FSP系统建模与仿真分析

FSP(fission surface power)是美国经过充分研究论证的一种空间堆。为研究FSP系统的瞬态特性,对FSP系统各部件进行建模,并编写相关程序。该程序对系统稳态工况进行仿真,计算结果和稳态设计值符合良好。该程序对反应性引入以及主泵停止后再启动工况进行了仿真,计算结果趋势合理,证明了模型、建模思想以及建模方法的正确性。结果表明反应性引入时功率以及温度参数的振荡和回路之间温度变化快慢不同有关,且主泵停止后再启动的时间间隔越小越好。该程序可为与FSP相类似的反应堆系统的瞬态分析和安全分析提供参考。     

球床式水冷堆堆芯热工水力特性分析

以计算流体力学(CFD)为基础,对球床式水冷堆堆芯燃料元件进行三维建模、网格划分和数值计算,采用Fortran 90编制了用于球床式水冷堆堆芯热工水力计算和安全分析微机型仿真程序STAP和TSAP,并对球床式水冷堆堆芯稳态、瞬态工况进行热工水力计算。计算结果表明:燃料元件温度的最大值出现在微小间隙区域位置,速度最大值出现在与该元件接触的燃料元件微小间隙区域的中间位置;燃料元件的表面温度远小于该堆型的设计极限温度,满足安全准则;引入反应性扰动的瞬态工况下,冷却剂的温度突然增加,随后逐步下降,达到稳定。燃料元件表面温度逐步增加,然后逐步降低至稳定状态。     

基于SimTherm程序的AP1000一回路仿真精度分析

三门核电2号全范围模拟机一回路主要系统和设备采用基于Rinsim仿真平台的SimTherm程序建模仿真,文章简要介绍了AP1000一回路系统的建模方法和仿真过程,获取模型在稳态工况,以及瞬态工况下的输出参数、运行曲线、系统和主要设备时间响应序列。重点通过对上述输出结果进行稳态精度和瞬态响应分析,并与FSAR结果进行对比,验证simTherm实时仿真程序,能够很好地模拟APl000热工水力现象,仿真输出精度满足相应标准要求。     

系统安全分析程序TSACO的开发与验证

选择用于评估高温气冷堆系统安全分析程序瞬态分析能力的HE-FUS3实验装置为对象,利用自主开发的系统热工水力瞬态分析程序TSACO对其进行建模,并对稳态工况和失流事故进行模拟分析。计算结果表明,稳态工况下系统重要部件温度的TSACO程序计算值与HE-FUS3实验值符合较好,失流事故中系统流量和测试段出口温度的计算值与实验值均符合良好,证明了TSACO程序应用于系统瞬态热工安全分析的可靠性。     

热管冷却空间反应堆事故特性研究

以典型热管冷却空间反应堆(SAIRS)为对象,针对其各个模块进行建模,研制了基于SAIRS的系统瞬态计算程序(TAPIRS),并用该程序分析了反应堆的3种典型瞬态工况。计算结果表明:在控制鼓故障引入极大反应性、碱金属热电转换装置(AMTEC)部分失效和散热板丧失部分散热面积事故工况下,燃料温度控制在安全限值以内,验证了反应堆系统在事故工况下具有应对单一故障和自稳自调的能力。     

超临界二氧化碳模块化微型堆瞬态安全分析

超临界二氧化碳反应堆是一种极具潜力的新堆型,目前正处于概念设计阶段。本文以韩国科学技术院（KAIST）设计的超临界二氧化碳模块化微型堆（MMR）为研究对象,对一回路系统主要部件进行建模,并利用FORTRAN语言开发了适用于超临界二氧化碳反应堆的瞬态安全分析程序TRA_SCR。基于该程序,对KAIST MMR进行了稳态计算分析,验证了程序的正确性。同时,对部分无保护失流事故和无保护反应性引入事故进行了瞬态计算,获得了关键热工水力参数的瞬态特性。计算结果表明该反应堆系统具有较强的固有负反馈特性,且在所计算的事故中,包壳、燃料和冷却剂温度均未超出安全限值,表明了系统在上述事故下的安全性。但在上述无保护失流事故中,堆芯冷却剂出口温度接近安全限值,表明在该事故工况下,反应堆出口温度是制约系统安全性能的关键因素。     

