水热合成rGO负载的MoS2催化剂及其催化蒽加氢性能

采用水热法制备了一系列还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）负载的MoS₂催化剂（MoS₂/rGO）。通过SEM、XRD、EDX、拉曼光谱、HRTEM等手段表征了不同钼源制备的MoS₂/rGO催化剂中MoS₂的堆积层数、片层尺寸、分散性等纳米结构。表征结果显示水热法可以成功地将MoS₂高分散、均匀地负载在rGO表面,且可以通过调控钼源种类调变MoS₂/rGO催化剂中MoS₂催化加氢活性位。采用蒽作为重质油模型化合物评价了MoS₂/rGO催化剂的催化加氢性能,结果表明以四硫代钼酸铵为钼源水热法制备的MoS₂/rGO-ATTM催化剂蒽加氢率和八氢蒽选择性分别是浸渍法制备IM-MoS₂/rGO催化剂的2.0倍和4.2倍。MoS₂/rGO催化剂的催化加氢活性与比表面积无关,主要取决于其上MoS₂纳米片的堆积层数和片层长度。MoS₂/rGO-ATTM催化剂的高催化加氢活性可以归结于其上MoS₂纳米片的高催化加氢活性位暴露量、催化剂的高分散性和高悬浮性。     

低结晶度NiMn2O4/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及其超级电容性能

采用溶剂热法制备了NiMn₂O₄/还原氧化石墨烯(NiMn₂O₄/r GO)复合材料,并对表面形貌、微观结构和电化学性能进行了表征和测试。结果表明:低结晶度的NiMn₂O₄以丝绒状均匀地沉积在rGO纳米片上,几乎没有rGO裸露在外,NiMn₂O₄纳米颗粒间的聚集现象消失;同时NiMn₂O₄的覆盖也有效地阻止了石墨烯层之间的团聚。由于其独特的结构,NiMn₂O₄/r GO具有较大的比表面积和良好的导电性。在1 A·g^–1时的比电容是1 675 F·g^–1。在5 A·g^–1时,经过2 000个充放电循环后,NiMn₂O₄/r GO的比电容保持率为91%。     

介孔CoMn2O4/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备及其超级电容性能

采用共沉淀法制备了CoMn₂O₄/还原氧化石墨烯(CoMn₂O₄/rGO)复合电极材料,并研究了石墨烯含量对CoMn₂O₄/rGO复合材料形貌、微观结构及电化学性能的影响。结果表明:CoMn₂O₄纳米颗粒沉积在石墨烯纳米片的表面,随着石墨烯含量的增加,CoMn₂O₄纳米颗粒在r GO表面的分布逐渐均匀,聚集现象消失。CoMn₂O₄/rGO具有高的比表面积及优良的电化学性能,其中CoMn₂O₄/rGO20 (rGO质量分数为20%)电容性能最好,在电流密度1 A/g时具有1 420 F/g的比电容。CoMn₂O₄/rGO30(rGO质量分数为30%)的倍率性能和循环稳定性能最好。2 000次充放电后,样品CoMn₂O₄/rGO30在5 A/g时的比电容保持率为94%,样品CoMn₂O₄的比电容保持率为78%。     

复合Fe-Ag/rGO催化剂的制备及其电催化氮还原性能研究

氨是重要的无机化工产品和清洁能源载体。合成氨的工业方法—哈伯工艺存在能耗高且释放大量CO₂温室气体等问题。电催化氮还原合成氨因反应条件温和、能耗低、绿色环保而得到广泛关注，该过程急需开发兼具成本低廉、高导电性、高活性、高选择性等特点的复合催化剂。本文首先制备了氧化石墨烯(GO),然后采用一步化学还原法制备了以还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)为载体的Fe-Ag/rGO复合双金属催化剂以及Fe/rGO、Ag/rGO两种单金属催化剂，采用SEM、EDS和XRD对其微观形貌、元素组成以及晶相结构进行了表征，最后，对比了Fe-Ag/rGO复合双金属催化剂以及Fe/rGO、Ag/rGO两种单金属催化剂的电催化氮还原合成氨性能。     

复合Fe-Ag/rGO催化剂的制备及其电催化氮还原性能研究

氨是重要的无机化工产品和清洁能源载体。合成氨的工业方法—哈伯工艺存在能耗高且释放大量CO₂温室气体等问题。电催化氮还原合成氨因反应条件温和、能耗低、绿色环保而得到广泛关注，该过程急需开发兼具成本低廉、高导电性、高活性、高选择性等特点的复合催化剂。本文首先制备了氧化石墨烯(GO),然后采用一步化学还原法制备了以还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)为载体的Fe-Ag/rGO复合双金属催化剂以及Fe/rGO、Ag/rGO两种单金属催化剂，采用SEM、EDS和XRD对其微观形貌、元素组成以及晶相结构进行了表征，最后，对比了Fe-Ag/rGO复合双金属催化剂以及Fe/rGO、Ag/rGO两种单金属催化剂的电催化氮还原合成氨性能。     

