应用等效折射率模型研究光子晶体光纤

应用等效折射率模型研究了光子晶体光纤(PCF)的传播特性.介绍了光子晶体光纤的等效折射率模型.通过求解标量波动方程得到了光子晶体光纤包层基空间填充模的模式折射率,利用阶跃光纤的理论来研究光子晶体光纤的导模特性.应用此模型对不同结构光子晶体光纤包层区的等效折射率与波长的关系进行了讨论.包层区等效折射率与芯子的折射率差随波长的增加而增大,并由此阐述了光子晶体光纤的单模特性.数值分析得到光子晶体光纤的基模的模式折射率,并由此研究了光子晶体光纤的波导色散与结构参量的关系.分析表明,光子晶体光纤的波导色散随空气孔孔距的变化符合Maxwell方程的比例性质.空气孔的相对孔径对波导色散有重要的影响.这些分析表明光子晶体光纤具有可以灵活设计其色散特性的潜在应用前景.     

大尺寸气孔微结构光纤在光纤光栅中的应用

将微结构光纤分为光子晶体光纤和大尺寸气孔微结构光纤两种。详细介绍了大尺寸气孔微结构光纤。其包层的气孔硅结构（或者聚合物硅结构）影响了包层模式的空间分布以及包层模式的有效折射率，使其表现出与传统光纤不同的光学特性。基于这种微结构光纤的光纤光栅对外部折射率的变化显示了很好的稳定性。偏振特性（对长周期光纤光栅）可以大大加强。基于聚合物硅包层的长周期光纤光栅显示了优良的温度调谐性能。     

Fabrication of light-induced self-written waveguides with a W-shaped refractive index profile

This paper proposes a novel technique for automatic waveguide formation by means of the self-trapping effect of optical fiber irradiation into a photopolymerizing resin. We investigate experimentally the phenomenon of thin cladding layer formation surrounding the core following the core creation. In the proposed technique, a counterdiffusion effect involving polymerizing monomers via the core/cladding interface causes enrichment of a low refractive index monomer, and a resultant "W-shaped" refractive index profile is realized. The measured propagation loss of the fabricated waveguide is 1.7 dB/cm at 0.68 /spl mu/m wavelength. This technology is appropriate for the fabrication of large-core optical waveguides of greater than 0.5 mm in diameter and is useful for automating the optical fiber connection and packaging process by virtue of being an all-passive optically induced process.     

Glass waveguides on silicon for hybrid optical packaging

Work on deposited glass waveguides on silicon to form waveguides and filters is reviewed. The choice of these particular waveguides makes sense only as part of a consistent approach to optoelectronic packaging. Hybrid optical packaging on silicon (HOPS) is described and briefly compared with other techniques. For these packages, two waveguides were developed: a tight mode waveguide with a silicon nitride rib core for matching a semiconductor laser and a loose mode waveguide with a phosphosilicate glass core for matching an optical fiber     

包层空气孔孔径的不均匀性对微结构光纤非线性系数的影响

在基于微结构光纤(MOFs)的非线性装置中,光纤的非线性系数是一个很重要的参数,它受包层空气孔不均匀性的影响。用全矢量有限元法和误差理论分析了包层空气孔孔径的不均匀性对六角形高非线性微结构光纤非线性系数的影响。通过计算,得到了这种光纤HE1x1和HEy11模的非线性系数与每个空气孔孔径之间的关系,从而进一步得到了非线性系数的标准差与包层空气孔孔径标准差之间的关系。这样,在已知孔径的标准差时,很容易得到非线性系数的标准差。当孔径标准差与孔径设计值的比为5%时,HE1x1和HE1y1模非线性系数标准差与均匀孔径情况下非线性系数值的比分别为2.55%和3.06%。     

Bragg光纤的基本理论分析与设计

光通信、光传感等领域的技术迅速发展对光纤的性能提出了新的要求,促使人们提出了许多新型折射率结构的光纤,其中Bragg 光纤就是其中的一种新型折射率光纤,他有很多普通光纤无法比拟的优势。为了更加全面的分析Bragg 光纤的基本理论,首先以普通同轴分层光纤为例介绍了转移矩阵法的基本思想。接着将这一理论应用于Bragg 光纤的模场计算,然后把有限包层布拉格光纤的模式作为无限包层情形的退化来分析,进一步研究Bragg光纤的设计原则。     

Polymer Optical Waveguide Switch Using Thermo-Optic Total-Internal-Reflection and Strain-Effect

A new optical waveguide switch using thermo-optic total-internal-reflection and strain-induced effects in polymer materials has been experimentally demonstrated. The switch consists of three-layered slab waveguides and two metal strip lines that are located close to one another on top of the upper cladding. The deposition of metal strips introduces strain in the underlying polymer materials, creating two strain-induced optical waveguides for the cross state. Current applied along these metal strips results in a thermo-optic based total-internal-reflection waveguide between the two metal strips for the bar state. The fabrication and the device characteristics of the new optical switch are reported.      