超临界二氧化碳模块化微型堆瞬态安全分析

超临界二氧化碳反应堆是一种极具潜力的新堆型,目前正处于概念设计阶段。本文以韩国科学技术院(KAIST)设计的超临界二氧化碳模块化微型堆(MMR)为研究对象,对一回路系统主要部件进行建模,并利用FORTRAN语言开发了适用于超临界二氧化碳反应堆的瞬态安全分析程序TRA_SCR。基于该程序,对KAIST MMR进行了稳态计算分析,验证了程序的正确性。同时,对部分无保护失流事故和无保护反应性引入事故进行了瞬态计算,获得了关键热工水力参数的瞬态特性。计算结果表明该反应堆系统具有较强的固有负反馈特性,且在所计算的事故中,包壳、燃料和冷却剂温度均未超出安全限值,表明了系统在上述事故下的安全性。但在上述无保护失流事故中,堆芯冷却剂出口温度接近安全限值,表明在该事故工况下,反应堆出口温度是制约系统安全性能的关键因素。     

基于TACOS程序的SCWR典型事故瞬态特性研究

运用TACOS程序对混合能谱超临界水冷堆(SCWR-M)进行多种事故条件下的瞬态分析,并与另2种不同流程设计的SCWR的瞬态热工水力及安全特性进行比较。针对SCWR-M进行完全失流事故、主泵卡轴、反应性引入事故、旁通失效的汽轮机跳闸事故分析计算,涵盖SCWR系统的流量非正常、反应性非正常和压力非正常瞬态分析。     

核电厂汽轮机详细数值建模研究及其瞬态分析

以岭澳一期核电厂汽轮机部件为原型,利用系统程序RELAP5对其进行详细数值建模研究。通过在100%功率稳态工况下的计算证明,详细的汽轮机数值建模弥补了简化建模中焓值计算误差较大的缺陷。将详细的汽轮机数值建模整合到全范围核电厂热力系统模型中进行瞬态分析,并与岭澳一期核电厂原始实验报告中汽轮机负荷从97%功率水平阶跃变化至87%功率水平瞬态运行工况的数据曲线进行对比。结果表明,稳态模型的焓计算值与电厂实际值误差在2%以内,瞬态模型的分析参数趋势符合电厂实际情况。     

快堆燃料组件的子通道分析

开发了ＴＨＡＳ－ＰＣ２子通道分析微机程序，用于计算稳态和瞬态工况下快堆燃料组件的流量、温度和压力等参量分布。对ＥＦＲ燃料组件的稳态和瞬态计算结果如下：堆芯出口平均温度和温长分别为５５７℃和１５７℃，最高包壳表面温度为６０１℃，它发生在中心燃料棒上，最大冷却剂温度为５９３℃；主泵断电二次停堆事故作为瞬态计算，算得的最高冷却剂温度和最高包壳表面温度分别为６３０℃和６３７℃（当ｔ＝２ｓ时），它们都远低于     

Transient Safety Characteristic Analysis of Xi’an Pulsed Reactor during Reactivity Insertion Accident

In order to study the transient safety characteristics of Xi’an Pulsed Reactor (XAPR) when unexpected reactivity insertion accident happened and shutdown system failed, the main mathematical models were established based on the specific core structure and operation conditions of XAPR. Meanwhile, a transient thermal-hydraulic code called TSAC-XAPR was developed to analyze the safety characteristics of XAPR. The TSAC-XAPR code was then used to simulate the reactivity insertion accident of XAPR. The calculation results indicate that when XAPR operating under rated power, reactor can reach a new steady state for reactivity insertion accident, depending on its inherent feedback mechanism. When XAPR operating under high power, especially above the critical power, key thermal-hydraulic parameters of reactor will tend to oscillate and can’t reach a steady state again for reactivity insertion accident. Besides, it is also found that different reactivity insertion modes will only affect the variation trend during the phase of reactivity insertion instead of the final value at steady state.     