类水滑石的制备及其焙烧产物催化苯制苯酚

采用共沉淀法制备了类水滑石CuNiAl,450 ℃焙烧后得到复合氧化物催化剂,利用XRD和FT-IR对其结构进行表征。研究了该催化剂体系对苯直接氧化制苯酚反应的催化性能,并考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、溶剂用量和n(C₆H₆)∶n(H₂O₂)对收率的影响。结果表明,类水滑石CuNiAl经焙烧后,催化苯直接氧化制苯酚反应的转化率提高,适宜的反应条件为：反应温度65 ℃,反应时间6 h,催化剂用量10 mg,溶剂用量15 mL,n(C₆H₆)∶n(H₂O₂)=3∶1,产物中没有发现副产物,苯转化率达6.5%。     

聚苯乙烯/还原氧化石墨烯核壳微球的制备及性能表征

以阳离子聚苯乙烯微球(PS)为核,氧化石墨烯(GO)和PS之间通过静电和π-π作用力进行静电自组装,制备得到聚苯乙烯/氧化石墨烯核壳微球(PS/GO),然后采用氢碘酸(HI)进行还原得到聚苯乙烯/还原氧化石墨烯核壳微球(PS/rGO),采用XRD、SEM、TEM对PS/GO和PS/rGO进行了结构表征。探究了自组装过程条件,例如分散形式(搅拌或超声)、反应时间、GO质量浓度对核壳微球形貌的影响。对不同壳层还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)厚度的PS/rGO复合材料进行了导电性能和热稳定性测试,结果表明,改变壳层rGO的含量,会直接影响复合材料的导电和热性能。由于PS/rGO具有独特的核壳结构,其导电性能和热稳定性相比PS有所提高,电子电阻从PS的17.3Ω降到PS/rGO[m(PS)∶m(rGO)=50∶1]的8.3Ω,PS/rGO的起始热分解温度提高近120℃。     

聚偏氟乙烯/石墨烯复合材料的制备及性能研究

用溶液共混法制备出聚偏氟乙烯/氧化石墨烯复合材料(PVDF/GO),经高温热压将GO还原得到聚偏氟乙烯/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料(PVDF/rGO)。研究了填料种类及含量对复合材料电学性能、热稳定性和力学性能的影响。结果表明：随GO和rGO的添加,两种复合材料的介电常数(ε _r)均变大、介电损耗(tanδ)变化不大;低含量下GO和rGO均能提高PVDF的热稳定性,但rGO对PVDF性能的改善效果更好;随填料含量从0增加到8%(质量),100 Hz下PVDF/rGO复合材料的ε _r从3.60增加到38.30,PVDF/rGO[4%(质量)]复合材料失重率为5%的分解温度较纯PVDF提高了6.44℃。rGO增强了PVDF的刚性,PVDF/rGO复合材料的拉伸强度先增大后减小,杨氏模量逐渐增大,当rGO含量为4%(质量)时拉伸强度最大,拉伸强度和弹性模量分别较纯PVDF提高了35.30%、22.58%。但GO和rGO都降低了复合材料的击穿场强。     

Cu-MCM-41催化剂对偏三甲苯的催化氧化性能

通过水热晶化法合成不同Cu含量的Cu-MCM-41催化剂,考察在偏三甲苯/H₂O₂ 体系中制备2,3,5-三甲基苯醌的催化氧化性能,研究了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂铜含量、反应物物质的量比和催化剂用量对反应活性的影响。结果表明,催化剂在偏三甲苯的催化氧化反应中具有良好的催化活性。最佳反应条件:偏三甲苯用量1.0 g,550 ℃焙烧的Cu-MCM-41催化剂［n(Cu)∶n(Si)＝1∶50］用量0.05 g,n(H₂O₂ )∶n(偏三甲苯)=3.5∶1,反应温度70 ℃,反应时间6 h,此条件下,偏三甲苯转化率78.86%,2,3,5-三甲基苯醌收率66.13%。     