Silica-air double-clad optical fiber

A new design of the silica-air double-clad optical fiber is proposed. The fiber was prepared from an MCVD preform inserted into a supporting silica tube with a fluorine-doped connective element with a lower refractive index (Δn~-4×10^-3) and air as the second cladding. A numerical aperture as high as 0.3 was measured for the first cladding and for fiber lengths up to 50 cm. Although it is realized that the results are preliminary, the optimization of the fiber parameters promises a new all-glass design for double-clad optical fibers for high-power fiber laser applications     

脊形波导耦合的光纤阵列设计

分析了单模光纤与脊形波导的耦合模理论,讨论了其模式特点、最佳耦合条件.在此基础上,计算并设计出满足最佳耦合条件的光纤阵列V-型槽宽度.所设计的光纤阵列在对光纤提供高精度定位的同时,又能保证其与脊形波导的高效率耦合.     

Modeling Long-Pass Filters Based on Fundamental-Mode Cutoff in Photonic Crystal Fibers

Index-guiding fibers presenting a Ge-doped photonic-crystal cladding and a pure-silica core are numerically studied for the development of efficient optical long-pass filters. They present a fundamental-mode cutoff (FMC) toward short wavelengths that leads to a high extinction ratio, sharp band edge, and bend-tunable transmission profile. The simple design poses no experimental challenge for fabrication and the relatively large obtained modal area makes these waveguides fully compatible with standard telecommunication fibers. The proposed long-pass filter compares favorably with standard, bulk, technology, and with a previously demonstrated photonic crystal fiber presenting a FMC.     

Analysis of Brillouin frequency shift and longitudinal acoustic wave in a silica optical fiber with a triple-layered structure

We report a thorough analysis on the Brillouin frequency shift as a function of geometrical parameters in a silica optical fiber consisting of triple-layered structure, GeO/sub 2/-doped core, P/sub 2/O/sub 5/, and F co-doped inner cladding, and pure silica outer cladding. General characteristic equations for the Brillouin frequency shift were analytically derived and analyzed for various fiber parameters. In experiments, three-layered optical fibers were fabricated and their Brillouin frequency shifts were measured in the wavelength region of 1.55 /spl mu/m by a pump-probe technique. The longitudinal acoustic velocity in each layer was found significantly affected by the thermal stress as well as the dopant concentrations. We confirmed both in theory and experiment that the inner cladding of a three-layered optical fiber does provide a new degree of freedom in precise control of the Brillouin frequency shift.     

Generating mechanism of maintaining force for optical fiberinstalled in ferrule hole

This paper describes a new theory of the maintaining force to keep the optical fiber in the ferrule hole, based on the theoretical analysis assuming the dimensional change among the ferrule, optical fiber, and epoxy adhesive layer, since the maintaining force is caused by the difference of linear expansion coefficients among those elements when temperature is changed. The major maintaining force for the optical fiber installed in the ferrule hole is caused by the radial compressive force applied to the cured epoxy adhesive layer, which caused by dimensional shrinking of the clearance between the optical fiber and the ferrule hole, due to a large amount of shrinkage in the ferrule and a small amount of shrinkage in the optical fiber when the temperature changes     

Optical fibers with depressed claddings for suppression of coupling into cladding modes in fiber Bragg gratings

A new method for suppression of coupling from guided optical modes into cladding modes in an optical fiber Bragg grating using a fiber with a strongly depressed cladding is proposed. Strong suppression of the coupling has been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally.     

