奥氏体不锈钢的变形与阳极溶解的相互作用

研究了形变对奥氏体不锈钢在酸性氯离子溶液中阳极加速作用以及阳极溶解对力学行为的影响。形变使腐蚀电流密度显著增加，使阳极和阴极反应加速。阳极电流不但使恒载荷下的不锈钢蠕变速度增加，而且使屈服强度下降。形变的热激活理论分析表明蠕变速率的对和阳极电流的对数成线性关系，屈服强度的倒数和阳极电流的对数成线性关系，这和实验结果符合得很好。     

含铌铁素体不锈钢的电化学行为和钝化膜中各元素的分布

铁素体不锈钢在0.5M 硫酸水溶液中的阳极极化曲线出现两个活性溶解电流峰。相同成份的含铌铁素体不锈钢只有一个活性溶解电流峰,这说明铌在合金中能起到防止敏化作用。对阳极氧化钝化膜进行了俄歇电子能谱的表面分析。结果表明钝化膜中铬的富集强度随钝化电位的升高而提高,并且含铌铁素体不锈钢钝化膜中铬的富集强度高于其他成份相同的铁素体不锈钢。     

恒电流条件下可伐合金点蚀的萌生和发展

研究了可伐合金在３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液中恒电流下的电位－时间关系。结果表明,恒电流下的峰值电位是点蚀诱发电位;准确态阶段是点蚀稳定发展阶段。点蚀诱发电位与外加阳极电流密度的对数成线性关系,准确态值通常（除盐膜溶解控制外）依赖于外加阳极电流密度并随时间缓慢减小。     

应变幅与应变速率在形变加速腐蚀过程中的作用

采用应变电极技术研究了应变幅，应变速率与外加电位对形变中金属电化学腐蚀过程的影响，选用的体系为工业纯Ｆｅ－３．５％ＮａＣｌ水溶液和Ａ５３７钢－３．５％ＮａＣｌ＋１％ＮａＮＯ２水溶液，结果表明，塑性变形对阳极过程的加速作用大于对阴极过程的加速作用，这种作用主要发生在自腐蚀电位附近，在强阳极与强阴极极化区，由于强的分反应驱动力，单个反应的电流增大，导致了形变电流的增加相对不重要，活化体系的金属溶解电流     

应变幅与应变速率在形变加速腐蚀过程中的作用

采用应变电极技术研究了应变幅、应变速率与外加电位对形变中金属电化学腐蚀过程的影响。选用的体系为工业纯Ｆｅ－３．５％ＮａＣｌ水溶液和Ａ５３７钢－３．５％ＮａＣｌ＋１％ＮａＮＯ２水溶液结果表明，塑性变形对阳极过程的加速作用大于对阴极过程的加速作用，这种作用主要发生在自腐蚀电位附近。在强阳极与强阴极极化区，由于强的分反应驱动力，单个反应的电流增大，导致了形变电流的增加相对不重要。活化体系的金属溶解电流主要受应变幅控制，而钝化体系则主要由应变速率控制，取决于应变活化区域的再钝化动力学过程．     

阳极电流对纯铜裂尖表面形变和总体形变影响的对比

采用微机控制激光散斑干涉技术，对多晶纯铜平板预裂纹试样在空气及在３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液中外加阳极电流条件下的裂纹张开位移进行了原位测量，并对比了这两种条件下，裂尖表面应变场的变化，研究了阳极溶解对裂尖材料总体形变和表面形变的影响。结果表明：加阳极电流后，裂尖表面应变量和应变范围都明显增大，而反映裂尖总体形变的张开位移变化很小。阳极溶解对金属内部材料的形变没有直接的影响，只能缓解金属表面的变形硬化，促进金属的表面变形．     

阳极电流对纯铜裂尖表面形变和总体形变影响的对比SCIEI

采用微机控制激光散斑干涉技术，对多晶纯铜平板预裂纹试样在空气及在３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液中外加阳极电流条件下的裂纹张开位移进行了原位测量，并对比了这两种条件下，裂尖表面应变场的变化，研究了阳极溶解对裂尖材料总体形变和表面形变的影响。结果表明：加阳极电流后，裂尖表面应变量和应变范围都明显增大，而反映裂尖总体形变的张开位移变化很小。阳极溶解对金属内部材料的形变没有直接的影响，只能缓解金属表面的变形硬化，促进金属的表面变形．     

镍基高温合金U720Li的组织稳定性及蠕变行为

研究了新型镍基高温合金U720Li在650和700℃时组织稳定性,蠕变和变形机制。结果表明,在长期时效过程中,初生γ‘、二次γ‘相以及晶界析出相的形态几乎不发生变化,三次γ‘相经历一个粗化长大和溶解消失的过程中,蠕变第一阶段的形变量随着施加应力的增加单调增大,而在700℃蠕变时,蠕变第一阶段的形变量随着施加应力的增加先降后升。合金650和700℃蠕变断裂寿命和最小蠕变速率在低应力区和高应力区服从于不同斜度的双对数线性规律。在高温低应力下,合金的蠕变机制为位错攀移机制,而在低温高应力下,蠕变过程由位错切割机制控制。     