聚苯乙烯/还原氧化石墨烯核壳微球的制备及表征

以阳离子聚苯乙烯微球(PS)为核,氧化石墨烯(GO)和PS之间通过静电和π-π作用力进行静电自组装,制备得到聚苯乙烯/氧化石墨烯核壳微球(PS/GO),然后采用氢碘酸(HI)进行还原得到聚苯乙烯/还原氧化石墨烯核壳微球(PS/rGO),采用XRD、SEM、TEM对PS/GO和PS/rGO进行了结构表征。探究了自组装过程条件,例如分散形式(搅拌或超声)、反应时间、GO质量浓度对核壳微球形貌的影响。对不同壳层还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)厚度的PS/rGO复合材料进行了导电性能和热稳定性测试,结果表明,改变壳层rGO的含量,会直接影响复合材料的导电和热性能。由于PS/rGO具有独特的核壳结构,其导电性能和热稳定性相比PS有所提高,电子电阻从PS的17.3Ω降到PS/rGO[m(PS)∶m(rGO)=50∶1]的8.3Ω,PS/rGO的起始热分解温度提高近120℃。     

焙烧程序对一步合成Cu-SSZ-13催化剂NH3-SCR性能的影响

焙烧程序影响一步合成法制备Cu-SSZ-13催化剂中Cu物种的种类及分布,是影响催化剂在NH₃选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR）氮氧化物反应中催化性能的重要因素。为研究焙烧程序对该方法制备Cu-SSZ-13催化剂性能的影响,采用不同的焙烧温度及升温速率制备Cu-SSZ-13催化剂,并考察各催化剂的催化活性、水热稳定性及活性物种形态。结果表明焙烧温度不改变催化剂的晶型结构,但影响催化剂的活性物种形态及稳定性。当焙烧温度为600℃时,催化剂中Cu物种全部为孤立的Cu²⁺,并具有极高的稳定性,催化剂具有最佳的活性及水热稳定性。固定焙烧温度为600℃,随升温速率的提高,催化剂活性及水热稳定性表现出下降趋势,考虑经济成本,最佳的升温速率应为1℃/min。因此,以1℃/min的升温速率升至600℃焙烧6h是一步合成法制备Cu-SSZ-13催化剂的最佳焙烧程序,所得催化剂具备优异的NH₃-SCR活性和水热稳定性。     

Magnetic graphene oxide-anchored Ni/Cu nanoparticles with a Cu-rich surface for transfer hydrogenation of nitroaromatics

The bimetallic nanoparticles compositing of Ni-rich core and Cu-rich shell (Ni/Cu NPs) were successfully synthesized by a liquid-phase thermal decomposition method. The content of copper and nickel in Ni/Cu NPs was controllable by adjusting the ratio of two metal precursors, copper formate (Cuf) and nickel acetate tetrahydrate (Ni(OAc)₂·4H₂O). Ni/Cu NPs were further anchored on graphene oxide (GO) to prepare a magnetic composite catalyst, called Ni/Cu-GO. The dispersibility of Ni/Cu NPs in solution was enhanced by GO anchoring to prevent the sintering and aggregation during the reaction process, thereby ensuring the catalytic and cycling performance of the catalyst. The catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) reaction of nitroaromatics was investigated when ammonia borane was used as the hydrogen source. Cu dominated the main catalytic role in the reaction, while Ni played a synergistic role of catalysis and providing magnetic properties for separation. The Ni₇/Cu₃-GO catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance with the conversion and yield of 99% and 96%, respectively, when 2-methyl-5-nitrophenol was used as the substrate. The Ni₇/Cu₃-GO catalyst also exhibited excellent cyclic catalytic performance with the 5-amino-2-methylphenol yield of above 90% after six cycles. In addition, the Ni₇/Cu₃-GO catalyst could be quickly recycled by magnetic separation. Moreover, the Ni₇/Cu₃-GO catalyst showed good catalytic performance for halogen-containing nitroaromatics without dehalogenation.     

基于石墨烯纳米材料的水质Cr(Ⅵ)电化学传感器

针对我国水质重金属六价铬（Cr（Ⅵ））污染问题突出,提出了一种基于石墨烯纳米材料的水质Cr（Ⅵ）电化学传感器。采用电化学方法还原氧化石墨烯,构建石墨烯纳米材料修饰金电极（rGO/Au）。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）技术表征了rGO/Au的表面形貌和结构;采用方波伏安法、循环伏安法和线性扫描伏安法等电化学方法研究了Cr（Ⅵ）在rGO/Au表面的直接电催化还原行为,优化了氧化石墨烯的电化学还原电位和还原时间,以及支持电解质pH、浓度和检测电位等实验参数;采用计时电流法,在无须预富集的条件下,考察了Cr（Ⅵ）浓度与rGO/Au响应电流之间的线性关系。实验结果表明,石墨烯纳米材料对Cr（Ⅵ）有明显的电催化还原活性,计时电流响应值与Cr（Ⅵ）浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性范围为5～2000μg·L^-1,最低检测限为0.5 μA·L^-1（S/N≥3）。所制备的rGO/Au具有对常见其他重金属干扰离子（Cr（Ⅲ）、Ni（Ⅱ）、Cu（Ⅱ）、Mg（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅱ））较好的抗干扰性能,11次连续测定后,响应值相对初始值下降幅度小于10%,表明该修饰电极具有较好的稳定性。本研究提出的电化学传感器具有检测方法简单、快速、环保以及可重复使用的优点,能够应用于水质重金属Cr（Ⅵ）的快速测定。     

