving the syngas mass transfer coefficient on the utilization and product formation was studied. Results indicate a six fold improvement in ethanol concentration compared to serum bottle fermentation, and formation of other compounds such as isopropyl alcohol, acetic acid and butanol, which are of commercial importance.     

固定化酵母薯干原料酒精发酵中试研究

本文论述了固定化酵母薯干原料带渣酒精发酵的中试结果。中试生物反应器容积为１０００Ｌ，采用改性海藻酸钙凝胶为固定化酵母细胞的载体。中试研究中设计了较合理的中试工艺流程，优选出较佳的发酵条件，并考察了生物反应器的性能。试验获得了如下结果：中试装置已运转１９２天，固定化酵母仍保持高活力，并可继续运转；发酵成熟醪酒精含量达６．５～８．０％（ｖ），它比同期传统式酒精发酵高出０．３～０．４％；淀粉利用率达９１～９２％；固定化酵母生物反应器的乙醇生产能力为９．５ＫｇＥｔＯＨ／Ｍ￣３·ｈ，它可比传统式发酵罐的生产能力提高１０～１２倍。     

苹果酒发酵工艺对比研究

利用德国生产的5L全自动发酵罐和0.5L三角瓶,以5个栽培苹果品种的果实(‘鲁加1号’、‘鲁加4号’、‘鲁加5号’、‘国光’、‘新红星’)为原料,发酵温度设定为20℃,酵母菌接种量为5%,进行苹果酒发酵工艺初步的放大试验。测定5个品种在陈酿过程中的酒精度、单宁、总酚、可滴定酸、透光率、可溶性固形物变化情况。结果表明,当发酵体积扩大10倍后,发酵罐中苹果酒发酵效果与三角瓶中小体积状态下的发酵效果无显著差异,总的变化趋势趋于一致。     

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON YEASTS DURING BATCH AND CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION. I. CHANGES IN VITAMIN CONCENTRATIONS

The changes in the concentrations of eight vitamins were followed during the fermentation of wort by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis in plant scale batch fermentor, pilot tower fermentor and laboratory-size continuous stirred tank reactor. During fermentation in batch fermentor, p-amino benzoic acid concentration increased fivefold, while pantothenate increased threefold with one yeast but showed a slight drop with another. Riboflavin and inositol concentrations changed only slightly; biotin and pyridoxin concentrations decreased two to threefold, but the nicotinic acid and thiamine concentrations dropped ten to twentyfold. The other fermentation systems gave, in general, different values, but trends similar to the changes observed during batch fermentations were evident. The concentrations of nicotinic acid, thiamine and p-amino benzoic acid (one yeast) in the beer at the end of storage had increased one and one-half to twofold over the concentrations at the end of fermentation; the other vitamins showed little change.     

50t上面发酵小麦啤酒中试生产工艺技术研究

小麦啤酒是以小麦麦芽为主要原料(占原料总量的40％以上)，采用上面酵母发酵酿制而成。该实验对50t上面发酵小麦啤酒进行了研究，低蛋白白皮软质小麦麦芽、优质大麦麦芽、大米、酒花的选取及合理配比是小麦啤酒风味及质量的可靠保证；双醪浸出糖化工艺操作简便，是可行的；合理调整发酵接种量、接种温度、主发酵温度及发酵罐压力等工艺参数：对改善小麦啤酒风味，提高小麦啤酒质量起到了至关重要的作用；小麦啤酒成品稳定性测试取得了满意的结果。     

新型搅拌器对黄原胶发酵的影响

设计了一组由六叶布鲁马金与下压式双折叶圆盘涡轮搭配组合而成的新型搅拌器,该搅拌器在冷模实验状态下具有较高KLa值和气含率。将该新型搅拌器应用于机械搅拌式生物反应器黄原胶的发酵,针对发酵过程中黄原胶的浓度、粘度、淀粉含量等参数的变化与传统的六直叶圆盘涡轮进行了对比研究,并研究了不同的挡板条件对黄原胶发酵的影响。结果表明：新型搅拌器能够提高黄原胶发酵液中黄原胶的浓度和粘度、降低发酵液中残留淀粉的浓度,并明显地减少了高粘性发酵液静止区的体积;挡板的缩小或将拆除,更适合于黄原胶高粘性物系的机械搅拌式生物反应器的发酵。     

Improvement of production of Kojic acid by a mutant strain Aspergillus oryzae, MK107-39

A strain designated MK107-39, producing kojic acid with a high yield, was obtained by a new screening method using a 96-well microtiter plate after NTG treatment of Aspergillus oryze ATCC 22788. The amount of kojic acid produced by strain MK107-39 in a shaking flask was 28 g/l from 100 g/l of glucose, which was 7.7-times higher than that produced by parent strain. The kojic acid yields per cell and the amount of glucose consumed were 9.8 and 6.0-times higher than those of the parent strain. Based on differences in the use of carbohydrates and organic acids, it seems that strain MK107-39 has some mutation regarding carbohydrate metabolism. By customizing the medium and culture conditions such as glucose concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH of the fermentation broth, more than 110 g/l of kojic acid was produced in a 3-l jar fermentor. Upon scale up to a 600-l pilot fermentor, enhanced production of kojic acid was successfully achieved. The kojic acid yield from glucose consumed, Y(P/S), was 0.43 (g/g) in this pilot plant-scale fermentation.     