冷变形对304奥氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

采用透射电镜、扫描电镜和X-射线衍射仪研究了不同冷变形量对304奥氏体不锈钢力学性能和显微组织的影响,并分析了此过程中的加工硬化机制。结果表明,随着冷变形量的增大,材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度的差值缩小,屈强比由0.35增大到0.96。平均抗拉强度增加的速率近似等于平均硬度增加的速率。在此冷变形过程中,马氏体含量逐渐增多,奥氏体含量逐渐变少。304奥氏体不锈钢的强度与马氏体含量成正相关关系。304奥氏体不锈钢的加工硬化是应变诱发马氏体或形变孪晶与位错塞积共同作用的结果。     

光亮退火处理304不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性

采用稳态阳极极化曲线、恒电位开路衰减响应曲线和电化学噪声等多种电化学测试技术研究了光亮退火处理的304不锈钢在0.01-0.6mol/L NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性能.研究结果表明,不锈钢的点蚀击穿电位Eb值与Cl-浓度的对数呈线性关系,在同一浓度下,光亮不锈钢的Eb值比普通不锈钢大约正400-600mV;在0.6mol/L NaCl溶液中不锈钢恒电位开路衰减及电流噪声的测量结果也表明,光亮退火处理使不锈钢在NaCl溶液中钝化膜的稳定性明显改善,耐点蚀能力显著提高.     

The synergy between deformation and anodic dissolution of an austenitic stainless steel in acidic chloride solution

In corrosion medium, metals can deform under tensile stress and form a new active surface with the anodic dissolution of the metals being accelerated. At the same time, the anodic dissolution may accelerate the deformation of the metals. The synergy can lead to crack nucleation and development and shorten the service life of the component. Austenitic stainless steel in acidic chloride solution was in active dissolution condition when stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurred. It is reasonable to assume that the anodic dissolution play an important role, so it's necessary to study the synergy between anodic dissolution and deformation of austenitic stainless steels. The synergy between deformation and anodic dissolution of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel in an acidic chloride solution was studied in this paper. The corrosion rate of the steel increased remarkably due to the deformation‐accelerated anodic and cathodic processes. The creep rate was increased while the yield strength was reduced by anodic dissolution. The analysis by thermal activation theory of deformation showed a linear relationship between the logarithm of creep rate and the logarithm of anodic current. Besides, the reciprocal of yield strength was also linearly dependent on the logarithm of anodic current. The theoretical deductions were in good agreement with experimental results.     

The effect of W and N addition on the mechanical properties of 10Cr steels

The effect of W and N on the creep properties and microstructural degradation in 10Cr steels was studied. Creep testing was performed to determine the creep rupture strength and minimum creep rate. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the microstructural degradation during the creep deformation. W and N which were added to the 10Cr steel increased the creep rupture strength and decreased the minimum creep rate. As W and N were added, the thermal stability of the subgrain and carbide was improved, thus the growth of the subgrain and carbide during creep deformation was restricted. In W added steel, the Laves phase played an important role in increasing creep rupture strength. But the impact toughness was rapidly degraded by the addition of W after aging at 600°C for 5000 hours. So one must evaluate more accurately the effect of the Laves phase on long term creep and impact properties. In N added steel, V(C, N) was precipitated in the lath boundary and within the lath. The size of the precipitates was 20–50 nm. The increase of creep rupture strength in N added steel may be due to the precipitate of the V(C, N). Future tests are required to clarify the effect of N on creep and impact properties.     

Effects of dissolved hydrogen and elastic and plastic deformation on active dissolution of pipeline steel in anaerobic groundwater of near-neutral pH

The mechano-electrochemical effects of deformation and hydrogen on active dissolution of pipeline steel in near-neutral pH groundwater are described. Thermodynamic analysis shows that the free energy increment due to elastic deformation is insufficient to alter active dissolution rate remarkably. The synergistic effect of stress field and dissolved hydrogen on active dissolution (corrosion) is negligible. The effect of plastic deformation on corrosion relies heavily on the heterogeneity of dislocation structures formed in the deformation. The plastic deformation cannot significantly change the corrosion rate at the open circuit potential. There is good agreement between these theoretical predictions and experimental observations, indicating that the stress corrosion cracking of pipeline steel in the anaerobic groundwater of near-neutral pH is unlikely to be related to the hydrogen-facilitated anodic dissolution mechanism.     