A rigorous design method for antiresonant reflecting opticalwaveguides

A new iteration technique has been proposed for calculating exact antiresonant values of cladding layer thicknesses in antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROW's). This technique enables design of ARROW waveguides with core layers incorporating sophisticated multilayer systems, where the approximate analytical formulas cannot be applied     

Fabrication and characterization of polymer optical waveguides with integrated micromirrors for three-dimensional board-level optical interconnects

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of optical/electrical printed circuit boards (O/E-PCB) with embedded multimodal step index (MM-SI) waveguides and integrated out-of-plane micromirrors (IMMs) for three-dimensional (3-D) optical interconnects. Optical circuitry is built up on PCBs using UV lithography; 45/spl deg/ input/output (I/O) couplers are fabricated by inclined exposure. Commercial polymers are used as optical core and cladding materials. Critical mirror properties of angle, surface quality, reflectivity, and coupling efficiency are characterized experimentally and theoretically. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, white light interferometry, and fiber scanning method are used in the investigations. Sloping profiles measured as a function of the incident light showed the attainment of mirror angles of /spl alpha/=36/spl deg/-45/spl deg/ with /spl plusmn/2/spl deg/ consistency. Near-field optical imaging with a white light source showed that out-of-plane beam turning was achieved. Topography investigations revealed a rectilinear negative tapering shape regardless of the incoming beam angle or type of substrate. However, higher substrate reflectancy was observed to lower the mirror angle. The average propagation loss measured for 10-cm-long waveguides at /spl lambda/=850 nm by the cut-back method was 0.60 dB/cm; the excess loss calculated for the mirror coupling was 1.8-2.3 dB. The results showed that the IMMs can be incorporated in O/E-PCBs to couple light in and out of planar waveguides. Furthermore, the presented results indicate that optical waveguides with integrated micromirrors for optical 3-D wiring can be produced compatible with volume manufacturing techniques.     

Diffused waveguides: mode perturbation by thin-film cladding

Normalised parameter plots are given enabling prediction of propagation-constant perturbation in diffused optical waveguides due to a thick dielectric cladding. Refractive-index profiles of Gaussian and complementary-error-function form are treated. The variation of the number of propagating modes with time of diffusion is derived.     

Inherent enhancement of gain flatness and achievement of broad gainbandwidth in erbium-doped silica fiber amplifiers

We report new methods to inherently increase the flatness and bandwidth of erbium-doped silica fiber amplifiers from three perspectives: fiber design, pump-signal WDM coupler optimization, and amplifier structure. First, to achieve inherent control of the gain spectrum, a new type of composite fiber structure with an Er-doped core and a Sm-doped cladding ring is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Interaction of the optical field with the Sm-doped cladding to produce evanescent wave filtering is modeled, which provides an in-line control of gain fluctuation in the erbium-doped flier amplifier (EDFA) C band, 1530-1560 nm. Second, the effect of the spectral characteristics of WDM couplers over the L band of an EDFA is explored. A fused taper fiber coupler for a 1480-nm pump is optimized for signals in the wavelength range of 1570-1610 nm by measuring the small-signal gain, gain tilt, and noise figure in an L-band EDFA. Finally, a new all-fiber structure for a wide-band EDFA, where the L and C bands were coupled serially, is demonstrated with optimized pump-signal couplers. Further optimization of the new composite fiber structure and the transient effects in the serially coupled EDFAs are also discussed     

Cladding Layer Impedance Reduction to Improve Microwave Propagation Properties in p-i-n Waveguides

The cladding layer effect on microwave propagation properties of semiconductor p-i-n waveguides is investigated in this letter. Through the optical excitation in quantum wells of p-i-n waveguides, high-speed photocurrent is used to examine the microwave propagation. Two devices of p-i-n waveguides with different cladding layers are fabricated and measured, showing that a higher speed is found in the waveguide of wider cladding width. Verified by the microwave propagation properties, the higher speed is mainly attributed to lower microwave propagation loss due to the lower impedance in the wider cladding layer, suggesting this kind of structure can be applied to high-speed waveguide-based devices     

Two Core Radii for Minimum Total Dispersion In Single-Mode Step-Index Optical Fibers (Short Paper)

Starting from the operating wavelength and the chemical composition of the materials that integrate the core and cladding of an optical fiber, a method was developed for the calculation of the values of the core radii; it allows fiber operation in a monomode region with minimum total dispersion. The study is restricted to step-index fibers and the selected theoretical model is based on the weakly-guiding characteristic equation. From these considerations it is possible to obtain two different values of core radii for a given source operating wavelength. The theory described allows the characterization of an optical fiber for use with a given light source and extends a previously described theory.     

Coaxial fiber sensors

A directional coupler, consisting of two coaxial dielectric waveguides, has been studied as a possible fiber-optic sensor. The dependence of the power distribution between the guides as a functinn of the outer cladding index is considered for monochromatic illumination. The additional advantages of using wavelength modulation as opposed to intensity modulation are discussed, and the fiber design procedure is given in detail. Preliminary experimental results are presented for both systems, broadly consistent with theory but showing limitations caused by fabrication problems. The requirements for developing a practical device are considered.