酵母形态指标百分数离散度与啤酒质量的关联性

通过跟踪不同发酵罐相同发酵时间的啤酒发酵液中的酵母形态指标百分数离散度,检测发酵结束后各发酵罐的啤酒的质量指标,得出啤酒酵母指标百分数离散度与啤酒质量的关联性,即酵母形态指标百分数离散度与酒精度、发酵度、总酸这三个啤酒质量指标成负相关,与原麦芽汁浓度、外观糖度、乙醛浓度、pH值、双乙酰这五个啤酒质量指标成正相关.     

Optimization and scale-up of L-lactic acid fermentation by mutant strain Rhizopus sp. MK-96-1196 in airlift bioreactors

We determined the optimum culture conditions such as inoculum size, initial starch concentration, pH during the fermentation and aeration rate for L-lactic acid production by Rhizopus sp. MK-96-1196 in a 3-l airlift bioreactor. More than 90 g/l of L-lactic acid was produced from only partially enzymatically hydrolyzed corn starch with a production rate of 2.6 g/l/h and a product yield of 87% based on the starch consumed under the optimum conditions in the 3-l airlift bioreactor. Scale-up from the 3-l to a 100-l airlift bioreactor for L-lactic acid fermentation was carried out using V(s)(cm/s) as a scale-up criterion. The production rates and yields of L-lactic acid in both bioreactors appeared to be fairly well correlated with k(L)a (1/h).     

利用海浮石为载体的固定化酵母酒精发酵

本文叙述了海浮石作为载体的固定酵母细胞方法和海浮石再生方法,并分别介绍实验室试验和加工厂小试固定化酵母细胞酒精发酵的情况和数据,试验成果,夏季发酵1个月平均对糖转化率为90%,最高为98.5%。工厂小试表明,固定化酵母细胞柱发酵比发酵罐快。     

High-cell-density fermentation for ergosterol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The direct feedback control of glucose using an on-line ethanol concentration monitor for ergosterol production by high-cell-density fermentation was investigated and the fermentation parameters (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen, ethanol concentration, oxygen uptake rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate and respiratory quotient) were analyzed. Controlling glucose feeding rate in accordance with ethanol concentration and adjusting pH with ammonia during the fermentation process were effective fed-batch methods for ergosterol production. The fermentation parameters well described the variation of the whole fermentation process. Cultivation in a 5 l fermentor was carried out under the following conditions: culture temperature, 30 degrees C; pH, 5.5; agitation speed, 600 rpm; fermentation time, 60 h; controlling ethanol concentration below 1% and keeping respiratory quotient (RQ) at approximately 1.0. Under these conditions, the yeast dry weight reached 120 g/l and the ergosterol yield reached 1500 mg/l.     

糙米酵素发酵工艺的中试研究

为进一步优化糙米酵素的中试发酵工艺参数,以淀粉酶活力为测定指标,通过正交试验确定糙米酵素的中试发酵条件。结果表明,每100 kg原料,酵母接种量4%,发酵时间6h,发酵温度30℃。该条件下糙米酵素的淀粉酶活力稳定,平均值为442.2U/g。产品呈乳白色,气味醇香,酸甜适口,状态均匀。验证试验结果表明该工艺条件稳定可行,重复性好,为糙米酵素的工业化生产奠定了基础。     

酸奶菌株分批发酵放大研究-从2.5L 到15L 发酵罐

2.5L发酵罐实验数据基础上,利用经验放大法将德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS 1.9201和唾液链球菌嗜热亚种KLDS 3.021 分批发酵结果从小试放大中试。结果表明,如果确定若干优化发酵参数,包括搅拌转速50～100r/min和溶氧浓度不高于5% 等,可将酸奶菌株发酵结果较成功地从2.5L 罐放大到15L 罐规模。KLDS 1.9201 在15L 罐中对数生长期间的初糖转化率达到了80.3%,乳酸浓度为49g/L,确定其发酵终点为12h,此时活菌数为2.2 × 109CFU/ml;KLDS 3.0201 在15L 罐中的初糖转化率达到了80.2%,乳酸浓度为39g/L,确定其最佳收获期为发酵8h,活菌数达到4.9 × 109CFU/ml。     