西安脉冲堆反应性引入事故瞬态安全特性分析

为研究西安脉冲堆（XAPR）在意外引入反应性且停堆系统失效事故下的瞬态安全特性,本文基于XAPR的结构和运行特点,建立了适用于XAPR的瞬态热工水力分析模型,并开发了用于XAPR安全特性分析的瞬态热工水力程序TSAC-XAPR。利用TSAC-XAPR程序对反应性引入事故进行模拟计算,结果表明：当XAPR在额定功率范围内运行时,发生反应性引入事故后,堆芯能依靠自身的固有反馈机制使脉冲堆重新达到稳定运行状态;当运行功率过高尤其是超过临界值时,反应性引入事故将导致脉冲堆关键热工水力参数发生振荡,无法再次达到稳态。此外,不同反应性引入方式将影响堆芯参数在反应性引入过程中的变化趋势,但并不影响其最终稳态值。     

Safety analysis of the reference research reactor MTR during reactivity insertion accident using the code MERSAT

The IAEA’s reference research reactor MTR-10 MW has been modeled using the code MERSAT. The developed MERSAT model consists of detailed representation of primary and secondary loops including reactor pool, bypass, main pump, heat exchanger and reactor core with the corresponding neutronics and thermalhydraulic characteristics. Following the successful accomplishment of the steady state operation at nominal power of 10 MW, reactivity insertion accident (RIA) for three different initial reactivity values of $1.5/0.5 s, $1.35/0.5 s and $0.1/1.0 s have been simulated. The predicted peaks of reactor power, hot channel fuel, clad and coolant temperatures demonstrate inherent safety features of the reference MTR reactor. Only in case of the fast RIA of $1.5/0.5 s, where the peak power of 133.66 MW arrived 0.625 s after the start of the transient, the maximum hot channel clad temperature arrives at the condition of subcooled boiling with the subsequent void formation. However, due to the strong negative reactivity feedback effects of coolant and fuel temperatures the void formation persists for a very short time so that thermalhydraulic conditions remained far from exceeding the safety design limits of thermalhydraulic instability and DNB. Finally, the simulation results show good agreement with previous international benchmark analyses accomplished with other qualified channel and thermalhydraulic system codes.     

液态熔盐堆运行安全特性初步研究

液态燃料反应堆与固态燃料反应堆相比,原理上有较大不同。液态熔盐堆中由于燃料流动带走缓发中子先驱核在堆外衰变导致堆芯反应性降低,且裂变产物在堆外回路中衰变也会引起一回路发热。本文使用熔盐堆中子动力学程序Cinsf1D探讨2 MW熔盐堆的临界动力学特性和安全特性,研究零功率临界下不同熔盐流速启泵和停泵导致的缓发中子先驱核流失所需改变的控制棒棒位。同时还计算了2 MW恒定功率情况下稳态运行及降低流速时一回路温度分布,并模拟了2 MW额定功率下停泵事件。停泵后由于缓发中子损失减少反应堆功率先缓慢增加,然后迅速降低到接近余热水平。停泵后堆芯温度缓慢增加后稳定在安全值以内,说明熔盐堆具有本征安全性。     

Full-scale modelling of the MNSR reactor to simulate normal operation, transients and reactivity insertion accidents under natural circulation conditions using the thermal hydraulic code ATHLET

A full-scale ATHLET system model for the Syrian miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) has been developed. The model represents all reactor components of primary and secondary loops with the corresponding neutronics and thermal hydraulic characteristics. Under the MNSR operation conditions of natural circulation, normal operation, step reactivity transients and reactivity insertion accidents have been simulated. The analyses indicate the capability of ATHLET to simulate MNSR dynamic and thermal hydraulic behaviour and particularly to calculate the core coolant velocity of prevailing natural circulation in presence of the strong negative reactivity feed back of coolant temperature. The predicted time distribution of reactor power, core inlet and outlet coolant temperature follow closely the measured data for the quasi steady and transient states. However, sensitivity analyses indicate the influence of pressure form loss coefficients at core inlet and outlet on the results. The analysis of reactivity accidents represented by the insertion of large reactivity, demonstrates the high inherent safety features of MNSR. Even in case of insertion of total available cold excess reactivity without scram, the high negative reactivity feedback of moderator temperature limits power excursion and avoids consequently the escalation of clad temperature to the level of onset of sub-cooled void formation. The calculated peak power in this case agrees well with the data reported in the safety analysis report. The ATHLET code had not previously been assessed under these conditions. The results of this comprehensive analysis ensure the ability of the code to test some conceptual design modifications of MNSR's cooling system aiming the improvement of core cooling conditions to increase the maximum continuous reactor operation time allowing more effective use of MNSR for irradiation purposes.     

