关于镀钛金刚石产品发展的若干问题

表面金属化是金刚石应用技术发展的重大成就。镀钛金刚石在表面金属化金刚石产品中占有重要地位。本文论述了发展镀钛金刚石产品的必要性、工艺可能性及品种规格，强调指出：根据各种客观需要，选用适当的镀钛工艺，能够开发型号规格不同的一系列镀钛金刚石产品；以镀钛金刚石为原料，能够发展大量高性能工具、磨具及其他制品，进而提高金刚石的应用水平，推动金刚石及其制品工业的发展。     

金刚石表面镀钛及其在胎体中结合状态的研究

采用真空蒸发-扩散镀的方法在金刚石表面镀钛,研究了镀覆温度和保温时间对金刚石表面形貌、镀层厚度、镀层物相的影响规律,分析了镀钛金刚石的抗氧化性能,研究了镀钛金刚石及其在铁基胎体中的结合状态。结果表明:在低温下（680℃）镀覆时,金刚石表面开始出现TiC;随镀覆温度升高或保温时间延长,镀层逐渐致密并增厚,在720℃镀覆时出现Ti沉积,在820℃镀覆时由于应力原因产生裂纹并导致镀层的破坏;镀层可隔绝金刚石与氧的直接接触,大幅度延缓氧对金刚石的侵蚀作用;镀钛后金刚石在胎体中可实现牢固的冶金键合。      

超硬材料表面镀覆技术及应用(续)

第四节真空微蒸发镀覆技术原理１关键技术１．１镀覆温度必须低于８００℃,高于６００℃。真空微蒸发镀覆温度６５０～７５０℃ 为了保证镀覆Ｔｉ过程中,金刚石表面有碳化物层形成,温度应选择高于Ｃ与Ｔｉ反应温度,为此我们首先采用真空磁控溅射方法对金刚石镀Ｔｉ。由于镀覆温度低,钛层只是物理吸附在金刚石表面。测定其ＤＴＡ曲线发现,在６００～１２００℃出现明显的放热峰。根据热力学数据,Ｔｉ与金刚石碳原子反应形成碳化物是自由能降低过程,即放热反应。足够的温度是使反应克服能垒、原子扩散所必须的。由ＤＴＡ曲线分析ｌ与…     

镀钛金刚石与结合剂间的结合状态

利用抗弯强度试验及扫描电镜分析,研究了磁控溅射镀钛金刚石在Ｃｏ基,Ｆｅ基、Ｎｉ基及Ｃｕ基结合剂中的界面结合状态。结果发现,在７００℃￣８４０℃热压条件下,钛镀层难以跟金刚石形成强的界面结合;在抗弯试验中,钛镀层大多沿金刚石表面剥离;镀钛对含金刚石试样的抗弯强度的影响在不同的结合剂中显著不同。     

金刚石和立方氮化硼超硬磨料表面处理技术应用及发展

本文综合介绍了金刚石和立方氮化硼超硬磨料表面处理技术及应用情况及新的表面处理技术发展情况,包括真空微蒸发镀钛技术及应用进展;微粉专用真空微蒸发镀覆技术及应用;基于镀钛技术而发展的复合镀Ti-N i技术及应用;刚玉涂覆的超硬磨料及应用;基于原子层镀覆技术发展的超硬磨粒、微粉及纳米粉的镀硅镀钛技术及应用。     

热处理对金刚石颗粒表面钛包覆层组织与性能的影响

采用真空蒸发镀方法对金刚石颗粒表面进行镀钛处理,将镀钛金刚石分别在不同温度下进行真空热处理,用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射对金刚石颗粒的表面形貌、成分及其物相等进行分析,并采用金刚石单颗粒静压强度测定仪对其进行强度测试。结果表明:金刚石在880℃时开始碳化;钛包覆层只和碳化的金刚石发生界面反应,在880℃热处理温度下TiC先以点状形式析出,随着时间的延长,逐渐长大成雪花状,热处理温度为920℃时,镀层逐渐被氧化成TiO;TiC包覆层能够提高金刚石颗粒的热稳定性和静压强度,相对普通金刚石而言静压强度提高了14%。     

镀钛及合金的金刚石在金刚石工具制造中的应用

本文介绍了采用镀钛及合金的金刚石制造的金刚石工具可以使使用寿命大幅度提高，分析了金刚石镀钛及合金对提高金刚石工具寿命的原因。应用结果表明：镀附后实现了磨料与基体间的强力化学冶金结合，防止了工具制造过程中有害物质对金刚石的损伤，提高了金刚石颗粒的抗压强度、抗氧化能力和热稳定性，是提高金刚石工具寿命和效率的有效途径。     

采用镀覆金刚石的技术经济效益分析

本文总结了近年来超硬材料工具厂家采用镀覆金刚石制造各类金刚石工具取得的技术进步和获得的良好经济效益.大规模工业化应用的结果表明:金刚石镀钛有两个重要作用,首先是实现了金刚石与结合剂之间的冶金结合,大幅度减少了金刚石脱落,因而采用镀钛金刚石制造各类金刚石工具,可以直接减少金刚石用量10%～20%;其次镀钛层对金刚石起到了...     

镀膜金刚石膜层的俄歇分析

镀膜金刚石在现代金刚石制品中的应用愈来愈重要,我们对镀铬和镀钛两种金刚石的镀层作了俄歇分析。结果表明:俄歇能较准确分析膜层元素原子数分数、膜层厚度;所用镀铬和镀钛金刚石,镀层中分别除碳、铬元素,碳、钛元素外,均含有氧元素,这是镀层表面氧化所致;所用镀铬和镀钛金刚石,相对稳定的镀层厚度分别约为25 nm,360 nm。XRD线谱分析,镀铬金刚石镀层由于太薄,未发现衍射相,镀钛金刚石镀层却有TiC为基的固溶体形成。     

复合镀钛—镍金刚石的钎焊工艺

本论文对复合镀钛－镍金刚石的可焊性及钎焊工艺进行了系统的研究。根据大量实验,得出了最佳的工艺曲线,以及不同温度下加热时间与可焊性的关系。利用体视显微镜和扫描电镜观察了钎焊试样的表面形貌和金刚石与基体之间的界面结合情况,结果表明,所选择的银基钎料最高钎焊温度是900℃,最低钎焊温度是650℃,且有温度越高钎焊时间越短的对应关系,钎焊后金刚石与基体之间的界面结合强度大于140MPa。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.