氧化石墨烯的酸性还原及其超级电容性能

采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯(GO),在酸性条件(pH=5)下以180°C进行水热还原,通过调节水热反应时间来制备不同还原程度的还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)。研究了不同的水热反应时间对RGO结构及超级电容性能的影响。结果表明：控制水热反应时间可以制备出还原程度不同的RGO,在电化学测试中,随着水热反应时间的延长,RGO电极的比电容呈先上升后下降的趋势。当水热反应时间为6 h时,RGO电极表现出最佳的超级电容性能,其在1 A/g电流密度下比电容达到251 F/g,相对于GO电极提高了225%。经过500次充放电循环后,RGO-6电极比电容保持率达到92%,具有优异的循环稳定性。     

Multiscale patterning of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide for flexible supercapacitors

A simple and facile method for multiscale, in-plane patterning of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide (GO–rGO) was developed by region-specific reduction of graphene oxide (GO) under a mild irradiation. The UV-induced reduction of graphene oxide was monitored by various spectroscopic techniques, including optical absorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the resultant GO–rGO patterned film morphology was studied on optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscope (AFM). Flexible symmetric and in-plane supercapacitors were fabricated from the GO–rGO patterned polyethylene terephthalate (PET) electrodes to show capacitances up to 141.2 F/g.     

用于二乙醇胺脱氢反应的铜锰系催化剂制备条件的研究

研究了铜锰系催化剂并流共沉淀法的制备条件对二乙醇胺催化脱氢反应性能的影响。结果表明，在铜锰原子比为1、溶液浓度0.4 mol·L^-1、沉淀pH为12、沉淀温度70　℃、焙烧温度550 ℃和还原温度210 ℃时，催化剂性能最好。在反应温度150 ℃和压力0.8 MPa，催化剂用量为二乙醇胺质量10%的反应条件下反应 5 h，亚氨基二乙酸盐收率可达93.2%。     

Chemically modified graphene oxide/polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline nanocomposites with improved electrical conductivity

Graphene/polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline nanocomposites were prepared through the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in methanesulfonic acid with subsequent solution mixing. Various chemical and combined chemical-thermal methods were examined to be effective for producing rGO with highly graphitic structure and excellent electrical conductivity. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed higher degree of reduction of the GO with the combined chemical-thermal method compared to other chemical reduction processes. Structural characterization of the nanocomposites by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed good exfoliation and dispersion of both GO and rGO fillers in the polymer matrix. The thermogravimetric analysis found that the nanocomposites with rGO have higher onset and maximum weight loss temperatures than those with GO. Compared with the pure polymer, the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites containing 10 wt% GO and GO reduced by the combined chemical-thermal treatment showed a remarkable increase by four and seven orders of magnitude, respectively. Long-term in-situ thermal reduction was performed to further improve the conductivities of the nanocomposites.     

Electrochemical performance of polydopamine modified PANI/rGO composites: Dependency on preparation sequence

Compounding polyaniline (PANI) and reduced graphite oxide (rGO) is a fascinating cost-effective way to combine the high energy density of faradic material and high power density of carbonaceous material. In this study, in-situ polymerization of dopamine was used to reduce graphite oxide and to modify the rGO product with polydopamine (PDA) simultaneously. This modification prevented restacking of rGO, and enhanced the interactions between PANI and rGO. The partial reduction of GO during the polymerization of dopamine was proven by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance, and UV–vis spectroscopy. Surprisingly, the electrochemical performance of the composites depends strongly on the preparation sequence. PANI/(rGO-PDA) composites obtained by the synthesis of PANI in the presence of rGO-PDA show better electrochemical performance than (PANI/rGO)-PDA composites, which were produced by polymerizing dopamine in the presence of PANI/GO composite. At a given scan rate of 20 mV s⁻¹, the highest specific capacity of PANI/(rGO-PDA) composites was 230.7 F g⁻¹, which was higher than those of all (PANI/rGO)-PDA composites. This phenomenon is tightly related to the differences in morphologies, conductivities and specific surface areas of the two types of composites.