百千瓦级空间锂冷快堆系统热工安全特性研究

随着深空探测任务动力要求不断提高,空间大功率核电源系统势在必行。本文针对锂冷快堆结合斯特林循环的空间核动力系统,建立堆芯、斯特林发电机、辐射散热器、泵及相关管道模型,基于Fortran语言开发了瞬态系统热工安全分析程序。基于斯特林实验数据,验证了斯特林数学模型的准确性,最大相对误差为17.3%。进而建立空间锂冷电源系统模型,并通过稳态计算值与设计值对比,校核了系统程序模型的合理性,最大相对误差为13.3%。对系统典型事故工况进行瞬态分析,结果表明,由于堆芯整体负反应性反馈,燃料芯块峰值温度在安全限值范围内,系统具有一定安全特性。本文为百千瓦级空间堆热工安全分析提供理论支撑。     

一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆瞬态特性分析

根据下一代核能系统的发展目标,提出了采用自然循环的一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆的概念。利用修改后的RELAR5-MS系统分析程序,建立了一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆模型,并得到其稳态特性参数。在此基础上,对其在满功率运行状态下的反应性引入事故和失热阱事故进行了分析。分析计算表明,在反应性事故工况下,由于自然循环的存在,堆芯冷却剂流量随着堆芯温度发生动态变化,最终达到新的稳态,燃料棒和冷却剂温度均处于安全限值范围内。在失热阱事故下,反应堆负反馈的特性使得堆芯功率逐渐降低并实现自动停堆,即使不考虑余热排出系统的作用,燃料组件和冷却剂温度上升缓慢,在140 h内,燃料棒和冷却剂温度均处于全限值范围内。结果表明,一回路采用自然循环冷却的一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆具有良好的固有安全性。     

TACR热传输系统热工水力瞬态分析

钍燃料的利用对于缓解核燃料资源短缺具有重要意义,坎杜型反应堆(Canadian Deuterium Uranium,CANDU)在堆芯布置、中子利用效率及先进燃料循环方面具有较高的灵活性,使得其在CANDU反应堆中引入钍燃料循环更具现实意义。CANDU型反应堆中钍基燃料应用关键基础技术研究是加拿大与我国正在开展的合作课题,其中开发自主的CANDU堆堆芯热工水力设计和安全分析程序是钍基燃料应用必不可少的设计工作之一。本文针对CANDU型反应堆热传输系统结构特点,采用FORTRAN程序设计语言开发了适用于CANDU型反应堆热传输系统的热工水力瞬态分析程序CANTHAC(CANDU Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis Code)。利用CANTHAC对钍基先进CANDU堆(Thorium-based Advanced CANDU Reactor,TACR)进行了瞬态分析,计算工况包括满功率稳态、无保护蒸汽发生器(Steam Generator,SG)二次侧给水温度降低事故及完全失流事故。其中,满功率稳态计算结果与清华大学设计的钍基先进CANDU堆TACR设计值吻合较好,相对误差不超过2%,在可接受范围内;无保护SG二次侧给水温度降低事故及完全失流事故在计算条件下所得的燃料温度及系统压力等关键热工水力参数均在安全限值内,满足安全准则要求。程序为模块化编程,便于移植和改进,具有一定的通用性,为进一步研究工作奠定了基础。     

Transient tests on blower trip and rod removal at the HTR-10

Safety demonstration tests on the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor test module (HTR-10) were conducted to verify the inherent safety features of MHTGRs and to obtain the core and primary cooling system transient data for validation of safety analysis codes.Two simulated anticipated transients without scram (ATWS) tests, lose of forced cooling by trip of the helium blower and reactivity insertion via control rod withdrawal were performed. This paper describes the tests with detailed test method, condition and results.Calculated results show that the strongly negative temperature coefficient causes reactor power to closely follow heat removal levels. Maximum fuel temperature changes are limited by the large core heat capacity to below 1230 °C during two tests.The test of tripping the helium circulator ATWS test was conducted on October 15, 2003. Although none of 10 control rods was moved, the reactor power immediately decreased due to the negative temperature coefficient. After about 50 min, the reactor became criticality again. Finally, the reactor power went to a stable level with about 200 kW.The test of reactivity insertion ATWS test was conducted two times. Following the control rod withdrawal, the reactor power increased rapidly, the maximum power level reached to 5037 and 7230 kW from the initial power of 3000 kW in accordance with reactivity insertion of $ 0.136 and 0.689, respectively. After the reactivity introduced was compensated by means of the strong negative reactivity feedback effect, the reactor went to subcritical and the power decreased.