北冬虫夏草液态发酵模型的建立及其动力学分析

采用Plackett-Burman设计对影响北冬虫夏草5L发酵罐发酵的因素进行了筛选,所选取的6个因素为罐压、通风量、菌种菌龄、接种量、搅拌转速和发酵时间。在此基础上运用中心组合设计对影响北冬虫夏草发酵的关键因素:通风量、菌种菌龄和搅拌转速进行进一步的研究探讨得到,通风量、搅拌转速和菌种菌龄分别为59L/h、115r/min和50h,此时虫草酸含量的最大值为10.12%。     

BIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF TOWER FERMENTATION*

Biological and biochemical aspects of continuous fermentation in a Tower fermentor operated on a commercial scale are described with particular reference to the rate of utilization of α-amino nitrogen and carbohydrate. Under stable conditions, well defined gradients exist in the Tower fermentor and a fully fermented beer, indistinguishable from the conventional batch beer, is produced. Breakdown of these gradients leads to unstable conditions with a resultant increase in effluent gravity. Yeast growth in the Tower has been shown to be comparable to that of a conventional batch fermentation. No mutation of the yeast has been observed over a period of 3 years, during which time little trouble was experienced from infecting organisms.     

醋酸杆菌发酵雪莲果生产果醋饮料工程放大实验研究

通过以雪莲果为主要原料在200L发酵罐中经过酒精发酵和醋酸发酵2个阶段,获得雪莲果果醋产物,总发酵时间为200h,醋酸浓度可达到24.18g/L,对发酵产物进行GC-MS分析,发酵产物中酸类物质的含量占82.34%,其中醋酸的含量占到总量的74.70%.该放大实验的研究为液态发酵果醋饮料的发展和技术提升提供了重要的基础.     

碱性甘露聚糖酶发酵培养基的优化

选用魔芋粉作为碳源,豆饼粉和谷氨酸钠作为氮源物质,对发酵培养基进行优化,并进行模型验证和5L发酵罐生产实验。结果表明：最佳发酵培养基(g/L,5L发酵罐)为魔芋粉12、豆饼粉15、酵母粉5、NaCl 84.4、谷氨酸钠3.11、K2HPO4 1.5、MgSO4 0.3、Na2CO3 10,起始pH 9.5～10.0,碱性β-甘露聚糖酶活力最高可达到2610.1U/mL。     

枯草芽孢杆菌JSIM-X-13-4突变株腺苷发酵研究

对1株黄嘌呤、硫胺素、组氨酸三重缺陷型及8-氮杂鸟嘌呤抗性的腺苷突变株JSIM-X-13-4进行了摇瓶、自控罐3、000 L中型发酵罐试验。试验发现,该菌株培养基成分除酵母膏外,其余与其亲株肌苷产生菌JSIM-1019基本相同。酵母膏浓度为1.6%-1.8%,摇瓶CaCO3量为3%;发酵罐上适宜pH为6.2,风量在18h提高至1∶0.55,溶氧40%。摇瓶、自控罐、中型发酵罐产苷分别为15.51 g/L、18.11 g/L和17.25 g/L。     

桑椹酒发酵工艺的研究

该文研究了桑椹酿酒的工艺和发酵过程中糖、酒精与酸的变化，同时研究了酵母接种量和发酵容器顶隙度对于桑椹酒发酵的影响。研究结果表明，桑椹适宜酿酒，发酵过程中接种量明显影响桑椹酒发酵的起酵时间，而对糖、酒精、酸度的变化影响不大；发酵容器的项隙度仅对产酸有影响，而对发酵的其他指标无显著影响。     

Optimization of gellan gum production by Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461 with nonionic surfactants using central composite design

The effect of nonionic surfactants on gellan production by Sphingomonas paucimobilis was studied by the addition of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 g/l surfactants to shake flask culture. The nonionic surfactants Tween 80, Tween 40 and Triton X-100 improved gellan production by S. paucimobilis, and the maximum yield (10.44 g/l) was obtained with Triton X-100 at 0.75 g/l compared with that of the control fermentation (8.63 g/l) without surfactant. The DO profiles associated with gellan production in a 5-l laboratory fermentor showed higher oxygen and mass transfers during fermentation with surfactant than during control fermentation without surfactant. The addition of surfactant also resulted in a polymer with high viscosity as manifested by its lower acetyl content, than that obtained by control fermentation. A central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the maximum gellan production at optimum values for three process parameters (Triton X-100 concentration, pH, and temperature) each at five levels in a laboratory fermentor. The maximum gellan yield (14.62 g/l) was obtained in a 5-l laboratory fermentor with 1.0 g/l Triton X-100 and at pH 6.0 and temperature 29.6 degrees C. Further studies on the effects of agitation and DOT level demonstrated that the surfactants enhanced oxygen transfer resulting in higher gellan production (27.86 g/l) at higher agitation speed (1000 rpm) and 100% DOT level.