Effect of stress on electrochemical characteristics of pre-cracked ultrahigh strength stainless steel in acid sodium sulphate solution

The electrochemical behaviors of ultrahigh strength stainless steel Cr12Ni5MoCo14 at crack tip under applied stress were studied by micro-electrochemical measurements as well as finite element analysis. The non-uniform distribution of the stress and strain induces a higher electrochemical activity at crack tip and promotes the anodic dissolution rate. The corrosion rate increases with increasing applied stress. In the elastic stress range, the effect of the applied stress on the electrochemical behaviors of Cr12Ni4Mo2Co14 steel is small. In the plastic stress range, the plastic deformation has a dramatic effect on the mechanical–electrochemical interaction and enhances the anodic activity.     

阳极溶解促进位错发射和运动的TEM原位观察

用自制的恒位移加载台在ＴＥＭ中原位观察了３１０不锈钢在水中阳极溶解前后加载裂尖前方位错形貌的变化．在排除室温蠕变影响后发现，阳极溶解能明显促进位错发射、增殖和运动．３１０不锈钢薄膜试样在室温水中能产生应力腐蚀．     

Synergistic Effects of Hydrogen and Stress on Corrosion of X100 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Solution

In this work, scanning vibrating electrode technique and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to investigate the effects of stress and hydrogen on electrochemical corrosion behavior of a X100 pipeline steel in a near-neutral pH solution. The stress distribution on the test specimen was calculated using the finite element method. Results demonstrated that the hydrogen-charging enhances the local anodic dissolution of the steel, contributing to the formation of a layer of corrosion product. However, there is little difference of the charge-transfer resistance between the regions with and without hydrogen-charging due to rapid diffusion of hydrogen atoms throughout the specimen with time. When the local stress concentration is not significant enough to approach the yielding strength of the steel, the steel is still in a relatively stable state, and there is a uniform distribution of dissolution rate over the whole surface of the steel specimen. Although the stress-enhanced activation is not sufficient to result in an apparent difference of current density of the steel, the activation of the steel would activate dislocations, which serve as effective traps to the charged hydrogen atoms. With the increase of hydrogen concentration, the hydrogen-enhanced anodic dissolution becomes dominant.     

腐蚀疲劳过程中裂尖阳极溶解对裂纹扩展的作用

在模拟腐蚀疲劳裂尖介质中,分别用铂丝和40CrNiMo钢为辅助电极测定了在不同拉伸速率下中温回火的40CrNiMo钢的腐蚀电流密度i_(a)与应变速率、塑性应变量的关系,其结果为:利用疲劳裂纹尖端应变的弹塑性有限元计算,得到腐蚀疲劳裂尖阳极溶解引起的裂纹扩展与△K的关系,结果表明:中温回火的40CrNiMo钢在3.5％NaCl水容液中裂尖阳极溶解对腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的直接贡很小,阳极溶解的主要作用是影响为裂尖断裂区氢致开裂提供氢原子的阴极过程。     

High rate anodic dissolution in chloride solutions of steel after electrothermochemical treatment

High rate (up to 15 A/cm²) anodic dissolution of St3 steel in chloride solutions (1–6 M NaCl) was investigated after its electrothermochemical al treatment (nitriding and thermal treatment). Various potential ranges (or current density ranges) can be emphasized: the region of anodic anion activation (sublimiting currents), the diffusion limitation area (caused by salt passivation), and the transpassive dissolution region. It is shown that the heat treatment influence is the most substantial in the region of salt passivation (or the limiting current region). The double role of the hydrodynamics is revealed during dissolution under these conditions: the influence of the ionic mass transfer rate in the solution and of the removal of the hard carbonaceous products produced as a result of the selective dissolution of the components of the nitrided steel. It is shown that, in sublimiting currents and transpassive dissolution ranges, the specific dissolution rate depends on the nitrogen content of the studied steel.     

Environmentally assisted cracking mechanism of pipeline steel in near-neutral pH groundwater

A modified Devanathan dual cell was used in environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) tests to independently control the concentration of dissolved hydrogen and anodic current density. The experimental evidence indicates that the corrosion may reduce the micro-hardness of steel, suggesting a dissolution-induced degradation of the mechanical properties in the surface layer. An EAC model is described in which surface micro-plastic deformation can be enhanced by the dissolved hydrogen and anodic dissolution, and plays a crucial role in cracking processes. The model can provide a reasonable prediction for the dependence of the cracking resistance of pipeline steel on the applied potential.     

Effect of AC on stress corrosion cracking behavior and mechanism of X80 pipeline steel in carbonate/bicarbonate solution

The influence of various AC current densities on stress corrosion cracking behavior and mechanism of X80 pipeline steel was investigated in carbonate/bicarbonate solution by polarization curves and slow strain rate tensile tests. With the increasing AC current density, the SCC susceptibility of the steel increases, especially at high AC current density. A significant difference in the SCC behavior and mechanism is found for the steels with or without AC application. In the absence of AC, the fracture mode is intergranular and the mechanism is attributed to anodic dissolution. Under AC application, the cracks propagation is transgranular, and the mechanism is mixed controlled by both anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement.